Hunter Gatherer Nutrition & Envoiremental Toxins

Overview:
“Northern Hunter Gatherer carb intake less than 15% of total energy, varies racially”
“Hunter Gatherers got 68% of their calories from animal products, seasonally resp. more”
“Tarim Basin Mummies nearly 2m tall”
“Stature and robusticity decline during the transition to agricultural life”
“Farming to blame for our shrinking size and brains“
“The Evolution of Human Life Expectancy and Intelligence in Hunter-Gatherer Economies.”
“Cross-culturally Hunter Gatherers had an adaptive Life span of 68-79years“
“Prehistorical men increased in height due to surplus of high-quality protein and low populational density”
“Non-cow milk consumed leads to proportionally reduced height when compared to real milk consumption
“Milk is growth promoting”
“Milk and egg consumption increases height”
“Higher consumption of animal protein, esp. Milk and Pork correlates with increased height in Europeans”
“Meat and Milk increase cognitive functions and physical build”
“Height is a great indicator for health and agriculture reduced both”
“Infant mortality distorts true life expectancy”
“Infectious diseases are a result of sedetary and tightly formed societies”
“The modern westerner consumes only around 20% animal-sourced foods, unlike his hunter gatherer forefather which consumed it at 75%.”
“Non-stick kitchen utensils reduce T, penis length, semen quality and testicular size”
“Almost all plastics leach endocrine disrupting chemicals, BPA-free onces partly even more”
“Cans leach endocrine disruptors into food”
“PFC (Teflon) leads to fertility problems”
“PFC (Teflon) positively correlate with T and reduction in semen quality, penile and testicular size”
“Pre-natal progesterone exposure increases same-sex behaviour in humans”
“English rivers so polluted with estrogen-like chemicals that male fish feminize and strongly reduze fertility”
“Human fertility rates more than halfed since the 1950s”
“T levels are rapidly falling”
“Fluoride in drinking water disturbs the thyroid”
“LDL-C does not cause cardiovascular disease”
“Saturated fats are part of a healthy diet”
“No evidence for corelation between saturated fats and cardiovascular problems”
“Dairy consumption was associated with lower risk of mortality and major cardiovascular disease events”
“Vegan diets still more likely to be deficient and leading to massive developmental problems”
“plant ALA can’t be sufficiently transformed into EPA and DHA (“Omega3”)”
“Phytoestrogens are highly active in the human endocrine system”









Hunter Gatherer Height, Longelivety &
Diet in comparison with Moderns


“Northern Hunter Gatherer carb intake less than 15% of total energy, varies racially”
>In this study, it was hypothesized that diets of modern hunter-gatherers vary in their carbohydrate content depending on ecoenvironments. Thus, using data of plant-to-animal subsistence ratios, we calculated the carbohydrate intake (percentage of the total energy) in 229 hunter-gatherer diets throughout the world and determined how differences in ecological environments altered carbohydrate intake. We found a wide range of carbohydrate intake (≈3%-50% of the total energy intake; median and mode, 16%-22% of the total energy). Hunter-gatherer diets were characterized by an identical carbohydrate intake (30%-35% of the total energy) over a wide range of latitude intervals (11°-40° north or south of the equator). However, with increasing latitude intervals from 41° to greater than 60°, carbohydrate intake decreased markedly from approximately equal to 20% to 9% or less of the total energy. Hunter-gatherers living in desert and tropical grasslands consumed the most carbohydrates (≈29%-34% of the total energy). Diets of hunter-gatherers living in northern areas (tundra and northern coniferous forest) contained a very low carbohydrate content (≤15% of the total energy). In conclusion, diets of hunter-gatherers showed substantial variation in their carbohydrate content. Independent of the local environment, however, the range of energy intake from carbohydrates in the diets of most hunter-gatherer societies was markedly different (lower) from the amounts currently recommended for healthy humans.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0271531711000911
https://web.archive.org/web/20190514120029/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0271531711000911


