Evidence for why diversity is our greatest strength

Social Integration in the UK
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Our research has found that the average Briton has fewer social interactions with people who are different to them than if there was no social segregation by social grade, ethnicity and age. The average Briton is 14 per cent less integrated by social grade, 48 per cent less integrated by ethnicity and 42 per cent by less integrated by age than would be expected if there was no social segregation.
-Highly diverse areas are not necessarily integrated. For example, despite socialising more with people of different ethnic groups, Londoners are proportionally less integrated by social grade, ethnicity and age than the rest of Britain.
-Apart from those from mixed ethnic backgrounds, all ethnic groups have around 40 to 50 percent fewer social interactions than would occur if there was no social segregation.
-Young people are segregated by ethnicity. Young people under 17 years old have 53 per cent fewer interactions with other ethnicities than would be expected if there was no social segregation.
http://socialintegrationcommission.org.uk/SIC_Report_WEB.pdf




Urban mobility and neighborhood isolation in America’s 50 largest cities
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Using new methods to analyze urban mobility in the 50 largest American cities, we find that residents of primarily black and Hispanic neighborhoods—whether poor or not—are far less exposed to either nonpoor or white middle-class neighborhoods than residents of primarily white neighborhoods.
http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2018/07/03/1802537115



Does ethnic diversity increase or reduce white threat perceptions? Meta-analyses help orient a field and communicate findings to policymakers.
We report the results of a meta-analysis of studies measuring the relationship between ethnic context and both opposition to immigration and support for anti-immigration parties. Our analysis attempts to be exhaustive, and is based on 171 post-1995 studies averaging 25,000 observations each, a knowledge base of over 4 million data points. We find a linear association between ethnic change and elevated threat.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0049089X17305902

We conduct an experiment with a representative sample of the Dutch population to study whether trustworthiness depends on the ethnicity of the interaction partner. Native Dutch trustees play with an anonymous trustor, who is either another native Dutch or a non‐Western immigrant. We find that trustees reciprocate trust up to 13% less if the trustor is a non‐Western immigrant than if he/she is native Dutch. This percentage increases up to 23% for trustees who report disliking ethnic diversity in an independent survey. Since the decision to reciprocate does not involve behavioral risk, our results provide evidence of taste‐based discrimination.
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ecoj.12629


In rural Iowa, white ethnic diversity decreases positive feelings of attachment,  and  future  research  should explore whether this type of diversity affects larger communities across the United States Indeed, if ethnic distinctions among those of European ancestry are still present and influence feelings about community life within large cities, this constitutes a source of division that shapes the way in which Americans  relate to and interact with one another, and ultimately, may be dividing U.S. society
http://sci-hub.tw/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ruso.12225

In this paper, I show that political opposition to immigration can arise even when immigrants bring significant economic prosperity to receiving areas. Immigration increased natives’ employment and occupational standing and fostered industrial production and capital utilization. However, despite these economic benefits, it triggered hostile political reactions, such as the election of more conservative legislators, higher support for anti-immigration legislation, and lower public goods provision. Stitching the economic and the political results together, I provide evidence that natives’ backlash was, at least in part, due to cultural differences between immigrants and natives, suggesting that diversity might be economically beneficial but politically hard to manage.
https://economics.mit.edu/files/13646



Is racial heterogeneity responsible for the distressed financial conditions of US central cities and for their limited ability to provide even basic public goods? I study these questions in the context of the first wave of the Great Migration (1915-1930), when more than 1.5 million African Americans moved from the South to the North of the United States.  I find that black in-migration imposed a strong, negative fiscal externality on receiving places by lowering property values and, mechanically, reducing tax revenues. Unable or unwilling to raise tax rates, cities cut public spending, especially in education, to meet a tighter budget constraint. While the fall in tax revenues was partly offset by higher debt, this strategy may, in the long run, have proven unsustainable, contributing to the financially distressed conditions of several US central cities today.
https://economics.mit.edu/files/13074


Attitudes to immigration and cultural diversity in Australia
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"This article considers Australian attitudes to immigration and cultural diversity... Areas of high immigrant concentration present a complex picture. They are characterised by high levels of identification with Australia [Migrants from non-english speaking backgrounds have lower identification than migrants from english speaking backgrounds], but also lower levels of trust and sense of safety, lower levels of participation and heightened experience of discrimination"
http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/1440783314522188


The effect of ethnic diversity on collective efficacy in Australia
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"Ethnic diversity is portrayed in the literature as a threat to a community’s ability to regulate the behaviour of its members... Using Australian Community Capacity Study survey data from 4091 respondents in 147 Brisbane suburbs, combined with census and police incident data, multivariate regression techniques are utilised to determine the extent to which ethnic diversity influences collective efficacy once we control for other known correlates; and which aspect of diversity ‘matters most’ to levels of collective efficacy."

"Specifically, we consider the relationship between the diversity or concentration of language, religion and country of birth and collective efficacy. Results indicate that the presence of language diversity and indigeneity in the community are most detrimental to collective efficacy."

"Our findings are consistent with research that considers the influence of ‘outsiders’ within a community as posing problems for the development of mutual trust and informal social control (Alesina and La Ferrera, 2000; Leigh, 2006). It is not enough to propose that ‘outsider’ status is the key driver of lower collective efficacy as it is likely that different aspects of ethnicity impede community regulation in different ways."

"Results show that diversity has the most significant impact on collective efficacy. This reflects Fieldhouse and Cutts’ (2010) research which suggests that neighbourhood organisation participation is lower in racially diverse communities than those with a concentration of residents differing from the majority."
http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/1440783315599595


Ethnic diversity challenges social solidarity
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Twigg et al., 2010). Robert Putnam (2007: 149) states that ethnic diversity challenges social solidarity as it encourages those living in ethnically diverse  neigh-
bourhoods to ‘hunker down’ or withdraw, in turn encouraging the distrust of others and reducing social interaction and participation within the community. Studies support this association in the United Kingdom and the United States (Alesina and La Ferrara, 2002; Laurence, 2011; Letki, 2008; Putnam, 2007; Taylor et al., 2010), Sweden (Sampson and Wikström, 2008), the Netherlands (Gijsberts et al., 2011) and Belgium (Lancee and Dronkers, 2011). Recent research in Australia also demonstrates the negative relationship between the presence of minority ethnic groups, neighbourhood social capital and neighbourhood informal social control (Leigh, 2006; Wickes et al., 2013).
http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/1440783315599595


Does Diversity Damage Social Capital? A Comparative Study of Neighbourhood Diversity and Social Capital in the US and Britain
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"The findings suggest that while for attitudinal social capital among Whites the negative underlying relationship with diversity is apparent in both countries, the effect is much weaker or reversed for minority groups. For structural social capital the negative relationship is apparent for minorities but not Whites, but this is mainly attributable to other neighbourhood characteristics."
https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/canadian-journal-of-political-science-revue-canadienne-de-science-politique/article/does-diversity-damage-social-capital-a-comparative-study-of-neighbourhood-diversity-and-social-capital-in-the-us-and-britain/24835592F1F96DB6A3E059D50DA4D139


Diversity or Disadvantage? Putnam, Goodhart, Ethnic Heterogeneity, and Collective Efficacy
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"Recent debates have suggested that increasing social diversity within Western economies is associated with adverse social consequences such as loss of community and decline of civic society, including an erosion of collective efficacy. To date there are few studies that have examined this in detail across England at the small-area level. Results suggest that both diversity and disadvantage are statistically associated with reduced levels of social cohesion and trust, and informal social control, but greater substantive importance is attached to neighbourhood disadvantage."
http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1068/a42287



Minority Status Distortion and Preference for In-group Ties: Consequences for Social Capital
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"The authors use a sample of nearly 10,000 residents nested in 297 neighborhoods in two Australian cities. Residents who perceive more minorities in their neighborhood, who have more or fewer ties with members of the other ethnic group than expected by chance, or who live in neighborhoods with more intergroup ties than would be expected report lower levels of social capital."

