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- <pubnumber>820K88005</pubnumber>
- <title>Glyphosate Health Advisory, Office Of Drinking Water, US Environmental Protection Agency</title>
- <pages>11</pages>
- <pubyear>1988</pubyear>
- <provider>NEPIS</provider>
- <access>online</access>
- <operator>LAI</operator>
- <scandate>20060906</scandate>
- <origin>hardcopy</origin>
- <type>single page tiff</type>
- <keyword>glyphosate day dose lifetime health monsanto water rats study noael effects company exposure drinking august assumed dwel olorunsogo bababunmi days</keyword>
- 820K88005
- August, 1987
- GLYPHOSATE
- Health Advisory
- Office of Drinking Water
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
- I. INTRODUCTION
- The Health Advisory (HA) Program, sponsored by the Office of Drinking
- Water (ODW), provides information on the health effects, analytical method-
- ology and treatment technology that would be useful in dealing with the
- contamination of drinking water. Health Advisories describe nonregulatory
- concentrations of drinking water contaminants at which adverse health effects
- would not be anticipated to occur over specific exposure durations. Health
- Advisories contain a margin of safety to protect sensitive members of the
- population.
- Health Advisories serve as informal technical guidance to assist Federal,
- State and local officials responsible for protecting public health when
- emergency spills or contamination situations occur. They are not to be
- construed as legally enforceable Federal standards. The HAs are subject to
- change as new information becomes available.
- Health Advisories are developed for one-day, ten-day, longer-term
- (approximately 7 years, or 10% of an individual's lifetime) and lifetime
- exposures based on data describing noncarcinogenic end points of toxicity.
- Health Advisories do not quantitatively incorporate any potential carcinogenic
- risk from such exposure. For those substances that are known or probable
- human carcinogens, according to the Agency classification scheme (Group A or
- B), Lifetime HAs are not recommended. The chemical concentration values for
- Group A or B carcinogens are correlated with carcinogenic risk estimates by
- employing a cancer potency (unit risk) value together with assumptions for
- lifetime exposure and the consumption of drinking water. The cancer unit
- risk is usually derived from the linear multistage model with 95% upper
- confidence limits. This provides a low-dose estimate of cancer risk to
- humans that is considered unlikely to pose a carcinogenic risk in excess
- of the stated values. Excess cancer risk estimates may also be calculated
- using the One-hit, Weibull, Logit or Probit models. There is no current
- understanding of the biological mechanisms involved in cancer to suggest that
- any one of these models is able to predict risk more accurately tl an another.
- Because each model is based on differing assumptions, the estimates that are
- derived can differ by several orders of magnitude.
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- -------
- Glyphosate August, 1987
- -2-
- II. GENERAL INFORMATION AND PROPERTIES
- CAS No. 1071-83-6
- Structural Formula
- O 0
- 11
- HO-C-CH9-N-CH?-P-OH
- I I
- H OH
- Glycine, N-(Phosphonomethyl)
- Synonyms
- Rodeo*; Roundup*.
- Uses
- 0 Herbicide for control of grasses, broad leaved weeds and woody brush
- (U.S. EPA, 1986b).
- Properties (Meister, 1983)
- Chemical Formula C3HgN05P
- Molecular Weight 169.07
- Physical State (25°C) White crystalline solid
- Boiling Point
- Melting Point 200°C
- Density 1.74
- Vapor Pressure —
- Water Solubility 10 g/L
- Log Octanol/Water Partition
- Coefficient
- Taste Threshold
- Odor Threshold
- Conversion Factor —
- Occurrence
- 0 Glyphosate has been found in none of the :-:urface water samples and
- in only 1 of the ground water samples (in the state of California)
- analyzed from 64 samples taken at 61 locations (STORET, 1987).
- Environmental Fate
- 0 14c-Glyphosate (94% glyphosate, 5.9% aminomethylphosphonic acid) and
- aminomethylphosphonic acid were stable in sterile buffered water at
- pH 3, 6, and 9 during 35 days of incubation in the dark at 5 and 35°C
- (Brightwell and Malik, 1978).