“Hunter Gatherers got 68% of their calories from animal products, seasonally resp. more”
>In this review we have analyzed the 13 known quantitative dietary studies of HG and demonstrate that animal food actually provided the dominant (65%) energy source, while gathered plant foods comprised the remainder (35%). This data is consistent with a more recent, comprehensive review of the entire ethnographic data (n=229 HG societies) that showed the mean subsistence dependence upon gathered plant foods was 32%, whereas it was 68% for animal foods. Other evidence, including isotopic analyses of Paleolithic hominid collagen tissue, reductions in hominid gut size, low activity levels of certain enzymes, and optimal foraging data all point toward a long history of meat-based diets in our species.
https://www.nature.com/articles/1601353
https://web.archive.org/web/20190514095546/https://www.nature.com/articles/1601353

“Tarim Basin Mummies nearly 2m tall”
>One of the best known is the "Cherchen Man" found in Cherchen a few hundred kilometers west of Dun Huang. He was 2 meters tall, had a light brown beard and carried white deerskin leather trousers with felt lining and wool trousers and jacket. He died when he was 55 years in 1000 BC.
>Another mummy is the "Cherchen woman" also from Cherchen, and she also died in 1000 BC as a young woman. She was 1.9 meters high. She had deerskin boots and a red woolen dress.
http://www.dandebat.dk/eng-dan10.htm
https://web.archive.org/web/20190421104011/http://www.dandebat.dk/eng-dan10.htm


“Stature and robusticity decline during the transition to agricultural life”
>In this study, we examined the evidence of stature reduction in studies since 1984 to evaluate if the trend towards decreased health after agricultural transitions remains. The trend towards a decrease in adult height and a general reduction of overall health during times of subsistence change remains valid, with the majority of studies finding stature to decline as the reliance on agriculture increased.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1570677X11000402
https://web.archive.org/web/20190421104050/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1570677X11000402


“Farming to blame for our shrinking size and brains“
>Looking at human fossil evidence for the past 200,000 years, Lahr looked at the size and structure of the bones and skulls found across Europe, Africa and Asia. What they discovered was that the largest Homo sapiens lived 20,000 to 30,000 years ago with an average weight between 176 and 188 pounds and a brain size of 1,500 cubic centimeters.They discovered that some 10,000 years ago however, size started getting smaller both in stature and in brain size. Within the last 10 years, the average human size has changed to a weight between 154 and 176 pounds and a brain size of 1,350 cubic centimeters. While large size remained static for close to 200,000 years, researchers believe the reduction in stature can be connected to a change from the hunter-gatherer way of life to that of agriculture which began some 9,000 years ago.
https://phys.org/news/2011-06-farming-blame-size-brains.html
https://web.archive.org/web/20190421104116/https://phys.org/news/2011-06-farming-blame-size-brains.html


“The Evolution of Human Life Expectancy and Intelligence in Hunter-Gatherer Economies.”
>The economics of hunting and gathering must have driven the biological evolution of human characteristics, since hunter-gatherer societies prevailed for the two million years of human history. These societies feature huge intergenerational resource flows, suggesting that these resource flows should replace fertility as the key demographic consideration. It is then theoretically expected that life expectancy and brain size would increase simultaneously, as apparently occurred during our evolutionary history. The brain here is considered as a direct form of bodily investment, but also crucially as facilitating further indirect investment by means of learning-by-doing.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29058399
https://web.archive.org/web/20190421104140/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29058399


“Cross-culturally Hunter Gatherers had an adaptive Life span of 68-79years“
>Post-reproductive longevity is a robust feature of human life and not only a recent phenomenon caused by improvements in sanitation, public health, and medical advances. We argue for an adaptive life span of 68-78 years for modern Homo sapiens based on our analysis of mortality profiles obtained from small-scale hunter-gatherer and horticultural populations from around the world.
https://www.jstor.org/stable/25434609?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents
https://web.archive.org/web/20190421104215/https://www.jstor.org/stable/25434609?seq=1


“Prehistorical men increased in height due to surplus of high-quality protein and low populational density”
>While Gravettian men stood between five foot ten inches and six foot two inches, Maya people from the same era only reached an average height of five foot two inches.
>He said: 'I suspect that this big game specialization associated with a surplus of high-quality proteins and low population density created environmental conditions leading to the selection of exceptionally tall males.'
https://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-4404824/Genes-tallness-prehistoric-mammoth-hunters.html
https://web.archive.org/web/20190421104241/https://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-4404824/Genes-tallness-prehistoric-mammoth-hunters.html


