2015-03-11 Structure: present/past perfect

Greg Malivuk
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http://www.pastebin.com/u/gmalivuk
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Homework: p. 31 exercise 2 and p. 32 exercise 3
exercise 2
2 got
3 appeared
4 sold out
5 became (the 1990s are finished)
++6 have visited (each visit is finished)
7 started ("around the same time" is finished)
8 has been keeping ("to this day" = it's still happening now) better: has kept
9 bought ("a few years ago" is finished)
10 Have you found ("find" is something that happens once, it doesn't continue)
I read five books this year. (I finished 5 books, and I'm done reading for 2015.)
++I have read five books this year. (I have finished each one, but I may read more.)
I have been reading five books this year. (I am still reading all of them.)
exercise 3
A
2 bought
3 was
4 took
5 changed
6 she has shot / she has been shooting
++7 she has competed
8 won
B
1 began
2 got
3 hasn't stopped
4 has become (completed at an indefinite time in the past)
5 joined
6 have performed / have been performing
++7 has given (each concert is finished, but "concerts this year" is not finished)
		= no progressive				= present perf.
C
1 found
2 has worked on / has been working on
3 saved
4 got
5 began
6 has bought / has been buying ("lately" = up to the present)
7     traded /          trading
++8 has found ("so far" means starting in the past and up to now)
++(specific number + each one is finished + time is not finished = present perfect)
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p. 33 exercise 4
- I've joined
- have followed / have been following
- I haven't written to you before
- I know you climbed ("many years ago" = finished)
- you've traveled to different countries
- I saw an article
- You've become famous
- since you started your project
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p. 38

He has already started taking music lessons and he is only four.
= He started before now -> Present perfect

He had already started taking music lessons by the early age of four.
= He started before he was 4 -> Past perfect

I started teaching in 2006.
    Now, I have been teaching for 9 years.
In 2010, I had  been teaching for 4 years.

When I started teaching, I had been in Mexico for 4 months.

(If we have two things in the past, the one that happened first can be in past perfect.)

Class had already started by the time I arrived.
- Class started first, then I arrived.

She made dinner when I got home.
= First I got home, then she made dinner.

She had made dinner when I got home.
= First she made dinner, then I got home.

I passed the test because I had studied the night before.
= First I studied, then I passed the test.

I failed the test even though I had studied the night before.
= First I studied, then I failed the test.

I finished the pizza that I had bought that morning.
= First I bought the pizza, then I finished it.
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The street is very wet because it has been raining.
The street was very wet because it had been raining.
= At that moment, there's no rain, but I still see the results, so I can use perfect progressive.
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Homework: p. 37 and p. 43 (also read 41 and 42)