- 0 14c-Glyphosate (94% glyphosate, 5.9% aninomethylphosphonic acid) was
- adsorbed to Drummer silty clay loam, Ray silt, Spinks sandy loam,
- <xref image="2000SOZN.TIF|V3|2006:08:27:03:18:14.00|28881|0"> image: </xref>
- -------
- Glyphosate August, 1987
- -3-
- Lintonia sandy loam, and Cattail Swamp sediment with Freundlich-K
- values of 62, 90, 70, 22, and 175, respectively (Brightwell and
- Malik, 1978). For each soil preparation, the maximum percentages
- of applied glyphosate desorbed were 5.3, 3.7, 3.6, 11.5, and 0.9%,
- respectively. At concentrations ranging from 0.21 to 50.1 ppm,
- 14c-Glyphosate was highly adsorbed to five soils, with organic matter
- contents ranging from 2.40 to 15.50% (Monsanto Company, 1975).
- Adsorption of glyphosate ranged from 71 (Soil E, 2.4% organic matter,
- pH 7.29) to 99% (Soil C, 15.5% organic matter, pH 5.35).
- 0 14c-Glyphosate (94% glyphosate, 5.9% aminomethylphosphonic acid)
- was slightly mobile to relatively immobile, with less than 7% of the
- applied 14C detected in the leachate from 30-cm silt, sand, clay,
- sandy clay loam, silty clay loam, and sandy loam soil columns eluted
- with 20 inches of water (Brightwell and Malik, 1978). Aged (30 days)
- 14c-glyphosate residues were relatively immobile in silt, clay and
- sandy clay loam soils with less than 2% of the radioactivity detected
- in the leachate following elution with 20 inches of water. Both
- glyphosate and aminomethylphosphonic acid were detected in the leachate
- of aged and un-aged soil columns.
- III. PHARMACOKINETICS
- Absorption
- 0 Feeding studies with chickens, cows and swine showed that ingestion
- of up to 75 ppm glyphosate resulted in nondetectable glyphosate
- residue levels (<0.05 ppm) in muscle tissue and fat (Monsanto Company,
- 1983). The duration of exposure was not reported in this report.
- Glyphosate residue levels were not detectable (<0.025 ppm) in milk
- and eggs from cows and chickens on diets containing glyphosate.
- Distribution
- 0 No information on the distribution of glyphosate was found in the
- available literature.
- Metabolism
- 0 No information on the metabolism of glyphosate was found in the
- available literature.
- Excretion
- After a single oral or intraperitoneal dose, less than 1% of the
- administered dose was retained after 120 hours of treatment (U.S. EPA,
- 1986b). In rats fed 1, 10 or 100 ppm of 14C-glyphosate for 14 days,
- a steady-state equilibrium between intake and excretion of label was
- reached within about 8 days. The amount of radioactivity excreted
- in the urine decreased rapidly after withdrawal of treatment. Ten
- days after withdrawal, radioactivity was detectable in the urine and
- feces of rats fed 10 or 100 ppm of the test diet. Minimal residues
- <xref image="2000SOZO.TIF|V3|2006:08:27:03:18:16.00|55049|0"> image: </xref>
- -------
- Glyphosate August, 1987
- -4-
- of 0.1 ppm or less remained in the tissues of high-dose rats after
- 10 days of withdrawal. No single tissue showed a significant
- difference in the amount of label retained.
- IV. HEALTH EFFECTS
- Humans
- No information on the health effects of glyphosate in humans was
- found in the available literature.
- Animals
- Short-term Exposure
- 0 An oral LD5Q of 5,600 mg/kg in the rat is reported for glyphosate
- (Monsanto Company, 1982a).
- 0 Bababunmi et al. (1978) reported that daily intraperitoneal admini-
- stration of 15, 30, 45 or 60 mg/kg to rats for 28 days resulted in
- reduced daily body weight gain, decreased blood hemoglobin, decreased
- red blood cell count and hematocrit values and elevated levels of
- serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase and leucine-amino peptidase during
- the experimental period. The investigators did not specify the dose
- levels at which these effects were observed.
- Dermal/Ocular Effects
- 0 A dermal I^g for glyphosate in the rabbit was reported to be
- >5,000 mg/kg (Monsanto Company, 1982a).
- Long-term Exposure
- 0 In subchronic studies reported by the Weed Science Society of America
- (1983), technical-grade glyphosate was fed to rats at dietary levels
- of 20, 60 or 200 mg/kg/day and to dogs at 50, 1 50 or 500 mg/kg/day
- for 90 days. Mean body weights, food consumption, behavioral reactions,
- mortality, hematology, blood chemistry and urinalysis did not differ
- significantly from controls. There were no relevant gross or histo-
- patholocical changes. No other details or data were provided.