“Non-cow milk consumed leads to proportionally reduced height when compared to real milk consumption”
>Results: There was a dose-dependent association between higher noncow milk consumption and lower height (P < 0.0001). For each daily cup of noncow milk consumed, children were 0.4 cm (95% CI: 0.2, 0.8 cm) shorter. In the mediation analysis, lower cow milk consumption only partially mediated the association between noncow milk consumption and lower height. The height difference for a child aged 3 y consuming 3 cups noncow milk/d relative to 3 cups cow milk/d was 1.5 cm (95% CI: 0.8, 2.0 cm).
>Conclusions: Noncow milk consumption was associated with lower childhood height. Future research is needed to understand the causal relations between noncow milk consumption and height.
https://academic.oup.com/ajcn/article/106/2/597/4557638?sid=3c61dcf3-669a-4730-9818-b9503ae0b51b
https://web.archive.org/web/20190421104426/https://academic.oup.com/ajcn/article/106/2/597/4557638?sid=3c61dcf3-669a-4730-9818-b9503ae0b51b




“Milk is growth promoting”
>Conclusion: Of the foods/nutrients studied, dairy protein had the strongest association with height growth. These findings suggest that a factor in the non-lipid phase of milk, but not protein itself, has growth-promoting action
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3740511/
https://web.archive.org/web/20190421104459/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3740511/


“Milk and egg consumption increases height”
>Results: Among children >6 months old, reported frequency of egg and milk consumption was associated with increased monthly height gain
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5233559/
https://web.archive.org/web/20190421104531/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5233559/

“Higher consumption of animal protein, esp. Milk and Pork correlates with increased height in Europeans”
>A new study reports on genetic and environmental influences on height from 42 European countries, the U.S., Australia, and New Zealand. The strongest predictor of adult male height was dietary protein consumption, specifically the “protein index.”
>Taller populations had a higher proportion of dietary protein from animal sources, especially milk and pork, compared to vegetable sources. Increasing high quality animal protein intake during childhood may have positive impacts on growth and population health outcomes.
http://milkgenomics.org/article/milk-protein-diet-predicts-human-height/
https://web.archive.org/web/20190421104618/http://milkgenomics.org/article/milk-protein-diet-predicts-human-height/

“Meat and Milk increase cognitive functions and physical build”
> The Meat group showed near doubling of upper midarm muscle area, and the Milk group a smaller degree of increase.
>The improved cognitive performance and increased PA and leadership and initiative behaviors in the Meat group may be linked to greater intake of Vitamin B-12 and more available iron and zinc as a result of the presence of meat, which increases iron and zinc absorption from fiber and phytate-rich plant staples (2,22). Meat, through its intrinsic micronutrient content and other constituents and high-quality protein, may facilitate specific mechanisms, such as speed of information processing, that are involved in learning tasks such as problem-solving capacity, that are reflected in the significant increase in RPM scores in the Meat group. The Milk group performed the poorest on the RPM testing. A possible explanation is that milk, with its high casein and calcium content, impedes iron absorption—iron is intimately involved with cognitive function (6).
That's why you don't consume dairy and meat together, to increase the max absorptions of both nutrients.
https://academic.oup.com/jn/article/137/4/1119/4664672
https://web.archive.org/web/20190421104657/https://academic.oup.com/jn/article/137/4/1119/4664672




