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4.6

Internal and External Challenges to a State Power

A, empires developed and changed, many social, political, and economic groups resisted state expansion through a variety of challenges to state power.

Several powers sought to create empires in the 16th and 17th centuries.

 Metacom's War, also called King Philip's War, was in part a result of English colonists using underhanded tactics in their continuing pressure to control Native American lands.


Resistance to Portugal in Africa

In exchange for protection from neighboring powers and an end to Portugal's raiding for slaves, Nzinga became an ally of Portugal.

Nzinga ruled for decades, building Matamba into an economically strong state.

In 1624, Ana Nzinga became ruler of Ndongo in south-central Africa.


Local Resistance in Russia

A Cossack known as Yemelyan Pugachev began a peasant rebellion against Catherine the Great in 1774 for giving the nobility power over the serfs on their lands in exchange for political loyalty, leaving the peasants without ties or recourse to the state.

As a result, the peasants' debts increased, and over time more peasants lost their lands and were forced into serfdom.

Cossacks and Peasant Rebellions Southwest of Moscow, near the Black Sea, peasants who were skilled fighters lived on the grassy, treeless steppes.


Rebellion in South Asia

The Mughals centralized government and spread Persian art and culture as well as Islam.

The Maratha-a Hindu warrior group-fought the Mughals in a series of battles from 1680-1707.

It lasted until 1818, effectively ending the Mughal rule of India.



Revolts in the Spanish Empire

The Pueblo and Apache, two indigenous groups, fought colonizers who were trying to force religious conversions.

Spain also experienced rebellions within its territories.

The Spanish reconquered the area in 1692.

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