- 0 Bio/dynamics, Inc. (1981a) conducted a study in which glyphosate
- was administered in the diet to four groups of Sprague-Dawley rats
- (50/sex/dose) at dose levels of 0, 3.1, 10.3 or 31.5 mg/kg/day to
- males or 0, 3.4, 11.3 or 34.0 mg/kg/day to females. After 26 weeks,
- body weight, organ weight, organ-to-body weight ratios and hematological
- and clinical chemistry parameters were evaluated. No significant
- differences between control and exposed animals were observed at any
- dose level.
- <xref image="2000SOZP.TIF|V3|2006:08:27:03:18:18.00|45902|0"> image: </xref>
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- Glyphosate August, 1987
- -5-
- Reproductive Effects
- 0 Bio/dynamics, Inc. (1981b) investigated the reproductive toxicity of
- glyphosate in rats. The glyphosate (98.7% purity) was administered
- in the diet at dose levels of 0, 3, 10 or 30 mg/kg/day to Charles
- River Sprague-Dawley rats for three successive generations. Twelve
- males and 24 females (the FQ generation) were administered test diets
- for 60 days prior to breeding. Administration was continued through
- mating, gestation and lactation for two successive litters (F1a,
- Fit,). Twelve males and 24 females from the Fib generation were
- retained at weaning for each dose level to serve as parental animals
- for the succeeding generation. The following indices of reproductive
- function were measured: fetal, pup and adult survival; parental and
- pup body weight; food consumption; and mating, fertility or gestation.
- Necropsy and histopathologic evaluation were performed as well.
- No compound-related changes in these parameters were observed when
- compared to controls, although an addendum to the pathological report
- for this study reported an increase in unilateral focal tubular
- dilation of the kidney in the male F^ pups when compared to concurrent
- controls. Based on data from this study, the authors concluded that
- the highest dose tested (30 mg/kg/day) did not affect reproduction
- in rats under the conditions of the study.
- Developmental Effects
- 0 Glyphosate was also administered to pregnant rabbits (route not
- specified) at dose levels of 75, 175 or 350 mg/kg/day on days 6
- through 27 of gestation (Monsanto Company, 1982a). No evidence of
- fetal toxicity or birth defects in the offspring was observed.
- However, at dose levels of 350 mg/kg/day, death, soft stools, diarrhea
- and nasal discharge were observed in the animals.
- Mutagenicity
- 0 The Monsanto Company (1982a) reported that glyphosate did not cause
- mutation in microbial test systems. A total of eight strains (seven
- bacterial and one yeast), including five Salmonella typhimurium strains
- and one strain of Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces
- cerevisiae, were tested. No mutagenic effects were observed in any
- strain.
- 0 Njagi and Gopalan (1980) found that glyphosata did not induce reversion
- mutations in Salmonella typhimurium histidine auxotrophs.
- Carcinogenicity
- 0 Bio/dynamics, Inc. (1981b) conducted a study to assess the oncogenicity
- of glyphosate (98.7% purity). The chemical was given in the diet to
- four groups of Sprague-Dawley rats at dose levels of 0, 3.1, 10.3 or
- 31.5 mg/kg/day to males or 0, 3.4, 11.3 or 34.0 mg/kg/day to females.
- After 26 weeks, animals were sacrificed and tissues were examined for
- histological lesions. A variety of benign and malignant tumors were
- observed in both the treated and control groups, the most common tumor
- <xref image="2000SOZQ.TIF|V3|2006:08:27:03:18:20.00|64935|0"> image: </xref>
- -------
- Glyphosate August, 1987
- -6-
- occurring in the pituitary of both sexes and in the mammary glands of
- females. The total number of rats of both sexes that developed
- tumors (benign and malignant) was 72/100 (low dose), 79/100 (mid
- dose), 85/100 (high dose) and 87/100 (control). An increased rate of
- interstitial cell tumors of the testes was reported in the high-dose
- males when compared to concurrent controls (6/50 versus 0/50), but
- this was not considered to be related to compound administration.
- Based on the data from this study, the authors concluded that the
- highest dose level tested (31.5 and 34.0 mg/kg/day for males and
- females, respectively) was not carcinogenic in rats.