“Height is a great indicator for health and agriculture reduced both”
>Archaeologists often use height as a proxy to indicate health because malnutrition and other health problems have an enormous impact on it. In the Upper Paleolithic, European males had an average height of about 5’10”, but the height for males in the Neolithic Linear Band Pottery Culture dropped five inches, to just 5’5”. Perhaps most importantly, average male height remained in the range from 5’5”-5’7” through the end of the nineteenth century.(Hermanussen, 2003) While of course agricultural populations struggled to recover from the catastrophic impact that the Agricultural Revolution had on their health, only in the twentieth century — with the sort of breakthroughs that fossil fuels could provide — could Europeans finally close the gap and reach the sort of health and longevity enjoyed by their hunter-gatherer ancestors.
“Infant mortality distorts true life expectancy”
>Hunter-gatherer populations do tend to have very high infant mortality rates, which pulls down their average life expectancy significantly. In a study of Hiwi hunter-gatherers, congenital problems accounted for 30% of all infant deaths. This included babies born premature or for some reason especially small or weak, trauma suffered during childbirth, or cases where the mother could not produce milk.
“Infectious diseases are a result of sedetary and tightly formed societies”
>Illness accounted for more than half of all deaths in all but one group that Gurven and Kaplan studied (the Ache), yet “most infectious diseases are absent in newly contacted groups, because small, mobile populations cannot support these contagious vectors.” (2007)
>“The data show that modal adult life span is 68–78 years, and that it was not uncommon for individuals to reach these ages, suggesting that inferences based on paleodemographic reconstruction are unreliable.” (Gurven & Kaplan, 2007)
http://www.rewild.com/in-depth/longevity.html
https://web.archive.org/web/20190421104800/http://www.rewild.com/in-depth/longevity.html


“The modern westerner consumes only around 20% animal-sourced foods, unlike his hunter gatherer forefather which consumed it at 75%.”
>FIG. 2. Percentage of energy in food supply from animal-source foods
https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/156482651303400223
https://web.archive.org/web/20190421104837/https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/156482651303400223

Papers claiming that a low carb/ high animal based diet causes divers problems and shortens life rely on people eating mostly fast food and processed meat (average consumer) and comparing them with a health conscious approach to diet vegetarians or short-term vegans, which have yet enought animal based provisions to draw on, distorting the results in favour of the later. There are no studies done on actually health sonscious keto eaters to do a fair comparison. Data from antropology shows us that much higher animal based diets resultes in even healthier individuals than any modern diet allows to.






Endocrine disruptors in cans, tetra packs, non-stick frying pans (PFC)& all tested plastics

“Non-stick kitchen utensils reduce T, penis length, semen quality and testicular size”
>We found that increased levels of PFCs in plasma and seminal fluid positively correlate with circulating testosterone (T) and with a reduction of semen quality, testicular volume, penile length, and anogenital distance. Experimental evidence points toward an antagonistic action of perfluorooctanoic acid on the binding of T to androgen receptor (AR) in a gene reporter assay, a competition assay on an AR-coated surface plasmon resonance chip, and an AR nuclear translocation assay.
https://academic.oup.com/jcem/article/104/4/1259/5158211
https://web.archive.org/web/20190514112301/https://academic.oup.com/jcem/article/104/4/1259/5158211

“Almost all plastics leach endocrine disrupting chemicals, BPA-free onces partly even more”
>Results: Almost all commercially available plastic products we sampled—independent of the type of resin, product, or retail source—leached chemicals having reliably detectable EA, including those advertised as BPA free. In some cases, BPA-free products released chemicals having more EA than did BPA-containing products.
>Conclusions: Many plastic products are mischaracterized as being EA free if extracted with only one solvent and not exposed to common-use stresses. However, we can identify existing compounds, or have developed, monomers, additives, or processing agents that have no detectable EA and have similar costs. Hence, our data suggest that EA-free plastic products exposed to common-use stresses and extracted by saline and ethanol solvents could be cost-effectively made on a commercial scale and thereby eliminate a potential health risk posed by most currently available plastic products that leach chemicals having EA into food products.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3222987/
https://web.archive.org/web/20190514112629/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3222987/


“Cans leach endocrine disruptors into food”
>Leading brands of tinned food contain a 'gender-bending' chemical linked to cancer and damaged sexual development, the Government's food watchdog has found.
>Experts have suggested that they could be responsible for falling sperm counts in Western men, increases in testicular and prostate cancers and damage to the reproductive system.
https://www.dailymail.co.uk/health/article-44676/Gender-bending-chemicals-tin-cans.html
https://web.archive.org/save/https://www.dailymail.co.uk/health/article-44676/Gender-bending-chemicals-tin-cans.html