"Wickes et al. (2013) found that such minority status distortion led residents to perceive more disorder in the neighborhood. We extended this idea here and found that such residents also perceive less cohesion and attachment in the neighborhood, as well as less socializing in general. This effect is greater for white residents  compared  with  nonwhites, particularly with regard to neighboring behavior."

"In contrast to Putnam’s (2007) claim that increased diversity decreases social capital for both majority and minority group members, our results show that the negative effect of minority status distortion is greater for whites than nonwhites."
http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/2378023116640281



Racial Divisions and Criminal Justice: Evidence from Southern State Courts
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"Consistent with a simple model of ingroup bias in electorate preferences, the relationship between local punitiveness and the black share of defendants follows an inverted U-shape. Heterogeneous jurisdictions are more punitive for both black and white defendants. By contrast, punishment norms are unrelated to local crime rates. Simulation results suggest that adopting the punishment norms of homogeneous jurisdictions would decrease the share of charges leading to an incarceration sentence and the black-white gap in this share by 16-19%."
(A less diverse jurisdiction would lead to more fair sentencing)

http://www.nber.org/papers/w24726

How immigration reduced volunteering in the USA: 2005–2011
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In this study, we show that an inflow of immigrants reduces volunteering, a proxy of social capital investment, in receiving communities. Since the 1960s, there has been a large decrease in social capital in the USA as well as a considerable inflow of immigrants. This increased heterogeneity of US cities may have increased the cost of investing in social capital, and thereby, reduced such investment. By using the current population survey September Volunteer Supplement for 2005–2011, we examine the relationship between the proportion of foreign-born people and social capital investment by US-born individuals, proxied by volunteering. Once we correct for immigrants’ self-selection to different destinations using a supply–push instrumental variable, we find that a 1 standard deviation increase in the proportion of foreign-born individuals in a state reduces the probability of US-born individuals volunteering by 0.09–0.15 standard deviations and cuts number of hours volunteered by 0.13–0.21 standard deviations.
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00168-017-0848-z

Ethnic Diversity is associated with various negative outcomes
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"Previous studies have found that racial heterogeneity is associated with various outcomes, including reduced social solidarity, social capital, altruism, and community cooperation (Putnam 2007), lower participation in social activities (Alesina and La Ferrara 2000), and lower social trust (Alesina and La Ferrara 2002; Putnam 2007; Schmid et al. 2014). Glaeser et al. (2000) document experimentally that people of different races are more likely to cheat one another. DiPasquale and Glaeser (1998) find that racial heterogeneity is a significant determinant of rioting, while poverty in the community is not. Finally, perhaps not surprisingly, racial heterogeneity seems to be an important factor in how local policies are determined. Alesina et al. (2004) show that people prefer to form racially homogeneous political jurisdictions in the USA. Alesina et al. (1999) find that racially heterogeneous areas tend to spend a smaller fraction of their budget on social services and productive public goods, and more on crime prevention in the USA. Alesina et al. (2001) argue that one reason the US redistributes income less than racially homogenous European countries is that the majority of Americans believe that redistribution favors racial minorities. Similarly, Gilens (1999) finds that White Americans who overestimate the percent of the poor population that is Black are less likely to support welfare and view Blacks as lazy and undeserving."
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00148-017-0657-9

As non-white population increases in an area, whites become more prejudiced (or rather, post-judiced since this is a result of exposure to nonwhites)
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"Previous research suggests that racial prejudice among Whites tends to increase with the percentage of the population that is non-White (Taylor 1998; Enos 2010; Stephens-Davidowitz 2014), and the 'racial threat' theory (Key 1949) predicts that Whites, who tend to be the majority group in most areas in the USA, feel worse off as the population of non-Whites increases... Empirical evidence seems to support the hypothesis. Taylor (1998) finds that Whites’ prejudice tends to increase with the local Black population share (though concentrations of local Asian American and Latino population do not engender White antipathy toward these groups). Enos (
2010) finds that White support for Obama has a negative relationship with the size of the Black population. Stephens-Davidowitz (2014), using Google search data, finds that racially charged search rate is higher in areas with higher proportions of Black residents."
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00148-017-0657-9

Cultural diversity and subjective well-being
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"This paper analyses the impact that diversity has on life satisfaction of people living in England. In England, and in many other countries, local communities are becoming more diverse in terms of country of birth, ethnicity and religion of residents, with unclear consequences on the well-being of people living in these communities. The results suggest that white British people living in diverse areas have on average lower levels of life satisfaction than those living in areas where diversity is low, while there is no correlation on average between diversity and life satisfaction for non-white British people and foreign born."
https://izajodm.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/2193-9039-3-13

Racial diversity, immigrants and the well-being of residents: evidence from US counties
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"The main purpose of this paper is to examine if one’s life satisfaction is associated with the racial compositions and immigration population in the county of residence. I find that a larger percentage of the population that is non-White lowers Whites’ life satisfaction. The finding is consistent with the view that Whites feel heightened status anxiety as they are not accustomed to the notion that they are in smaller numbers. Younger Whites seem to have favorable views toward racial minorities and immigrants, as I find that older Whites are less happy in racially diverse areas than their counterparts in more racially homogenous areas. Somewhat surprisingly, own-race preference increases with education for White men, and there is little evidence that White male high school dropouts in racially diverse areas feel worse off."
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00148-017-0657-9

Discrimination and assimilation at school
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"Disadvantaged students impose sanctions against skill acquisition by their co-ethnics to deter exit from the disadvantaged group... This theory provides a novel explanation of the “acting white” problem. “Acting white” refers to a social phenomenon in which students from disadvantaged ethnicities suffer social sanctions if they obtain good grades. "
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0047272717301305


Immigration and School Choice in Australia
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This article examines the relationship between the share of immigrants in a locality and private versus public school choices of natives and immigrants in Australia. Using the 2001 Australian Census data, it finds that private school attendance among native‐born Australians is higher in localities with a higher share of immigrant populations. Immigrants’ private school attendance is lower where the share of their like‐type immigrants is higher. These effects vary with the presence of a common language and ethnic background between the natives and the immigrants. Overall, the results suggest the possibility of a ‘flight’ from unfamiliar cultures in the Australian school system.
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467-8462.2011.00663.x

Being a Latinx adolescent under a trump presidency: Analysis of Latinx youth's reactions to immigration politics
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"Using written, open-ended responses from 562 Latinx adolescents from Southern California, the current study documented reactions to Trump's immigration politics. Forty percent of youth articulated views about immigration in their election reactions, and 96% of immigration-related responses were critical of the President's approach."
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0190740917308708

