2018-01-16 TOEFL: word roots, reading paraphrase

Greg Malivuk
greg.malivuk@gmail.com
http://www.pastebin.com/u/gmalivuk - notes from all classes
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Homework: Go through the rest of your reading questions. Do you understand how some of your answers were wrong and the correct answer is correct?
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Word Roots - list 3 - With your partner, try to think of one or two words to explain the meaning of each root.
ego (egotistical, egomania) = self
endo (endotherm, endocrine) = inside
epi (epiphyte, epidermis, epidemic) = on/upon
equi (equidistant, equation) = same (quantity)
erg (ergonomic, energy) = work
esth/aesth (anesthetic, kinesthesia) = sensory feeling, but also (the appreciation of) beauty
eu (euphemism, euphoria) = good
ex/ect (ex-husband, exit, excavate, ectotherm) = out/former (as a location)
extra (extraordinary, extrovert, extraterrestrial) = beyond/outward (as a direction)
fac/fact (artifact, factory) = make
fer (transfer, ferry) = carry/move (transitive)
flect/flex (deflect, reflection, flexible) = bend
fore (foreground, forecast) = before/front/previous (“fore”, “first”, “pre”, “prim” - all share a root)
fract/frag (fracture, fragment) = break
fug (refugee, fugitive) = flee/escape
funct (function, defunct) = perform
gen (generation, generate, genealogy) = birth/make (Some words with this root come from a birth->family->kind evolution of meaning.)
geo (geography, geology, geometry, geodesy) = Earth
graph (autograph, graphite, seismograph) = write/draw
grat (gratify, gratuity, grateful) = please (v)
helio (heliocentric, heliograph) = Sun
hemo (hemophilia, hemorrhage, hemoglobin) = blood
hetero (heterogeneous, heteronym) = different
homo (homogeneous, homonym) = same (type; qualitatively the same)
hydro (hydrate, hydraulic, hydrophobia) = water (or fluid in general)
hyper (hyperextend, hyperactive, hypertension) = over
hypo (hypodermic, hypothermia, hypotension) = under
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Often words with the same or synonymous roots have (slightly) different meanings
ectothermic - relating to an animal that takes heat from outside (e.g. reptiles)
exothermic - chemical reactions that produce heat
reflect - bending back (of light)
reflex - an automatic reaction of the body
predict - guess about the future through normal means
foretell - predict the future in a possibly magical way
prophecy - predict the future in a definitely magical or divine way
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Reading Question Types:
- fact
- negative fact
- vocabulary
- reference
- inference
- purpose
- paraphrase/sentence restatement
- sentence insertion
- summarize
- organize/categorize
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DELTA p. 110 - Without looking outside the box, choose the correct answer to the sample question.
These studies are hard evidence that the natural world is already responding dramtically to climate change, even though the change has just begun.
D - Climate change is recent, but there is strong proof that species are reacting.
To know that the studies are about species you need to read the sentence before the highlighted one, to understand the referent of “These studies”.
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p. 111 and 112 describe some common clues for paraphrase questions
p. 114-115 - Take 4 minutes to answer the first four questions.
1 D
2 A
3 C
4 B
p. 116-117 - Take 4 minutes for these, then compare with your partner.
5 D
6 B
7 C
8 A
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BREAK
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Handout (Cengage) p. 103-105 exercise 5.1 - Take 10 minutes to decide if each restatement is Correct, Incomplete, or Incorrect (X). Then compare with a partner and try to convince them of your answers if you disagree.
1 incomplete (doesn’t include “today there are no reptiles capable of flight”)
2 correct
3 incorrect - It’s the town of Muncie, not Middleton
4 incorrect
5 correct
6 incorrect - All the formations have two-word names
7 correct
8 incomplete - It’s true that there’s an international governing board for chess, but the main point of the original sentence is that there isn’t one for checkers and that this results in variations in rules from place to place.
9 incorrect (You should be able to infer that Handel wrote clarinet music before the mid-19th century.)
10 correct
11 correct
12 incorrect - They were equally talented.
13 incorrect
14 incorrect
15 incomplete - It doesn’t mention the visual spectacle.
16 incorrect - Initials will not be elevated by the growth of the tree.
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Handout (Cambridge) p. 188-190 exercise R13 - Take 10 minutes to choose the correct paraphrase of each highlighted sentence. Then compare with your partner. Why are their answers wrong if they disagree with yours?
1 B
2 D
3 C
4 B
5 D
6 A
7 B
8 C
9 A
10 A
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Handout (Longman) p. 28 - Take 90 seconds to answer these two paraphrase questions. Then compare with your partner.
1 A
2 D
p. 29-30 - Take 4 minutes to answer the paraphrase questions about Post-it Notes.
3 A
4 B
5 C
6 D
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Homework: Answer the Pulizer Prize questions on the handout and do DELTA p. 119-121 exercise 1.6.B