“PFC (Teflon) leads to fertility problems”
>Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) and perfluorinated compounds (PFC) (commonl known as Teflon) are chemicals that only break down naturally to a very small degree and therefore have a strong tendency to accumulate in the environment. While PCBs are known to be environmental pollutants and have not been legally produced since the 1970s, the use of many PFC variants is rapidly increasing in products such as water-resistant clothing and coatings in saucepans and frying pans.
>Marianne Kraugerud's thesis shows the effects of PCB 118 and PCB 153, which are two separate PCB variants with different chemical characteristics. In lambs exposed to these substances while in the womb and via their mother's milk, effects were demonstrated both on the formation of egg cells in the ovaries and on the hormones that control the function of the ovaries in female lambs. Kraugerud also found that sheep foetuses that had been exposed to these PCB variants while in the womb had a diminished ability to produce the vital hormone cortisol.
>Through laboratory cell cultures, Kraugerud demonstrated that both PCB and PFC can directly affect the production of steroid hormones. Steroid hormones, including for example oestrogen, testosterone and cortisol, are necessary for maintaining the capacity to reproduce, normal development and normal bodily functions in humans and animals.
https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/07/100701081857.htm
https://web.archive.org/save/https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/07/100701081857.htm


“PFC (Teflon) positively correlate with T and reduction in semen quality, penile and testicular size”
>We found that increased levels of PFCs in plasma and seminal fluid positively correlate with circulating T and with a reduction of semen quality, testicular volume, penile length and AGD. Experimental evidence points towards an antagonistic action of PFOA on the binding of T to AR in gene reporter assay, competition assay on AR-coated SPR chip and AR nuclear translocation assay.
https://assets.documentcloud.org/documents/5316830/EDCs-Androgenic-Activity-Perfluoroakyl.pdf
https://web.archive.org/web/20190514113453/https://assets.documentcloud.org/documents/5316830/EDCs-Androgenic-Activity-Perfluoroakyl.pdf




Drinking Water Polution

“Pre-natal progesterone exposure increases same-sex behaviour in humans”
>Compared to the unexposed, fewer exposed males and females identified as heterosexual and more of them reported histories of same-sex sexual behavior, attraction to the same or both sexes, and scored higher on attraction to males. Measures of heterosexual behavior and scores on attraction to females did not differ significantly by exposure. We conclude that, regardless of sex, exposure appeared to be associated with higher rates of bisexuality. Prenatal progesterone may be an underappreciated epigenetic factor in human sexual and psychosexual development and, in light of the current prevalence of progesterone treatment during pregnancy for a variety of pregnancy complications, warrants further investigation. These data on the effects of prenatal exposure to exogenous progesterone also suggest a potential role for natural early perturbations in progesterone levels in the development of sexual orientation.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28374065
https://web.archive.org/save/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28374065
Progesterone is one of the main ingredients used in the contraceptive pill and gets released into the public water systems by urination but without proper filtration. Due to this, contraceptive hormone accumulate and have massive negative effects on the reproduction of animals and most likely humans.




“English rivers so polluted with estrogen-like chemicals that male fish feminize and strongly reduze fertility”
>Feminization of the male roach, Rutilus rutilus, a freshwater, group-spawning fish, is widespread in English rivers; among the causative agents are natural and synthetic steroidal estrogens and chemicals that mimic estrogens. In feminized male roach, concentrations of the egg-yolk protein vitellogenin are elevated, sex steroid hormone dynamics are altered, and gonad development is disrupted (most notably, a female reproductive duct or developing eggs [oocytes] are present in the testis). In some English rivers containing high levels of estrogens, all male roach sampled have been feminized to varying degrees. In the more severely affected males, individuals produce low-quality sperm with a reduced capability for fertilization. Laboratory studies have shown that the environmental estrogens responsible for inducing gonadal feminization in roach can also alter reproductive behavior, disrupting normal breeding dynamics (parentage) in the zebrafish, another group-spawning fish. Together these findings indicate that feminization of wild roach may result in adverse population-level effects, but this hypothesis has yet to be fully addressed.
https://academic.oup.com/bioscience/article/58/11/1051/264727
https://web.archive.org/web/20190514113812/https://academic.oup.com/bioscience/article/58/11/1051/264727