Conservatives and moderates view stories showing genetic IQ-superiority to be roughly equally credible whether the supposedly superior group is Whites or Blacks. Liberals find the proposed discovery more credible when it posits Black superiority (p. 42)
https://osf.io/mrbq3/
https://mfr.osf.io/render?url=https://osf.io/mrbq3/?action=download%26mode=render%26direct%26public_file=True&initialWidth=729&childId=mfrIframe&parentTitle=OSF%20%7C%20Equalitarianism_Winegard%20et%20al.pdf&parentUrl=https%3A%2F%2Fosf.io%2Fmrbq3%2F

Racial discrimination in the U.S. labor market: Employment and wage differentials by skill
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We develop a model of taste-based discrimination in a random search environment. The model replicates patterns of black–white wage and employment gaps in the United States. The model is estimated using data from the U.S. manufacturing sector from 2003 to 2006. We find evidence of employer prejudice and racial skill gaps. We find that discrimination is quantitatively important to understand differences in wages and job finding rates across workers with low education levels, whereas skill differences are the main driver of those differences among workers with high education levels.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0927537118300162

The Accuracy of Demographic Stereotypes
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"Stereotypes regarding demographic groups in North America and Europe have, so far, proven to be far more accurate than once believed.  Even implicit associations seem to reflect social reality more than prejudice.  People judge others primarily on the basis of their personal
characteristics, when they are known, not on stereotypes.  This occurs both explicitly and implicitly.  And the few studies that have examined the issue have generally found that relying on a stereotype can increase, rather than reduce, the accuracy of person perception. The historical emphasis on stereotype inaccuracy persists in many modern perspectives and requires scientific self-correction.  This review has aimed to stimulate such self-correction by summarizing the extant evidence on stereotype accuracy."
https://mfr.osf.io/render?url=https%3A%2F%2Fosf.io%2Fdownload%2Fbngs4%2F%3Fdirect%26mode%3Drender%26initialWidth%3D766

Black, Hispanic and White children living in diverse neighborhoods are significantly more likely to be reported to Child Protective Services than children of the same race/ethnicity living in more homogeneous neighborhoods.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0190740914001066

Is There Evidence of Racial Disparity in Police Use of Deadly Force? Analyses of Officer-Involved Fatal Shootings in 2015–2016
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Is there evidence of a Black–White disparity in death by police gunfire in the United States? This is commonly answered by comparing the odds of being fatally shot for Blacks and Whites, with odds benchmarked against each group’s population proportion. However, adjusting for population values has questionable assumptions given the context of deadly force decisions. We benchmark 2 years of fatal shooting data on 16 crime rate estimates. When adjusting for crime, we find no systematic evidence of anti-Black disparities in fatal shootings, fatal shootings of unarmed citizens, or fatal shootings involving misidentification of harmless objects.
http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1948550618775108

Newly-elected Ga. official refuses Bible, takes oath of office on 'Autobiography of Malcolm X'
https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2018/jun/7/mariah-parker-takes-oath-office-autobiography-malc/

Study: telling white people they’ll be outnumbered makes them hate welfare more
https://www.vox.com/2018/6/7/17426968/white-racism-welfare-cuts-snap-food-stamps
https://academic.oup.com/sf/advance-article-abstract/doi/10.1093/sf/soy046/5002999?redirectedFrom=fulltext

Intermarriage and the Unhealthy Assimilation of Immigrant Descendants
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This paper studies the effects of assimilation on the health of Hispanics in the US. I exploit a unique dataset of linked birth records and use ethnic intermarriage as a metric of acculturation. Intermarried Hispanics have a significantly higher socio-economic status than endogamously married Hispanics. Despite their higher socio-economic status and the positive socio-economic gradient in health, third-generation children of second- generation intermarried Hispanic women are more likely to have poor health at birth, even after I account for second-generation health at birth, employ only within-family variations in the extent of assimilation, and consider the endogeneity of intermarriage. These results do not appear to be driven by father's selectivity nor by individual unobservable characteristics associated with intermarriage. The children of intermarried natives do not receive the same "health penalty", nor do Hispanics intermarried to other ethnic groups. The intermarriage "health penalty" largely reflects the higher incidence of risky behaviors (e.g., smoking during pregnancy) among intermarried Hispanic women.
http://ftp.iza.org/dp8481.pdf

Integration of Ethnic Minorities: Do They Divorce as Natives Do? [Evidence from Denmark]
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We investigate the divorce patterns among non-Western immigrants and natives in Denmark. [...] We show that inter-ethnic couples (one native, one immigrant) in general are more likely to divorce than native couples (two natives), while co-ethnic couples (two immigrants) are less likely to divorce, when controlling for differences in socioeconomic characteristics. In particular, co-ethnic couples composed of a first- and second-generation immigrant are less likely to divorce, while the divorce probability is the highest among inter-ethnic couples composed of a native woman and a first-generation immigrant man.
http://ftp.iza.org/dp9727.pdf

Gridlock: Ethnic Diversity in Government and the Provision of Public Goods
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How does ethnic diversity in government impact public good provision? We construct a novel dataset linking the ethnicity of California city council candidates to election outcomes and expenditure decisions. Using a regression discontinuity approach, we find that increased diversity on the council leads to less spending on public goods. This is especially true in cities with high segregation and economic inequality. Those serving on councils that experience an increase in diversity also receive fewer votes when they run for reelection. These results point towards disagreement within the council generating lower spending.
https://www.aeaweb.org/articles?id=10.1257/pol.20150394

Segregation and the Quality of Government in a Cross Section of Countries
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"We find that more ethnically and linguistically segregated countries, i.e., those where groups live more spatially separately, have a lower quality of government [...] Trust is an important channel of influence; it is lower in more segregated countries."
https://www.aeaweb.org/articles?id=10.1257/aer.101.5.1872


Ethnic Diversity and Educational Attainment
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Using a data on 86 countries, we uncover new evidence on the relationship between fractionalization and educational attainment. We find that fractionalization lower educational attainment. This finding is consistent across various measures of educational attainment, and is robust to several sensitivity checks.
https://www.monash.edu/business/economics/research/publications/publications2/0416ethnicdiversitychurchillnuhu.pdf

Ethnic diversity and attitudes towards redistribution: a review of the literature
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Increases in Racial and Ethnic Diversity help explain why the United States does not have a European-Style welfare state
https://qspace.library.queensu.ca/bitstream/handle/1974/14872/Banting_et_al_2004_Do_Multiculturalism_Policies.pdf;jsessionid=F62111F5F2F610BAE27BB2F41C1E48FC?sequence=1

Workers of the world unite (or not?)  The effect of ethnic diversity on the participation in trade unions
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Consistent with the prediction of the theory, both layers of the empirical analysis provide evidence of a strong, negative and highly significant relationship between ethnic diversity and the decision of the workers to participate in trade unions. Obtained empirical findings remain highly  robust across a number of alternative empirical specifications and estimation techniques.
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/84880/1/MPRA_paper_84880.pdf