- V. QUANTIFICATION OF TOXICOLOGICAL EFFECTS
- Health Advisories (HAs) are generally determined for one-day, ten-day,
- longer-term (approximately 7 years) and lifetime exposures if adequate data
- are available that identify a sensitive noncarcinogenic end point of toxicity.
- The HAs for noncarcinogenic toxicants are derived using the following formula:
- HA = (NOAEL or LOAEL) x (BW) = mg/L ( /L)
- (UF) x ( L/day)
- where:
- NOAEL or LOAEL = No- or Lowest-Observed-Adverse-Effect-Level
- in mg/kg bw/day.
- BW = assumed body weight of a child (10 kg) or
- an adult (70 kg).
- UF = uncertainty factor (10, 1 00 or 1,000), in
- accordance with NAS/ODW guidelines.
- L/day = assumed daily water consumption of a child
- (1 L/day) or an adult (2 L/day).
- One-day Health Advisory
- No information was found in the available literature that was suitable
- for determination of the One-day HA value for glyphosate. It is, therefore,
- recommended that the Ten-day HA value be used at this time as a conservative
- estimate of the One-day HA value.
- I'en-day Health Advisory
- The teratology study in pregnant rabbits has been selected to serve as
- the basis for determination of the Ten-day HA for the 10-kg child. In this
- study, pregnant rabbits that received glyphosate at dose levels of 0, 75,
- 175 or 350 mg/kg/day on days 6 through 27 of gestation showed effects at
- 350 mg/kg/day; however, no treatment-related effects were reported at lower
- dose levels. The No-Observed-Adverse-Effect-Level (NOAEL) identified in
- this study is, therefore, 175 mg/kg/day. While a developmental end point may
- not be the most appropriate basis for derivation of an HA for a 10-kg child,
- use of this study provides an extra margin of safety.
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- -------
- Glyphosate August, 1987
- -7-
- Using a NOAEL of 175 mg/kg/day, the Ten-day HA for a 10-kg child is
- calculated as follows:
- Ten-day HA = (175 mg/kg/day) (10 kg) = 17.50 mg/L (17,500 ug/L)
- (100) (1 L/day)
- where:
- 175 mg/kg/day = NOAEL, based on absence of altered physical changes
- and mortality in rabbits.
- 10 kg = assumed body weight of a child.
- 100 = uncertainty factor, chosen in accordance with NAS/ODW
- guidelines for use with a NOAEL from an animal study.
- 1 L/day = assumed daily water consumption of a child.
- Longer-term Health Advisory
- No information was found in the available literature that was suitable
- for determination of the Longer-term HA value for glyphosate. It is, therefore,
- recommended that the adjusted DWEL for a 10-kg child be used at this time as
- a conservative estimate of the Longer-term HA value.
- Lifetime Health Advisory
- The Lifetime HA represents that portion of an individual's total exposure
- that is attributed to drinking water and is considered protective of noncar-
- cinogenic adverse health effects over a lifetime exposure. The Lifetime HA
- is derived in a three step process. Step 1 determines the Reference Dose
- (RfD), formerly called the Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI). The RfD is an esti-
- mate of a daily exposure to the human population that is likely to be without
- appreciable risk of deleterious effects over a lifetime, and is derived from
- the NOAEL (or LOAEL), identified from a chronic (or subchronic) study, divided
- by an uncertainty factor(s). From the RfD, a Drinking Water Equivalent Level
- (DWEL) can be determined (Step 2), A DWEL is a medium-specific (i.e., drinking
- water) lifetime exposure level, assuming 100% exposure from that medium, at
- which adverse, noncarcinogenic health effects would not be expected to occur.
- The DWEL is derived from the multiplication of the RfD by the assumed body
- weight of an adult and divided ky the assumed daily water consumption of an
- adult. The Lifetime HA is determined in Step 3 by factoring in other sources
- of exposure, the relative source contribution (RSC). The RSC from drinking
- water is based on actual exposure data or, if data are not available, a
- value of 20% is assumed for synthetic organic chemicals and a value of 10%
- is assumed for inorganic chemicals. If the contaminant is classified as a
- Group A or B carcinogen, according to the Agency's classification scheme of
- carcinogenic potential (U.S. EPA, 1986a), then caution should be exercised
- in assessing the risks associated with lifetime exposure to this chemical.
