file -s /dev/sdbX

[root@localhost dev]# file -s /dev/sdb
/dev/sdb: x86 boot sector; partition 1: ID=0x7, active, starthead 64, startsector 2048, 204800 sectors; partition 2: ID=0x7, starthead 89, startsector 206848, 286468096 sectors; partition 3: ID=0x83, starthead 254, startsector 286674944, 1024000 sectors; partition 4: ID=0x5, starthead 254, startsector 287698944, 572350464 sectors, code offset 0x63, OEM-ID "      м", Bytes/sector 190, sectors/cluster 124, reserved sectors 191, FATs 6, root entries 185, sectors 64514 (volumes <=32 MB) , Media descriptor 0xf3, sectors/FAT 20644, heads 6, hidden sectors 309755, sectors 2147991229 (volumes > 32 MB) , physical drive 0x7e, dos < 4.0 BootSector (0x0)

[root@localhost dev]# file -s /dev/sdb1
/dev/sdb1: data

[root@localhost dev]# file -s /dev/sdb2
/dev/sdb2: data

[root@localhost dev]# file -s /dev/sdb3
/dev/sdb3: SGI XFS filesystem data (blksz 4096, inosz 256, v2 dirs)

[root@localhost dev]# file -s /dev/sdb4
/dev/sdb4: x86 boot sector; partition 1: ID=0x8e, starthead 254, startsector 2048, 572348416 sectors, extended partition table (last)\011, code offset 0x0

[root@localhost dev]# file -s /dev/sdb5
/dev/sdb5: LVM2 PV (Linux Logical Volume Manager), UUID: c5CQv7-5ylR-PP6V-cCfJ-hAss-tq29-jkwUaY, size: 293042388992