Diversity and Conflict
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"Exploiting an exogenous source of variations in population diversity across nations and ethnic groups, it demonstrates that population diversity, as determined predominantly during the exodus of humans from Africa tens of thousands of years ago, has contributed significantly to the risk and intensity of historical and contemporary internal conflicts, accounting for the confounding effects of geographical, institutional, and cultural characteristics, as well as for the level of economic development. These findings arguably reflect the adverse effect of population diversity on interpersonal trust, its contribution to divergence in preferences for public goods and redistributive policies, and its impact on the degree of fractionalization and polarization across ethnic, linguistic, and religious groups."
http://ftp.iza.org/dp11487.pdf

Diversity and Social Capital in the U.S: A Tale of Conflict, Contact or Total Mistrust?
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"Our results are consistent with the contact theory that suggests that increase in diversity leads to decline in social capital. However, the magnitude of the estimated impact of ethnic fractionalization is small."
http://ftp.iza.org/dp8384.pdf

The Social Effects of Ethnic Diversity at the Local Level (A Natural Experiment from France)
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Diversity is shown to have a negative effect on the quality of local public goods, either due to vandalism, not deterred by other-regarding preferences and social policing, or due to collective action failure to ensure effective property management. However, we find that diversity has no robust effect on public safety at a local level and, if anything, is more related to social anomie.
http://spire.sciencespo.fr/hdl:/2441/30a25e1csn8pqrmbq8oije0o6j/resources/social-effects-of-ethnic-diversity.pdf

Ethnic Diversity and Its Impact on Community Social Cohesion and Neighborly Exchange (Evidence from Australia)
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"We find that residents “hunker” when neighbors look and sound “different” to the majority of people in a community. [I]t is possible that hunkering and withdrawal might serve to reinforce disadvantage and disinvestment in the community. This would not only lead to a higher probability of crime and disorder, but the racial, ethnic, and class compositions of an area could become aligned with particular “kinds” of places, inhabited by certain “types” of people [...] While the current levels of segregation and disadvantage in Australia are less than those found in the United States, we argue that the long-term effects of hunkering could encourage the development of disadvantaged ethnic enclaves."
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1111/juaf.12015

"Research has repeatedly shown that altruistic behavior is lower in diverse communities. Diversity has been associated with individuals contributing less to educational institutions (Miguel and Gugerty,2005), becoming less charitably generous (Hungerman, 2008), favoring income redistribution less (Luttmer, 2001), supporting the government less (Vigdor, 2004; Macculloch, 2005), and volunteering and participating in community organizations less (Costa and Kahn,2003a,b; Alesina and La Ferrara, 2000; Okten and Osili, 2004)."
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0047272708001941

Ethnic diversity and value sharing: A longitudinal social network perspective on interactive group processes
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We follow recent research that shows creating shared values is important for group functioning but seems hindered in high diversity groups – and use longitudinal social network analyses to study two interpersonal processes behind value sharing: creating relations between members or ‘social bonding’ and sharing values. [...] Low diversity groups also showed social norming: Members adjusted their relational values to others they liked and achievement values converged regardless of liking. In high diversity groups, however, there was no evidence for social norming. Thus, ethnic diversity seems to especially affect processes of social norming in groups
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bjso.12237

Integration of British Ethnic Minorities
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https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/575975/The_Casey_Review_Executive_Summary.pdf
-50% of the British population lives in areas with relatively high migration flows.
-Half of all minority ethnic citizens in Britain live in London, Birmingham and
Manchester.
-Similar patterns of urban concentration of ethnic minorities exist in Scotland and Wales.
Settlement and segregation
-People of Pakistani and Bangladeshi ethnicity tend to live in more residentially segregated communities than other ethnic minority groups.  South Asian communities (people of Pakistani, Indian and Bangladeshi ethnicity) live in higher concentrations at ward level than any other ethnic minority group.  These concentrations at ward level are growing in many areas.
-Compared to other minority faith groups, Muslims tend to live in higher residential concentrations at ward level. In 2011: Blackburn, Birmingham, Burnley and Bradford included wards with between 70% and 85% Muslim populations.
-The school age population is even more segregated when compared to residential patterns of living.  A Demos study found that, in 2013, more than 50% of ethnic minority students were in schools where ethnic minorities were the majority, and that school segregation was highest among students from Pakistani and Bangladeshi ethnic backgrounds relative to other ethnic groups.
-In January 2015, there were 511 schools across 43 local authority areas with 50% or more pupils from Pakistani and Bangladeshi ethnic backgrounds.
-Rates of social mobility among Pakistani and Bangladeshi ethnic groups (who are the groups most concentrated in deprived areas) are significantly lower than rates for White groups.
-Taken together, high ethnic minority concentration in residential areas and in schools increases the likelihood of children growing up without meeting or better understanding people from different backgrounds.  One striking illustration of such segregation came from a non-faith state secondary school we visited where, in a survey they had conducted, pupils believed the population of Britain to be between 50% and 90% Asian, such had been their experience up to that point.(edited)
**How do people feel about these changes? (page 12)
-"...the much more significant scale of immigration since the 1990s had affected public attitudes by 2011, with negative judgments about the cultural and economic impact of migration growing and 60% rating the settlement of migrants overall as negative."
-Poorer groups felt even more negatively.  But unease about immigration is not limited to traditional White British communities. In one northern town we visited, the long-standing Pakistani ethnic community felt very unsettled by an increase in the Roma population.
-Polling in 2015 also showed that more than 55% of the general public agreed that there was a fundamental clash between Islam and the values of British society, while 46% of British Muslims felt that being a Muslim in Britain was difficult due to prejudice against Islam.
Social and economic exclusion
-People from Black, Pakistani and Bangladeshi ethnic groups are three times more likely than White British people to be unemployed.  And there are more concerning aspects of disadvantage relating to gender and age in particular groups:
For young Black men, aged 16-24, the unemployment rate is 35%, compared with 15% for young White men.
Where they are in work, men of Pakistani and Bangladeshi ethnicity tend to be in low status employment – one in four Pakistani men are employed as taxi-drivers and two in five Bangladeshi men work in restaurants (although a number of these will be in family - owned businesses)
-Economic inactivity levels remain unusually high among women from Pakistani and Bangladeshi ethnic groups – 57.2% are inactive in the labour market compared with 25.2% of White women and 38.5% of all ethnic minority women.
-English language is a common denominator and a strong enabler of integration.  But Pakistani and Bangladeshi ethnic groups have the lowest levels of English language proficiency of any Black or Minority Ethnic group – and women in those communities are twice as likely as men to have poor English.