- The study by Bio/dynamics (1981b) has been selected to serve as the
- basis for determination of the Lifetime HA value for glyphosate. In this
- study, the reproductive toxicity of glyphosate in rats was investigated over
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- -------
- Glyphosate August, 1987
- -8-
- three generations. Even though no compound-related changes in the reproductive
- indices were observed when compared to controls at a dose level of 30 mg/kg/day,
- there were pathological changes of renal focal tubular dilation in male F3b
- weanling rats at this level. Therefore, the lower dose level of 10 mg/kg/day
- was identified as the NOAEL.
- Using a NOAEL of 10 mg/kg/day, the Lifetime HA is calculated as follows:
- Step 1: Determination of the Reference Dose (RfD)
- RfD = (10 mg/kg/day) = 0>1 mg/kg/day
- where:
- 10 mg/kg/day = NOAEL, based on absence of renal focal tubular
- dilation in rats.
- 100 = uncertainty factor, chosen in accordance with NAS/ODW
- guidelines for use with a NOAEL from an animal study.
- Step 2: Determination of the Drinking Water Equivalent Level (DWEL)
- DWEL = (0.1 mg/kg/day) (70 kg) = 3.5 mg/L (3,500 ug/L)
- (2 L/day)
- where:
- 0.1 mg/kg/day = RfD.
- 70 kg = assumed body weight of an adult.
- 2 L/day = assumed daily water consumption of an adult.
- Step 3: Determination of the Lifetime Health Advisory
- Lifetime HA = (3.5 mg/L) (20%) = 0.70 mg/L (700 ug/L)
- where:
- 3.5 mg/L = DWEL.
- 201* = assumed relative source contribution from water.
- Evaluation of Carcinogenic Potential
- 0 Applying the criteria described in EPA's guidelines for assessment
- of carcinogenic risk (U.S. EPA, 1986a), glyphosate may be classified
- in Group D: not classified. This category is for substances with
- inadequate animal evidence of carcinogenicity.
- 0 The evidence of carcinogenicity in animals is considered equivocal by
- the Science Advisory Board (Pesticides), and has been classified in
- Category D [Office of Pesticide Programs has requested the manufacturer
- to conduct another study in animals (U.S. EPA, 1986)].
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- Glyphosate August, 1987
- -9-
- VI. OTHER CRITERIA, GUIDANCE AND STANDARDS
- 0 No other criteria, guidelines or standards were found in the available
- literature pertaining to glyphosate.
- 0 Tolerance of 0.1 ppm has been established for the combined residues
- of glyphosate and its metabolite in or on raw agricultural commodities
- (U.S. EPA, 1985a).
- VII. ANALYTICAL METHODS
- 0 Analysis of glyphosate is by a high-performance liquid chromatographic
- (HPLC) method applicable to the determination of glyphosate in water
- samples (U.S. EPA, 1985B). In this method, a known volume of sample
- is applied to a Bio-Rad prefilled AG 50W-X8 column. The column
- effluent is injected via an auto injector onto a primary column
- packed with a cation exchange resin, but used in an anion-exclusion
- mode to eliminate interferences. The effluent from this column flows
- onto a strong anion-exchange column where the analytical separation
- is accomplished. Detection and quantitation are made with a spectro-
- photometer at 570 run. The method detection limit for glyphosate is
- 5 ug/L.
- VIII. TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES
- 0 No information was found in the available literature on treatment
- technologies capable of effectively removing glyphosate from contami-
- nated water.
- <xref image="2000SOZU.TIF|V3|2006:08:27:03:18:26.00|29018|0"> image: </xref>
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- Glyphosate August, 1987
- -10-
- IX. REFERENCES
- Bio/dynamics, Inc.* 1981a. Lifetime feeding study of glyphosate (Roundup
- Technical). Project No. 77-2062 for Monsanto Co., St. Louis, MO. EPA
- Accession Nos. 246617 and 246621. (Unpublished report)
- Bio/dynamics, Inc.* 1981b. A three-generation reproduction study in rats
- with glyphosate. Project No. 77-2063 for Monsanto Co., St. Louis, MO.
- EPA Accession Nos. 245909 and 247793. (Unpublished report)
- Brightwell, B., and J. Malik. 1978. Solubility, volatility, adsorption and
- partition coefficients, leaching and aquatic metabolism of MON 0573 and
- MON 0101: Report No. MSL-0207.
- Meister, R.T., ed. 1983. Farm chemicals handbook. Willoughby, OH: Meister
- Publishing Company, p. C117.
