5e in a nutshell

Martial:
(No spells innately)
	Barbarian
		Fueled by anger
		Tons of HP
		Tanky without armor
		Special: Can rage a few times between rests, getting combat advantage
	Rogue
		Very sneaky
		Underhanded undertones
		Medium armor
		Skill monkey, with a few extra-good specialties
		Special: Can Sneak Attack when having advantage, rolling extra damage dice
	Fighter
		The bread and butter "I want to hit people with my weapon" archetype
		Grab-bag of nice stuff to hit enemies with, works with any weapon imaginable
		Special: More stat bonuses/feats than other classes
	Monk
		Power comes from within
		Hand-to-hand specialist
		High mobility to run all over the place
		Doesn't wear armor
		Special: Uses Ki points to do fancy maneuvers, like Stunning Strike or attacking very fast
Half-caster:
(some spells innately, but not to max level)
	Paladin
		DEUS VULT
		Heavy armor and weapons
		Some holy spells for healing and smiting
		Gives bonuses to party
		Tied to "oaths" which dictate what is just for the Paladin.
		Special: can smite enemies on hit, dealing nuclear damage on crits
	Bard
		Jack of all trades, a more magical rogue
		Support class with buffs and debuffs
		Tons of skill proficiencies, like Rogue
		Can choose one spell from any class to cast
		Special: Bardic Inspiration which can be used to boost ally rolls and a few other things
	Ranger
		Usually shoots a bow
		Druid lite with limited spells
		Special: bonuses to travel, like inability to get lost
	Artificer [UA]
		Magic tinker
		shoots wands
		Gets a companion to direct
		Not official yet
	Mystic [UA]
		Can do everything better than any other class
		all over the place
		power of the mind
		Psi points?
		Special: immediately banned from most tables because it's broken
Full Caster:
(A lot of spells, up to max level)
	Cleric
		Prayer gives power
		Basically Paladin but more spells and less weapons
		Tons of spells to choose from
		Utility and healing for days
		Very varied subclasses
		Special: can Channel Divinity a few times between rests, effect depends on the deity
	Druid
		One with nature
		Tons of spells to choose from
		Nature experts
		Can heal or deal damage
		Special: can Wild Shape into an animal form, getting combat bonuses and free health
	Sorcerer
		Magic comes from within
		A wizard with a more limits and a bit more oomph
		Can trade Spell Slots for Sorcery Points and vice versa on the fly to use metamagic
		Special: Metamagic options which allow you to augment spells with neat effects.
	Warlock
		Magic comes from a patron entity
		Can throw Eldritch Blast at the enemy for days
		Eldritch Invocations let you customize your character a ton
		Special: very few spell slots, but they're at high level and refresh on a short break. Very good for long hauls.
	Wizard
		Magic comes from learning
		Extremely wide spell selection
		A magical tool for every job
		Very squishy
		tons of specializations
		Special: can learn new spells by finding them in the wild