Residents of diverse neighborhoods are less committed to their neighborhood
https://www.ingentaconnect.com/contentone/aup/mem/2018/00000093/00000001/art00003?crawler=true&mimetype=application/pdf

Residents of heterogeneous neighborhoods judge less positively about their living environment
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1877042813002942

New Study from the Netherlands finds that ethnic diversity is significantly related to lower social capital, even after controlling for socioeconomic status.
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"The higher the diversity, the weaker the perceived neighborhood cohesion Our analysis shows that when a neighborhood is more diverse, residents perceive the neighborhood as less cohesive (see Table 5.1). This result is significant. This takes into account socio-economic characteristics of residents and the neighborhood. In addition to the diversity of the neighborhood, the socio-economic disadvantage of the neighborhood also has a negative effect on neighborhood cohesion. However, the influence of diversity is much greater." (p. 87)
https://www.wrr.nl/binaries/wrr/documenten/verkenningen/2018/05/29/de-nieuwe-verscheidenheid/V038-De-nieuwe-verscheidenheid.pdf
https://translate.google.com/translate?sl=auto&tl=en&js=y&prev=_t&hl=en&ie=UTF-8&u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wrr.nl%2Fpublicaties%2Fverkenningen%2F2018%2F05%2F29%2Fde-nieuwe-verscheidenheid&edit-text=
https://web.archive.org/save/https://www.wrr.nl/publicaties/verkenningen/2018/05/29/de-nieuwe-verscheidenheid

"Anti-discrimination laws do not seem to reduce hiring discrimination, and may even increase it."

https://wol.iza.org/articles/do-anti-discrimination-policies-work

**Ethnic Diversity and Trust: New Evidence from Australian Data

**
***
This paper investigates the relationship  between  neighbourhood  ethnic  and  linguistic heterogeneity and the formation of an individual’s local and general  trust. [...] Our results show that increasing neighbourhood ethnic and linguistic fractionalisation is associated with a decrease in local trust of about 12% of a standard deviation in the model with fixed effects, while we do not find any significant relationship between neighbourhood heterogeneity and general trust.
http://ftp.iza.org/dp9544.pdf

Best Friends Forever? Race and the Stability of Adolescent Friendships
***
Interracial friendships are less stable than same-race friendships, even after controlling for a variety of contextual and dyadic characteristics, such as school racial composition and friends' similarities in attitudes and behaviors.
https://academic.oup.com/sf/article-abstract/89/2/585/2235361

Cross-race peer relations and friendship quality
***
Cross-race mutual friendships declined with grade, and among fifth-graders were less likely to show 6-month stability than same-race friendships.
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01650250244000164

Interracial Marriage and Mortality: Evidence from the United States, 1986-2004
***
In light of persistent stigma and discrimination against interracial marriages, as well as their high dissolution rates, our study examines the relationship between interracial marriage and mortality among Blacks and Whites {...} [R]esults show that interracial marriage is significantly associated with higher mortality risk
http://paa2012.princeton.edu/abstracts/122630

The Affirmative Action program in California has not been cost effective, and empirical support is found for a significant distortion of firms’ make versus buy decision as a result of the [program].
http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.365.2237&rep=rep1&type=pdf

The more Muslims in a country, the more extreme they become.
https://sites.duke.edu/timurkuran/files/2017/09/Islam-Economic-Performance-Kuran-JEL-in-press.pdf
https://web.archive.org/web/20180528045927/https://pbs.twimg.com/media/DePz_iQV4AArtO9.jpg
(See also: https://web.archive.org/save/http://emilkirkegaard.dk/en/?p=5485 )

We estimate a gravity model at the neighbor-hood level to identify the role of ethnic heterogeneity across space in two Dutch cities, explaining both size and ethnic composition of mover flows within cities. Our findings suggest a preference for living with the own ethnic group in an otherwise diverse neighborhood.
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/jors.12390

Testing demonstrates that diversity exerts countervailing positive and negative indirect-effects on attitudes towards immigrants via processes of inter-group contact. Furthermore, while the net-effect of diversity on attitudes via contact is positive, attitudes amongst those experiencing more frequent negative contact become progressively worse. Increasing diversity therefore leads to a polarisation in attitudes towards immigration as a result of, and not due to a lack of, inter-group contact.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0049089X16306640

Ethnicity and electoral fraud in Britain
***
Several reports have highlighted that, within Britain, allegations of electoral fraud tend to be more common in areas with large Pakistani and Bangladeshi communities.
-Using data at the local authority level, this paper shows that percentage Pakistani and Bangladeshi (logged) is a robust predictor of two measures of electoral fraud allegations.
-Rates of cousin marriage tend to be high in countries such as Pakistan and Bangladesh, which may have fostered norms of nepotism and in-group favoritism that persist over time.
-To bolster my interpretation, I use individual level survey data to show that, within Europe, migrants from countries with high rates of cousin marriage are more likely to say that family should be one's main priority in life, and are less likely to say it is wrong for a public official to request a bribe.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0261379417300811

The autocratic roots of social distrust
***
-Individuals whose ancestors migrated from countries with higher autocracy levels are less likely to trust others and to vote in presidential elections in the U.S.
-The impact of autocratic culture on trust lasts for at least three generations whereas the impact on voting disappears after one generation.
-Autocratic culture also has similar impacts on trust and voting across Europe.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0147596717300951#fig0004

When people experience connectedness with their community, they tend to live happier and healthier lives (see Berkman 2000; Cobb 1976; Folland 2007; House, Landis, and Umberson 1988; Mulvaney and Kendrick 2005; Poortinga 2005; Putnam 2000).

35% of white Britons don’t have a single friend from an ethnic minority background: our new study looks at the diversity of Britons’ friendship groups
https://yougov.co.uk/news/2018/05/03/one-third-white-britons-dont-have-any-friends-ethn/
https://archive.is/yPTX1

Washington post creates its own Diversity Map, finds out America is still very segregated
https://web.archive.org/web/20180502234057/https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/2018/national/segregation-us-cities/?utm_term=.f83a0d9a9436
https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/2018/national/segregation-us-cities/?utm_term=.f83a0d9a9436

Americans Are A Lonely Lot, And Young People Bear The Heaviest Burden
https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2018/05/01/606588504/americans-are-a-lonely-lot-and-young-people-bear-the-heaviest-burden
https://web.archive.org/web/20180502193640/https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2018/05/01/606588504/americans-are-a-lonely-lot-and-young-people-bear-the-heaviest-burden

As White Democrats learn about Democratic outreach to Latinos, they become less supportive of Democrats.
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs11109-018-9462-8

New study about Immigrants and assimilation in Australia, finds that "members of the second and third generations in any ancestral group are as segregated as the first generation"
>The hypothesis set out at the start of this paper—derived from general appreciations of the literature on migrant group integration and assimilation — that within ancestral groups second generations should be less segregated than first generations, and third generations less segregated still, has been largely rejected by these analyses of the geography of 19 groups in Sydney in 2011, which uses a more sophisticated, multi-scalar modelling procedure to assess segregation than is common in most analyses.