“Human fertility rates more than halfed since the 1950s”
>FINDINGS: From 1950 to 2017, TFRs decreased by 49·4% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 46·4-52·0). The TFR decreased from 4·7 livebirths (4·5-4·9) to 2·4 livebirths (2·2-2·5), and the ASFR of mothers aged 10-19 years decreased from 37 livebirths (34-40) to 22 livebirths (19-24) per 1000 women.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30496106
https://web.archive.org/web/20190514114126/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30496106
The developed world has the most drastic fertility drops.


“T levels are rapidly falling”
>During the past two decades, testosterone levels in American men have rapidly declined.
>This information comes from a long-term prospective study that evaluated changes in serum testosterone on a population-wide basis.
>This magnitude of change during such a short period is disquieting,” Bhasin wrote. “Although increasing adiposity and lifestyle factors that were recorded in the [Massachusetts Male Aging Study] could not account for the secular trends in testosterone level, it is possible that other lifestyle factors, such as increasing use of tight-fitting underwear, increasing room temperatures in American homes and offices during the past three decades, decreased physical activity with increased body mass indices and decreased smoking could have contributed to the declining testosterone levels in men.”
https://www.healio.com/endocrinology/hormone-therapy/news/print/endocrine-today/%7Bac23497d-f1ed-4278-bbd2-92bb1e552e3a%7D/generational-decline-in-testosterone-levels-observed
https://web.archive.org/web/20190514115102/https://www.healio.com/endocrinology/hormone-therapy/news/print/endocrine-today/%7Bac23497d-f1ed-4278-bbd2-92bb1e552e3a%7D/generational-decline-in-testosterone-levels-observed



“Fluoride in drinking water disturbs the thyroid”
>The elevated fluoride from drinking water impacts on T3, T4 and TSH hormones.
>Hence, the application of standard household water purification (such as reversed osmosis, electro dialysis, activated carbon filter, and other adsorption/ion-exchange methods) is recommended for patients with hypothyroidism since they have a higher consumption of drinking water. The purification systems can help remove fluoride that interferes with thyroid functions.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5805681/
https://web.archive.org/web/20190514131556/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5805681/
While people with thyroid missfunctions are especially at risk, the same problems affect all consumers.








Cholesterol & saturated fat

“LDL-C does not cause cardiovascular disease”
>The idea that high cholesterol levels in the blood are the main cause of CVD is impossible because people with low levels become just as atherosclerotic as people with high levels and their risk of suffering from CVD is the same or higher. The cholesterol hypothesis has been kept alive for decades by reviewers who have used misleading statistics, excluded the results from unsuccessful trials and ignored numerous contradictory observations.
>In our analysis of three major reviews that claim the cholesterol hypothesis is indisputable and that statin treatment is an effective and safe way to lower the risk of CVD, we have found that their statements are invalid, compromised by misleading statistics, excluding unsuccessful trials, minimizing the side effects of cholesterol lowering, and ignoring contradictory observations from independent investigators.
>Despite the fact that LDL-C is routinely referred to as the ‘bad cholesterol’, we have shown that high LDL-C levels appear to be unrelated to the risk of CVD, both in FH individuals and in the general population and that the benefit from the use of cholesterol-lowering drugs is questionable.
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/17512433.2018.1519391


“Saturated fats are part of a healthy diet”
>Advances in understanding the role of various lipoprotein particles and their atherogenic risk have been helpful for understanding how different dietary components may impact CVD risk. Numerous meta-analyses and systematic reviews of both the historical and current literature reveals that the diet-heart hypothesis was not, and still is not, supported by the evidence. There appears to be no consistent benefit to all-cause or CVD mortality from the reduction of dietary saturated fat. Further, saturated fat has been shown in some cases to have an inverse relationship with obesity-related type 2 diabetes. Rather than focus on a single nutrient, the overall diet quality and elimination of processed foods, including simple carbohydrates, would likely do more to improve CVD and overall health. It is in the best interest of the American public to clarify dietary guidelines to recognize that dietary saturated fat is not the villain we once thought it was.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30084105
https://web.archive.org/web/20190514181559/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30084105


