2017-12-09 Saturday: 12 Experts

Greg Malivuk
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http://www.pastebin.com/u/gmalivuk
“2017-12-09 Saturday: 12 Experts”
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Homework: read the article on p. 147 and do p. 146 parts 4 and 5
    Also: write or imagine the rest of your human/alien conversation and write about the whole thing in reported speech
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part 4
1 T
2 F
3 T
4 F (They went into decline but were not lost.)
5 T
part 5
1 appeal
2 overcoming
3 fierce
4 battle-weary
5 savage
6 unarmed
7 threat
8 lone
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weary - tired (pronounced with a long ‘e’ sound like in “we”)
wary - nervous and cautious (pronounced with a short ‘a’ sound like “wear”)
war/wore - sound the same, like “warm”
worry - the first syllable sounds like “were”, same with “worm”
unarmed - without a weapon
one-armed - with one arm (on the body)
armless - with no arms (on the body)
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“lone” and “live” can go before nouns to describe them:
I enjoy live music. The lone wolf can be very dangerous.
“alone” and “alive” go after linking verbs:
The fish was no longer alive. I am alone.
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Experts
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Are you an expert in anything?
What is the difference between an expert and someone who is “just” very good at something?
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p. 142 part 1 - What is an expedition? Why are these things useful on an expedition? Discuss with your partner, and then add a few more things to the list of useful items to bring on an expedition.
- compass
- map
- flashlight
- first aid kit
- camera
- water or a filter or purification tablets or something to boil the water
- something to make fire (matches, lighter, flint and steel)
- hat, sunscreen, insect repellant
- mosquito net
- hiking boots, jacket
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Read about the women in the pictures.
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http://www.weather.gov/box/winter - Information on snow predictions for the Boston area.
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Listen to the women talk about their experiences. Who uses the words in part 4?
p. 143 part 7 - Which woman probably said each sentence? What do the sentences mean?
1 Emma - It was possible for us to be killed, but it didn’t happen.
2 Beth - It was possible to go there at a different time, but it didn’t happen.
3 Beth - It was impossible to avoid the insects. (We could have done something different, but it wouldn’t have avoided them.)
4 Emma - It was a good idea to check, but we didn’t do it.
5 Beth - It was a good idea to take more repellant, but we didn’t do it.
6 Emma - It wasn’t a good idea to put up our tents there, but we did it.
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These sentences are about the unreal past. Something was possible but it didn’t happen.
The “real past” is what the modals in unit 8 talked about. Something was possible but we don’t know.
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I need to find my lottery ticket. I could have won. - real: Maybe I won, but I don’t know yet.
I wish I’d bought a lottery ticket. I could have won. - unreal: I definitely didn’t win, but it was possible.
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part 10 - Complete the paragraph with “should have”, “shouldn’t have”, “could have”, or “couldn’t have” and the past participle of each verb.
1 shouldn’t have eaten
2 couldn’t have felt
3 should have had
4 should have taken
5 could have died
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Pronunciation of modal + “have”
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could have -> could’ve -> “coulda”
should have -> should’ve -> “shoulda”
might have -> might’ve -> “mighta”
must have -> must’ve -> “musta”
would have -> would’ve -> “woulda”
(We sometimes say “shoulda, coulda, woulda” to dismiss speculation about what might have happened in a different situation.)
couldn’t have -> couldn’t’ve (we say this but don’t write it) -> “couldna”
shouldn’t have -> shouldn’t’ve -> “shouldna”
wouldn’t have -> wouldn’t’ve -> “wouldna”
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As most pronunciation reductions, this is more important for you to understand than to pronounce.
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BREAK
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In your group of three, tell your partners about a time something went wrong for you (with one of the things in the box for part 12 on p. 143, or your own idea). Then talk about what could have happened and what you should have done differently.
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p. 144-145 - Where is the man in the picture? What’s the name for that part of the world? How do people deal with the problems of that climate?
Read the book review.
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Grammar: Third Conditional = past unreal conditional
“Explorers could have avoided starvation, frostbite, and even death if they had copied the survival techniques of the local Inuit people.”
-> They didn’t avoid starvation, frostibite, and death because they didn’t copy the survival techniques.
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This is related to advisability in the past:
We should have brought more repellant. -> If we had brought more repellant, it would have been better.
We shouldn’t have camped there. -> If we hadn’t camped there, it would have been better.
(from above) -> They should have copied the survival techniques of the local Inuit people.
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Form of third conditional:
if-clause: if + [past perfect]
result clause: subject + would/could/might + have + past participle
	(When the if-clause goes first, there is a comma between them.)
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We could have been killed. -> If we hadn’t moved, we could have been killed.
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Second conditional is about the present, third is about the past:
You might get a better job if you tried harder.
-> You might have gotten a better job if you had tried harder. (That’s a possibility.)
(You would have gotten a better job if you had tried harder. - I’m sure of it.)
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If I had been rich, I would have bought a house. - That’s definitely what I would have done with money.
…, I might have bought a house. - I’m not sure what I would have done, but a house was a possibility.
…, I could have bought a house. - I would have been able to afford a house. (This doesn’t tell you anything about if I wanted a house or not.)
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If something is not in my control, “could” and “might” are basically the same.
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p. 145 part 9 - Decide which sentences go together, then write third conditional sentences with the information.
1 b - If we had planned everything better, the vacation would not have been a disaster.
2 c - If we had known how to read the road signs, we would not have gotten lost.
  (d - If we hadn’t gotten lost, we would have found the way back to the main road.)
3 e - If we had taken a phrase book, we could have asked for help.
  (d - If we had been able to ask for help, we would have found the way back to the main road.)
4 d - If the local people hadn’t given us directions, we wouldn’t have found the way back to the main road.
5 a - If we hadn’t forgotten to check the museum opening times, we wouldn’t have gotten there too late.
6 f - If we had bought tickets ahead of time, we could have gotten into the museum.
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if-clause: if + [past perfect]
result clause: subject + would/could/might + have + past participle
	(When the if-clause goes first, there is a comma between them.)
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Homework: 11-12 test
(The next class is Saturday, January 6, 2018.)