>As anticipated, all three generations of those claiming UK and Irish ancestries are relatively  evenly  distributed  through  the  city’s residential  mosaic,  alongside  those  claiming Australian ancestry. But for the remaining groups, most of whose original members entered Australia after World War II with many arriving in the last four decades only, there is very little evidence that segregation decreased across the generations.
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/1745-5871.12233

People identify with their country when they see their own ethnic group represented in the national government.
http://archive.is/4Wg5a
http://www.columbia.edu/~aw2951/PowerPride.pdf

Not surprising, perhaps, when a third of Chinese Hongkongers don't want to sit next to members of other ethnic groups on public transport, live next door to them, or have their children as classmates to their own children
http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-43470709

Racial segregation between American workplaces is greater today than it was a generation ago.
https://osf.io/preprints/socarxiv/c6hsd/
DOI: 10.17605/OSF.IO/C6HSD

Trump’s gains in 2016 above Romney’s performance in 2012 are strongly related to the proportion of the voting population in each area that was white and working class. Taken together, these results support the claim that Trump’s appeal to the white working class was crucial for his victory.
https://www.sociologicalscience.com/articles-v5-10-234/

Racial segregation persists in many American towns, cities, and suburbs.
http://www.businessinsider.com/most-least-diverse-parts-us-2017-8
http://sil.uc.edu/webapps/socscape_usa/
http://archive.is/JzJAG

Most diversity training, ineffective study finds
http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/01/19/AR2008011901899.html

Diverse schools do not make White British students more inclusive in their attitudes on immigrants. Diverse schools reduce trust in people of one’s own age.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0049089X14001392

We have social capital scores for 2,992 of 3,142 counties, containing  99.7 percent of the American population. Just eight percent of Americans live in the top fifth of these counties, while 39 percent of the population lives in the bottom fifth of counties. Nearly six in ten (59 percent) of Americans live in the bottom two fifths of counties, compared with 24 percent living in the top two fifths. The 12 states with the highest social capital scores are distributed across two continuous blocs: nine states running from Utah, through Wyoming and Colorado, across the Dakotas and Nebraska, and over to Iowa, Minnesota, and Wisconsin; and the three Northern New England states of Maine, New Hampshire, and Vermont. These states tend to rank highly across all seven subindices as well. Utah has the highest social capital score, followed by Minnesota and Wisconsin.Of the 11 states with the lowest levels of social capital, ten  of them fall within a contiguous bloc of states running from Nevada, across  the  Southwest  and  South  over  to  Georgia and Florida. New York is the only state in the bottom 11 that is outside this group. Louisiana has the lowest social capital score, followed by Nevada, Arizona, and New Mexico.
https://www.lee.senate.gov/public/_cache/files/da64fdb7-3b2e-40d4-b9e3-07001b81ec31/the-geography-of-social-capital.pdf
https://www.lee.senate.gov/public/index.cfm/scp-index
The most diverse states seem to have the lowest social capital

Multiculturalism has failed, believe substantial minority of Britons
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/apr/14/multiculturalism-failed-substantial-minority-britons-integration-rivers-blood-enoch-powell
https://archive.is/ZRo1F

College hosts no whites allowed pool party
https://www.thecollegefix.com/post/43910/
https://archive.is/WvZ0v
https://claremontindependent.com/scripps-college-pool-party-desegregated/
https://archive.is/gIQlJ

Schools that were 50 percent minority or more reported weekly gang activity at nearly ten times the rate of schools where minorities constituted 5 percent to 20 percent of the population.
https://www.city-journal.org/html/who-misbehaves-15811.html
https://archive.is/1kiIx

63.4 percent of whites in the U.S. think that "efforts to increase racial diversity almost always come at the expense of white people. 89.1% of Trump supporters agree with this
https://d25d2506sfb94s.cloudfront.net/cumulus_uploads/document/maf7idof71/econTabReport.pdf#page72
http://anepigone.blogspot.com/2018/04/most-whites-know-diversity-is.html

Neighbourhood ethnic heterogeneity lowers electoral turnout in Germany.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0261379417301208

Members of a Latino street gang have admitted to carrying out a racially motivated firebombing attack on black families in a Los Angeles housing project
http://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-gang-firebombing-20180405-story.html
https://archive.is/qxXOq

Homogeneous states have higher quality of life scores measuring feelings of social belonging than do racially diverse states.
https://heartiste.wordpress.com/2018/03/02/diversity-proximity-low-quality-of-life/
https://archive.is/ZeKiZ

Results reveal that neighborhood-level exposure to racial and ethnic minorities predicts greater group threat and racial identification among Whites as well as greater intentions to vote for Trump in the general election.
http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1948550618759326

Immigration dominates Italian Election
http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-43167699

Ethnic diversity is negatively related to generalized trust across societies.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0191886916301295

Black, Hispanic and White children living in diverse neighborhoods are significantly more likely to be reported to Child Protective Services than children of the same race/ethnicity living in more homogeneous neighborhoods
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0190740914001066

Some Syrian Migrants are returning home, despite the conditions in Syria. “This is our country,” he said. “If we go to another country, to Germany, the people there are not like us.”
https://apnews.com/68bef538d5e94ca0b710669a0191d64e?utm_campaign=SocialFlow&utm_source=Twitter&utm_medium=AP

Immigrants replace low skill Natives in the work force, Immigration is also a substitute for fixing the actual unemployment problem
https://cis.org/Immigrants-Replace-LowSkill-Natives-Workforce

Ithaca High School pulls 'Hunchback of Notre Dame' over casting diversity outcry
http://www.ithacajournal.com/story/news/local/2018/01/29/new-project-planned-place-ithaca-musical-hunchback-notre-dame-cancelled-amid-outcry-diversify-castin/1074212001/
https://archive.is/X3f3u
https://www.thecollegefix.com/post/41560/

Study Finds Students Underperform in Schools With Large Black Populations
https://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2015/09/24/study-finds-students-underperform-in-schools-with-large-black-populations

Latino Civil Rights Leader Chastised by own group for supporting bipartisan Immigration legislature
https://archive.is/m6TNe
https://republicstandard.com/latino-civil-rights-leader-chastised-for-thanking-donald-trump/

Former Secretary of HUD, Mayor of San Antonio admits Hispanic Population is a positive for the Democratic Party
"The Hispanic vote in Texas will continue to increase. By 2024 Democrats can win Texas, Arizona and Florida. A big blue wall of 78 electoral votes."
https://twitter.com/JulianCastro/status/955673490098704384
https://archive.is/dNY31

In the United States, Trust in Government and Interpersonal Trust levels are at Historic Lows
https://archive.is/uQmmF
https://ourworldindata.org/trust

A substantiave portion of variance in prejudice toward multiple groups, in fact, heritable
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/313389351_Is_Prejudice_Heritable_Evidence_from_Twin_Studies
DOI: 10.1017/9781316161579.010

Muslim communities are associated with strongly negative social impacts for long-time Australians (third generation)
http://socialtechnologies.com.au/a-general-social-impact-assessment-of-mosques-in-australian-neighbourhoods/
https://archive.is/pyena

People would rather live next to their co-ethnics
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12471849/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2015937/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27283057
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26806990

Half of young white men and nearly a third of young white women think efforts to promote diversity harm white people
https://www.prri.org/research/mtv-culture-and-religion/
https://archive.is/WFgw4

Latino students lag far behind whites in every county in California, new study shows
http://archive.is/0j5fF
http://laschoolreport.com/latino-students-lag-far-behind-whites-in-every-county-in-california-new-study-shows/


California Hispanics strongly support Amnesty & DACA compared to other ethnic groups
https://anepigone.blogspot.com/2017/12/la-razas-california-dreaming.html
http://archive.is/pO7ld
White Flight in London
http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-21511904
http://archive.is/wiaGZ

Diverse California has cities which have child leprosy
http://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-leprosy-riverside-20160923-snap-story.html

Israel approves 72 million dollar program to combat anti-Israeli boycotts
https://www.timesofisrael.com/israel-okays-72-million-anti-bds-project/?utm_source=dlvr.it&utm_medium=twitter

