2018-08-07 TOEFL: word roots, reading inference

Greg Malivuk
[email protected]
http://www.pastebin.com/u/gmalivuk - notes from all classes
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Word roots (list 2) - With your partner, try to figure out the meaning of each root based on the example words.
cert (certain, ascertain, certificate) = sure
chrom (monochrome, achromatic) = color
chron (chronological, anachronism, synchronize) = time
circum (circumscribe, circumspect, circumnavigate) = around
claim/clam (exclaim, proclamation, clamor) = shout
clar (clarify, declare) = clear
cline (inclination, decline, recline) = lean
co (coworker, coeducational, coauthor) = together
            	col before L: (collaborate, colleague)
            	com before M, P, B: (communicate, composition, combine)
            	con before other consonants: (connect, convention, contemporary)
            	cor before R: (correlate, corroborate)
            	(co before vowels, H, and in new words)
cogni (cognate, incognito) = think/know
contra (contrast, contradict, controversy) = against
corp (corporation, corpse, incorporate) = body
cred (credible, credit, credulous) = trust
crypto (cryptography, cryptic, encrypt) = hidden/secret
de/di (decelerate, dethrone, decrease, divide, diverge) = down/away
dem/demo (demographics, democracy, epidemic) = people
di (dilemma, dihedral) = two
dia (diameter, dialect) = across/through
dict (dictator, dictionary, contradict) = say/tell
domin (dominate, dominion, predominate) = master/control
don (donate, pardon) = give
duce/duct (introduction, deduct, conduct) = lead
dyna (dynamic, dynamite, dynasty) = power/energy
dys (dystopia, dyslexia) = bad (The opposite prefix is “eu”.)
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Reading Section: first section, 60-80 minutes, 20 minutes for each of 3 or 4 passages, about 14 Qs each
Reading Question Types:
- vocabulary
- fact
- negative fact
- paraphrase
- inference
- reference
- purpose
- sentence insertion
- summarize
- organize
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Inference Questions - DELTA p. 76 - Warm up with the two questions in the boxes.
- C
- D
Why are the other answers wrong?
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Authors can imply things.
Readers can infer things.
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Handout (Cambridge) p. 204 exercise R17 - Can these things be inferred from the sentences?
1 Yes
2 Yes
3 No
4 Yes
5 No
6 Yes
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Two common types of incorrect inference:
Cum hoc ergo propter hoc: they happened together, therefore one caused the other
	There are far more sick people where there are doctors.
	Can we infer that doctors make people sick?
	No. Sick people go to locations where doctors are (hospitals).
Post hoc ergo propter hoc: it happened after something, therefore it happened because of it
	After seatbelts were mandated (required by law), more people went to the hospital with car accident injuries than before.
	Can we infer that seatbelts caused injuries?
	No. Seatbelts saved lives, which meant people who would have died now go to the hospital.
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p. 200 exercise R15 - Choose the correct inference from each statement.
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BREAK
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Check your answers with your partner. (More than one may be correct.)
1 C
2 B (not D - They’re restoring villages, not plans.)
3 B D
4 A B
5 B C
6 B D
7 A C
8 B (Maybe C is true, but we don’t really know if that’s why people used it in the past.)
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Handout p. 205-207 exercise R18 - Write R if the sentence simply restates information from the passage, write I if it can be inferred, and write N if it’s neither. Then check with your partners.
1 I I R
2 I R I
3 R I R
4 R R R
5 I I N
6 R I N
7 I R R
8 R I I
9 R I R
10 I I N
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DELTA p. 80-83 exercise 1.4.A - Take 10 minutes to answer these questions.
1 B
2 A
3 C
4 C
5 B
6 D
7 B
8 B
9 D
10 C
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Homework: handout (Cengage) exercise 3.2 (all 42 questions)