Programming Lesson One Notes

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	Hardware
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hardware - all physical devices of a computer.
component - one of these devices

- The Central Processing Unit (CPU)
	CPU
- Main Memory (RAM = Random Access Memory)
	Short term memory
- Secondary Storage (Hard Disk/Solid State Drive)
	Long term memory
- Input Devices:
	mouse, keyboard, microphone, touchpad, touchscreen
- Output Devices:
	monitor, printer, fax machine, game controller vibrates

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	Software
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Software is the nonphysical parts of a computer. Another word for software is computer programs.

System Software
---------------
-Operating Systems:
	The most fundemental program that runs all other hardware and software.
-Utility Programs
	Specialized task programs. (antivirus programs, cleaner programs, compression programs, data backup programs)
-Software Development Tools
	Programs to make and modify other programs. IDE - Integrated Development Enviornment

Application Software
--------------------
Programs that make computers useful to humans.
(microsoft word, excel, OBS, google chrome, team fortress 2)

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Data Storage - How a computer stores information
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1s and 0s
on and off switches
ups or downs

1 switch = 1 bit
8 bits = 1 byte
nanosized mb, kb, gb, tb

1 byte is enough information to store one number or character(symbol)


10000000 = 1
01000000 = 2
11000000 = 3

How numbers are stored:
1st bit = 2^0 = 1
2nd bit = 2^1 = 2
3rd bit = 2^2 = 4
4th bit = 2^3 = 8
5th bit = 2^4 = 16
6th bit = 2^5 = 32
7th bit = 2^6 = 64
8th bit = 2^7 = 128

10100000 = 5
10000100 = 33

How letters/symbols are stored:
ASCII - American Standard Code for Information Interchange
10000100 = 33 = !
00100010 = 34 = "

Special number cases
What if I want a number that is bigger than 1 + 2 + 4 + 8 + 16 + 32 + 64 + 128
Then, you add another byte

first byte
1st bit = 2^0 = 1
2nd bit = 2^1 = 2
3rd bit = 2^2 = 4
4th bit = 2^3 = 8
5th bit = 2^4 = 16
6th bit = 2^5 = 32
7th bit = 2^6 = 64
8th bit = 2^7 = 128

second byte
9th bit = 2^8 = 256
10th bit = 2^9 = 512
11th bit = 2^10 = 1024
12th bit = 2^11 = 2048
13th bit = 2^12 = 4096
14th bit = 2^13 = 8192'
15th bit = 2^14 = 16384
16th bit = 2^15 = 32768
17th bit = 2^16 = 65536
18th bit = 2^17 = 131072

third byte
...

fourth byte
etc etc

Another special case:
What if I want to store decimals?
floating point notation - numbers that use this are called floats

What if I want to store negative numbers?
Two's Compliment Notation - Usually done automatically

What if I want to store an image in memory?
different formats:
png, jpeg, dds, vtf, etc etc
convert pixel information into bytes
1 unit of info = 1 pixel

What if I want to store sound data in memory?
frequency and pitch are stored in binary.
1 unit of a sound file = 1 sample

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The Fetch Decode Execute Cycle
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BEFORE fde, info about proccesses is moved to RAM, or main memory.

Fetch - The CPU fetches the information it needs from the ram.
Decode - The CPU decodes what the information means.
Execute - The CPU sends out commands to other components to execute the data.

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Programming Languages
=====================

- SINCE Machine Language is impossible to read by human standards, programming languages were developed.

- The first programming languages were known as Assembly Languages. Assembly languages are made up of
nmenoics, small words short for commonly used commands

- Assembly languages are converted into Machine Language in a process known as Assembling.

- Eventually, Languages evolved and became Higher-Level Languages, which are used today and covered in these videos.

- These languages include:
	Python
	BASIC
	Visiual Basic
	C
	C#
	C++
	Java
	Ruby
	JavaScript

- Higher leveled languages all have Key Words/Reserved Words
		-Key Words: words that are reserved for a certain function, and cannot be used for ANYTHING else.

- Higher leveled languages all have operators
		-Examples in Python
		+ (addition)
		- (subtraction)
		/ (division)
		* (multiplication)
		% (modulus/remainder of division)

		ALSO INCLUDE:
		++, --, -=, +=, *=, /=, %=, etc