NYC safest city in America despite being diverse: https://www.nytimes.com/2017/12/27/nyregion/new-york-city-crime-2017.html
Ironically If blacks weren't there it'd be even safer:
http://www.unz.com/isteve/is-it-racist-to-notice-that-on-average-blacks-shoot-people-more/
https://www1.nyc.gov/site/nypd/stats/reports-analysis/homicide.page
http://archive.is/i7Wo4



The dangers of social isolation: Individuals with less social connection have disrupted sleep, altered immune systems, more inflammation and higher levels of stress hormones. Social isolation increases the risk of heart disease by 29% and stroke by 32%
https://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/22/upshot/how-social-isolation-is-killing-us.html
http://archive.is/gBsxE

Product of Diversity: From 1985 to 2004, the percentage of people who reported having at least one friend on whom they could rely and with whom they could discuss important matters dropped to 57 percent from 80 percent
http://archive.is/BQFdd
https://www.nytimes.com/2017/12/29/opinion/sunday/the-only-way-to-keep-your-resolutions.html?smid=tw-nytopinion&smtyp=cur

72 Percent of Black Children are born out of wedlock
http://www.politifact.com/truth-o-meter/statements/2013/jul/29/don-lemon/cnns-don-lemon-says-more-72-percent-african-americ/

Older but not younger infants associate own-race faces with happy music and other-race faces with sad music
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/desc.12537/full

Whites in old america were very pro segregation
https://www.scribd.com/document/34612500/Final-Race-Wonk-Room

Whites are underepresented as mass shooters and terrorists
https://www.amren.com/commentary/2017/10/whites-are-underrepresented-among-mass-shooters-las-vegas/
http://archive.is/wETPT

Vast portions of south and east Los Angeles are slipping from mixed populations toward single race populations.
http://www.latimes.com/opinion/op-ed/la-oe-bader-resegregation-los-angeles-20160401-story.html
http://archive.is/Uom0I

Latino gang members firebomb black residents to drive them out of neighborhood
http://archive.is/Re1Lm
http://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-ramona-hate-crime-20160707-snap-story.html


People "armed" with toy weapons killed by the police in 2015-2017 by race/ethnicity, absolute numbers (% of total):
White 68 (60%)
Black 25 (22%)
Hispanic 17 (15%)
Other/unknown 3 (3%)
https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/national/police-shootings-2017/
https://archive.is/cHdnw

Race over profit. Discriminators are on average willing to forego 8 percent of their earnings to avoid a coworker of the other ethnic type.
https://www.aeaweb.org/articles?id=10.1257/app.20150241
DOI: 10.1257/app.20150241


Manufacturing white criminals: Depictions of criminality and violence on Law & Order
"Results suggest whites are disproportionately portrayed as criminals five to eight times more often on police dramas compared to actual crime statistics for the city of New York, exposure to police dramas increases beliefs of threats to personal safety, and exposure to police dramas leads to elevated perceptions of white criminality among non-whites."
https://doi.org/10.1080/23311886.2015.1104977

Diverse California will try to adopt policies of homogeneous Scandinavian countries in 2018 (will it work?)
https://qz.com/1168530/on-jan-1-california-is-basically-becoming-a-different-state/

Ethnic Diversity if excessive can be economically counterproductive
http://voxeu.org/article/immigration-diversity-and-economic-prosperity

Ethnic identity reduces depressive symptoms, Increases positive social functioning, self-esteem, well-being, internalizing, externalizing, academic achievement, academic attitudes, and health risk outcomes
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/cdev.12175/full

In-Group Favoritism Is Mostly Attributable to Genetic Factors
http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1948550617699250

Black Congressmen Refuse To Condemn Ellison’s Past Proposal For A ‘Black State’
http://archive.is/IE0yj
http://dailycaller.com/2016/11/30/exclusive-black-congressmen-refuse-to-condemn-ellisons-past-proposal-for-a-black-state/

Trump Should Be Impeached Now, Say Blacks, Hispanics; Only White Americans Want President to Stick Around
https://archive.is/iZKuc
http://www.newsweek.com/trump-impeachment-president-americans-poll-735756?utm_campaign=NewsweekTwitter&utm_source=Twitter&utm_medium=Social

Americans saw Race Relations/Racism as the second worst Non-Economic problem facing them in 2017
http://news.gallup.com/poll/1675/most-important-problem.aspx
https://archive.is/gmO4k

73% of all Latino's in the United States speak Spanish at Home. So much for Cultural Assimilation
http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/10/31/use-of-spanish-declines-among-latinos-in-major-u-s-metros/
https://archive.is/C7Kxq

Multiethnic diversity decreases happiness among all groups
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/283881736_Happiness_in_modern_society_Why_intelligence_and_ethnic_composition_matter

Analysis of publicly available data and social science research finds that smaller, homogeneous cities have more social capital than larger, diverse cities.
https://archive.is/kXy0r
http://www.city-data.com/blog/418-striking-balance-quality-life-social-capital/

Groups that practice ethnocentrism outlast groups that practice individualism/humanitarianism
http://jasss.soc.surrey.ac.uk/16/3/7.html

Ethnically diverse communities are less likely to coordinate to create solidarity across ethnic groups and demand stronger enforcement of environmental regulations
http://tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00346760601024500

White flight documented
http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1080/0042098984907 (also documented in Nusche 2009)

Ethnic Diversity hinders social integration within schools
http://tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09645292.2016.1238879

Dramatic partisan polarization of white Americans, notably white Californians, around the immigration question between 2012 and 2016
https://archive.is/mFaLX
https://twitter.com/epkaufm/status/935081354294956032

Most Americans think their own group is discriminated against
https://archive.is/FiBaO
https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2017/10/24/559116373/poll-most-americans-think-their-own-group-faces-discrimination?utm_campaign=storyshare&utm_source=twitter.com&utm_medium=social

Non-whites who identify as "conservative" still heavily vote liberal
https://polling.reuters.com/#poll/PARTY_ID_/filters/SC_RACE:2/dates/20120105-20171103/type/overall

Immigrant groups in big cities are very segregated
https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2017/11/this-extraordinary-map-is-a-whole-new-way-of-looking-at-immigration-in-the-us/
https://archive.is/z5DFc

Hispanic Caucus denies Republican membership because he doesnt support Amnesty (aka Hispanic group interests)
https://archive.is/khfBC
https://www.politico.com/story/2017/11/16/congressional-hispanic-caucus-deny-carlos-curbelo-244977

White on White voting, more evidence of voting for in group interests
https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/16/opinion/trump-white-voting.html?action=click&pgtype=Homepage&clickSource=story-heading&module=opinion-c-col-right-region&region=opinion-c-col-right-region&WT.nav=opinion-c-col-right-region
https://archive.is/4NNko

Report claims Hispanic and Asian immigrant workers are favored over any other ethnic group.
http://www.newsweek.com/immigration-facilitates-workplace-discrimination-against-americans-report-says-723681
https://archive.is/4bw8G

Double-digit increase in anti-White hate crime from 2015 to 2016
https://archive.is/Rfcbn

The scourge of white supremacy does not even spare public services
https://necpluribusimpar.net/scourge-white-supremacy-not-even-spare-public-services/
https://archive.is/CZjD8

"Whites" (Jews) moving back to Inglewood is seen as Gentrification and Racist
http://www.latimes.com/opinion/op-ed/la-oe-kaplan-inglewood-gentrification-20171126-story.html