- Monsanto Company. 1975. Residue and metabolism studies in sugarcane and
- soils. Montsanto Agricultural Products Company, 800 Lindbergh Blvd.,
- St. Louis, MO.
- Monsanto Company. 1982a. Material safety data sheet, glyphosate technical.
- 800 N. Lindbergh Blvd., St. Louis, MO. MSDS No. 107-83-6.
- Monsanto Company. 1982b. Rodeo herbicide for aquatic vegetation management.
- Technical manual. 800 N. Lindbergh Blvd., St. Louis, MO. 82-L01.
- Monsanto Company. 1982c. The health and environmental safety aspects of
- Roundup herbicide: An overview. 800 N. Lindbergh Blvd., St. Louis, MO.
- Roundup Herbicide Bulletin No. 3.
- Monsanto Company. 1983. Rodeo herbicide: Toxicological and environmental
- properties. 800 N. Lindbergh Blvd., St. Louis, MO. Rodeo Herbicide
- Bulletin No. 1.
- NAS. 1977. National Academy of Sciences. Drinking water and health. Vol. I.
- Washington, DC: National Academy of Sciences.
- NAS. 1980. National Academy of Sciences, National Research Council. Drinking
- water and health. Vol. 3. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
- pp. 77-80.
- Njagi, G.D.E., and H.N.B. Gopalan. 1980. Mutagenicity testing of some
- selected food preservatives, herbicides and insecticides. Bangladesh
- J. Bot. 9:141-146. (abstract only)
- Olorunsogo, 0.0. 1981. Inhibition of energy-dependent transhydrogenase
- reaction by N-(phosphonoznethyl)glycine in isolated rat liver mitochondria.
- Toxicol. Lett. 10:91-95.
- Olorunsogo, O.O., and E.A. Bababunmi. 1980. Inhibition of succinate-linked
- reduction of pyridine nucleotide in rat liver mitochondria "in vivo" by
- N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine. Toxicol. Lett. 7:149-152.
- <xref image="2000SOZV.TIF|V3|2006:08:27:03:18:28.00|51449|0"> image: </xref>
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- Glyphosate August, 1987
- -11-
- Olorunsogo, O.O., E.A. Bababunmi and 0. Bassir. 1977. Toxicity of glyphosate.
- Proceedings of the 1st International Congress on Toxicology. G.L. Plaa
- and W.A.M. Duncan, eds. New York: Academic Press, p. 597. (abstract
- only)
- Olorunsogo, O.O., E.A. Bababunmi and O. Bassir. 1979a. Effect of glyphosate
- on rat liver mitochondria in vivo. Bull. Environ. Contain. Toxicol.
- 22:357-364.
- Olorunsogo, O.O., E.A. Bababunmi and 0. Bassir. 1979b. The inhibitory effect
- of N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine in vivo on energy-dependent, phosphate-
- induced swelling of isolated rat liver mitochondria. Toxicol. Lett.
- 4:303-306.
- Rueppel, M.L., B.B. Brightwell, J. Schaefer and J.T. Marvel. 1977. Metabolism
- and degradation of glyphosate in soil and water. J. Agric. Food Chem.
- 25:517-528.
- Seiler, J.P. 1977. Nitrosation in vitro and in vivo by sodium nitrite, and
- mutagenicity of nitrogenous pesticides. Mutat. Res. 48:225-236.
- Shoval, S., and S. Yariv. 1981. Infrared study of the fine structures of
- glyphosate and Roundup. Agrochimica. 25:377-386.
- STORET. 1987.
- U.S. EPA. 1985a. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Code of Federal
- Regulations. 40 CFR 180.364. July 1.
- U.S. EPA. 1985b. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. U.S. EPA Method 140
- - Revision A - Glyphosate. Fed Reg. 50:40701. October 4, 1985.
- U.S. EPA. 1986a. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Guidelines for
- carcinogen risk assessment. Fed. Reg. 51(185):33992-34002. September 24.
- U.S. EPA. 1986b. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Guidance for the
- registration of pesticide products containing glyphosate as the active
- ingredient. Case No. 0178, June, 1986.
- Weed Science Society of America. 1983. Herbicide handbook, 5th ed.
- Champaign, IL: Weed Science Society of America, pp. 258-263.
- Confidential Business Information submitted to the Office of Pesticide
- Programs.
- <xref image="2000SOZW.TIF|V3|2006:08:27:03:18:30.00|41571|0"> image: </xref>
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