“No evidence for corelation between saturated fats and cardiovascular problems”
>Current evidence does not clearly support cardiovascular guidelines that encourage high consumption of polyunsaturated fatty acids and low consumption of total saturated fats.
https://annals.org/aim/article-abstract/1846638/association-dietary-circulating-supplement-fatty-acids-coronary-risk-systematic-review?atab=7


“Dairy consumption was associated with lower risk of mortality and major cardiovascular disease events”
>We recorded 10 567 composite events (deaths [n=6796] or major cardiovascular events [n=5855]) during the 9·1 years of follow-up. Higher intake of total dairy (>2 servings per day compared with no intake) was associated with a lower risk of the composite outcome , total mortality, non-cardiovascular mortality, cardiovascular mortality , major cardiovascular disease, and stroke. No significant association with myocardial infarction was observed . Higher intake (>1 serving vs no intake) of milk and yogurt was associated with lower risk of the composite outcome, whereas cheese intake was not significantly associated with the composite outcome . Butter intake was low and was not significantly associated with clinical outcomes.
https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736%2818%2931812-9/fulltext






Veganism


“Vegan diets still more likely to be deficient and leading to massive developmental problems”
>The present paper argues that the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics ignores or gives short shrift to direct and indirect evidence that vegetarianism may be associated with serious risks for brain and body development in fetuses and children. Regular supplementation with iron, zinc, and B12 will not mitigate all of these risks. Consequently, we cannot say decisively that vegetarianism or veganism is safe for children.
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10408398.2018.1437024


“plant ALA can’t be sufficiently transformed into EPA and DHA (“Omega3”)”
>More specifically, most studies in humans have shown that whereas a certain, though restricted, conversion of high doses of ALA to EPA occurs, conversion to DHA is severely restricted. The use of ALA labelled with radioisotopes suggested that with a background diet high in saturated fat conversion to long-chain metabolites is approximately 6% for EPA and 3.8% for DHA. With a diet rich in n-6 PUFA, conversion is reduced by 40 to 50%. It is thus reasonable to observe an n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio not exceeding 4-6. Restricted conversion to DHA may be critical since evidence has been increasing that this long-chain metabolite has an autonomous function, e.g. in the brain, retina and spermatozoa where it is the most prominent fatty acid.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9637947
https://web.archive.org/web/20190514180553/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9637947


“Phytoestrogens are highly active in the human endocrine system”
>There is overwhelming evidence in many studies using a ruminant model that phytoestrogen exposure can have significant consequences for reproductive health. The effects of phytoestrogens depend on many various conditions such as dose and route of exposure because these parameters impact the final serum level of the bioactive compound. Moreover, the timing of exposure is critical in determining the phytoestrogen-induced effects and different tissues have species-specific windows of sensitivity to morphological and functional disruption. However, the most important issue connected with phytoestrogens is the fact that they are more and more commonly recognized as therapeutic compounds. Therefore, it is crucial to examine carefully the effects of these chemicals on reproductive outcomes using animal models that replicate human exposure levels.
>In spite of many limitations in conducting well-designed human studies, information gathered from already published ones combined with the large number of animal studies already available, clearly demonstrate that phytoestrogens have the ability to influence the reproductive performance of an adult. These findings should be specially taken into consideration when recommendations are made regarding dietary or therapeutic phytoestrogen intake in humans.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3655573/
https://web.archive.org/web/20190514181100/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3655573/


Random & unchecked

http://www.beyondveg.com/nicholson-w/hb/hb-interview1f.shtml
Coming next:
>Nutritional differences between conventional and grass fed animal products/ wild caught fish vs farmed.
>benefits of fermented vegetables and sourdough bread (ATI, FODMAPs, lectin, phytic acid, Gluten reduction), wild grain varieties which haven’t been breed for profit
>gut to body length ratio in comparison to other animals
>fermented milk (kefir, creme fraiche, joghurt and it’s beneficial microbiological composition