Views about whether whites benefit from societal advantages split sharply along racial and partisan lines - PEW RESEARCH
http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/09/28/views-about-whether-whites-benefit-from-societal-advantages-split-sharply-along-racial-and-partisan-lines/
https://archive.is/7Mt8W

Hasidic Jews resort to Segregation to solve ethnic tensions in California and New York
https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/19/nyregion/hasidic-kiryas-joel-upstate.html
https://archive.is/ZlF6q

Britain is becoming more segregated as it becomes more ethnically diverse
https://www.thesun.co.uk/news/2099502/white-british-population-has-fallen-by-more-than-half-in-just-20-years-in-parts-of-uk-as-country-becomes-more-segregated/

Nearly half of White Southerners in the USA feel like they're under attack
http://thehill.com/homenews/news/360031-poll-nearly-half-of-white-southerners-feel-like-theyre-under-attack

Countries where ethnically diverse populations lived distant from each other historically have higher trust & incomes now
http://cepr.org/active/publications/discussion_papers/dp.php?dpno=12378
https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3057292

Across 11 countries, opposition to immigration not driven by race or personal economic impact but percieved effect on nation
https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/british-journal-of-political-science/article/economic-and-cultural-drivers-of-immigrant-support-worldwide/02BBCF09B063FCD0C252B6D78E748DE8

Social trust is negatively affected by ethnic diversity, case study in Denmark from 1979 to the present.
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467-9477.2012.00289.x/abstract

Diversity hinders between-group cooperation at both the one-on-one and group levels.
http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0190272515612403

Immigration undermines the moral imperative of those who most favor welfare benefits for the neediest.
http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0020715212451987

The negative effect of community diversity on social cohesion is likely causal.
https://academic.oup.com/esr/article/32/1/54/2404332/Does-Ethnic-Diversity-Have-a-Negative-Effect-on

The best chance for peace in Syria is better borders (intrastate or through the creation of new states) “suited to current geocultural regions”, and tribal autonomy.
http://www.necsi.edu/research/social/syria/syria.pdf

Using data from US states, study finds a negative relationship between ethnic polarization and trust.
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1465-7287.2010.00215.x/abstract

Diversity is associated with more White support for nationalist parties, except at the local level where large immigrant populations cut into vote totals for nationalist parties.
http://sf.oxfordjournals.org/content/92/1/249

In Australia, ethnic diversity lowers social cohesion, community trust, and increases “hunkering”, providing support for Putnam’s thesis finding the same results in the US.
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/juaf.12015/abstract

Quartz Study finds more Hispanic a Neighborhood is, more likely Whites are to have Racial Identity
https://archive.is/eZJU3
http://qz.com/816229/a-lot-of-people-in-the-us-are-suddenly-identifying-as-white/

Majority of White Americans think they are Discriminated Against
http://www.npr.org/2017/10/24/559604836/majority-of-white-americans-think-theyre-discriminated-against

"Societies where individuals differ from each other in both ethnicity and culture, social antagonism is greater, and political economy outcomes are worse."
https://faculty.smu.edu/kdesmet/papers/CultureDiversity.pdf
https://www.aeaweb.org/articles?id=10.1257/aer.20150243

Ethnic diversity is associated with lower trust for both natives and immigrants.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0049089X1400074X

Ethnic Diversity is negatively correlated with Trust
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1465-7287.2010.00215.x/abstract

"The results show that across European regions, different aspects of immigration-related diversity are negatively related to social trust."
https://academic.oup.com/sf/article-abstract/93/3/1211/2332107/Ethnic-Diversity-Economic-and-Cultural-Contexts

"We find that states demarcated by increased racial and ethnic diversity and eroding white majorities do tend to spend less on subsidies to public higher education, resulting in decreased state appropriations as well as more tepid support for financial aid programs."
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11162-017-9453-3

Diversity lowers Social Capital in Indonesia
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0305750X1400343X

White Immigrants have the least fiscal drain compared to other Immigrants
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0276562417300227

Ethnic Diversity has a negative impact on Firms and Workplace Cohesion
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/234022034_Demography_and_Diversity_in_Organizations_A_Review_of_40_Years_of_Research
https://archive.is/ZQORk
http://ftp.iza.org/dp6973_final.pdf

Ethnic Diversity is a cause of Civil War
onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jeea.12171/full

Neighborhood and Life Satisfaction is higher among Individuals living with co-ethnics (UK)
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0049089X16302095

Racial Tension has detrimental effects on economic growth
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165176517300605

Ethnic Heterogeneity negatively affects political participation
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0261379415300494

Ethnic Heterogeneity increases the Nationalist Vote
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0261379415001018

Ethnic Diversity lowers innovation
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/job.2027/full

Ethnic Diversity has a strong direct negative impact on economic growth
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0305750X14000138

Diversity decreases charitable giving within communities
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167268116300890

Ethnic Diversity decreases voter turnout
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0261379417300914

Ethnic Diversity Increases Poverty
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0305750X17300694

Immigration increases the Gender pay gap
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0014292116302264

Immigration accounts for 15% of Wealth inequality in the United States
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378437116303429

https://www.brown.edu/academics/economics/sites/brown.edu.academics.economics/files/uploads/2013-15_paper_0.pdf

"These findings arguably reflect the contribution of genetic diversity to
the degree of fractionalization and polarization across ethnic, linguistic, and religious groups in
the  national  population;  the  adverse  influence  of  genetic  diversity  on  interpersonal  trust  and
cooperation; the contribution of genetic diversity to divergence in preferences for public goods
and redistributive policies; and the potential impact of genetic diversity on economic inequality
within a society."

http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0095660

“Our analysis shows that peace does not depend on integrated coexistence, but rather on well defined topographical and political boundaries separating groups, allowing for partial autonomy within a single country. “

http://bjp.rcpsych.org/content/201/4/282.abstract?etoc

“For every ten percentage point reduction in own-group density, the relative odds of reporting psychotic experiences increased 1.07 times (95% CI 1.01–1.14, P = 0.03 (trend)) for the total minority ethnic sample. In general, people living in areas of lower own-group density experienced greater social adversity that was in turn associated with reporting psychotic experiences.”

“His conclusion based on over 40 cases and 30,000 people within the United States is that, other things being equal, more diversity in a community is associated with less trust both between and within ethnic groups.”

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_D._Putnam#Diversity_and_trust_within_communities

“We show that ethnic diversity or fractionalization and values diversity are distinct and while the former has a negative effect on innovation, the latter contributes positively. However, countries are bound to have both types of diversity. We find that countries that are ethnically homogenous but diverse in values orientation are the best innovators.”

http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13504851.2015.1130785

Alienation, increased violence, isolation, destruction of community and loss of intermediate institutions, reduced civic participation and isolation from the aggregate social structure, psychosis, reduction of innovation. Humans are fundamentally a communal, not an individualist species and diversity destroys connection and solidarity. It's a communal pollutant.

https://www0.gsb.columbia.edu/faculty/jhjort/papers/ethnic%20divisions.pdf

My findings suggest that interethnic rivalries lower allocative efficiency in the private sector, that the economic costs of ethnic diversity vary with the political environment, and that in high-cost environments firms are forced to adopt ‘‘second best’’ policies to limit discrimination distortions.