-Americans wanted to stay out of war
-Roosevelt believed there could be no peace in world controlled by dictators

The United States Musters Its Forces
	-German Tanks thundered across Poland, Roosevelt attempts revising Neutrality act of 1935
	-Moving Cautiously Away From Neutrality
		-Roosevelt persuaded Congress in 1939 to pass “cash-and-carry” provision
			-Provision allowed warring nations to buy US arms for cash, as long as they’d pick them up and transport them in their own ships
		-Roosevelt thought it would help France and Britain while keeping US out
		-Isolationists didn’t like the idea
		-Six weeks of debate led to congress passing it
	-The Axis Threat
		-Summer of 1940 France fell and Britain was under siege
		-Axis Powers - Germany, Italy, and Japan, formed on September 27 in 1940
	-Building U.S Defenses
		-Roosevelt asked Congress to increase spending for national defense
		-16 million men between 21-35 registered under Selective Training and Service Act, which the act for the draft
	-Roosevelt Runs For A Third Term
		-First President To
		-Won with 55 percent of votes
-The Great Arsenal of Democracy
		-The Lend-Lease Plan
			-Late 1940, Britain had no more cash to spend
			-Roosevelt created in March of 1941 Lend Lease act. Said it would be like lending a garden hose to a neighbor whose house was on fire.
		-Supporting Stalin
			-Hitler broke an agreement made with Stalin to not go to war or invade Soviet Union in 1941
			-Roosevelt provided aid to Stalin
		-German Wolf Packs
			-U-Boats by individual boats were called wolf pack attacks
			-40 subs patrolled areas in North Atlantic at night
-FDR Plans For War
		-The Atlantic Charter
			-Joint declaración of war aims
			-Both countries pledged to collective security, disarmament, self-determination, economic cooperation, and freedom of the seas.
		-Shoot On Sight
			-After a german sub fired on U.S. destroyer Greer, Roosevelt ordered navy commanders to respond. Two weeks later, the Pink Star was sunk. Then, another destroyer. And another. After that, if a german boat/u-boat was sawn, it was a shoot on sight policy
-Japan Attacks the United States
		-Japan Ambitions In The Pacific
			-in July 1937, Hideki Tojo, chief of staff of Japan’s Kwantung Army invaded China, taking French Dutch and British colonies
		-Peace Talks Are Questioned
			-hIDEKI TOJO BECAME PRIME MINISTER OF JAPAN
			-Met with emperor Hirohito and promised the emperor that the government would try to preserve peace with America
			-November 5, 1941, Tojo orders Japanese navy to prepare for an attack
			-December 6, 1941, Japan sends a code rejecting American peace proposals, and Roosevelt declares wars
		-The Attack On Pearl Harbor
			-Japanese dive bomber swooped over Pearl Harbor. 180 more warplanes came and started to bomb Pearl Harbor.
			-by 9:30 there was extreme destruction
			-Japanese killed 2,403 Americans, wounded 1,178, sunk 21 ships, damaged and destroyed over 300 aircrafts, etc.
			-Happened on December 7, 1941
		-Reaction To Pearl Harbor
			-Outrage to panic. Eleanor Roosevelt watched closely. FDR was worried. Roosevelt decided to build up navy and airfare heavily
		-Hoover addressed congress next day saying, “Yesterday, December 7, 1941, a date which will live in infamy,” he said, “the japanese launched an unprovoked and dastardly attack.”
		-Caused isolationism to stop








-Americans Join the War Effort
	-Japan put in newspaper that US was trembling in fear, however the US was enraged
	-Selective Service and the GI
		-Recruiting offices jammed with young americans who wanted to fight, including some who struggled in school
		-5 million volunteered, but it was not enough. Selective Service System expanded the draft and 10 million more soldiers were drafted.
		-Military bases around the country is where they were sent, they would be trained for 8 weeks
	-Expanding The Military
		-George Marshall wanted the Women’s Auxiliary Army Corps (WAAC)
		-Bill established in May of 1942
		-Auxiliary status was dropped and became WACs
	-Recruiting and Discrimination
		-War created new dilemmas by restricted racial segregated neighborhoods and reservations. Denied basic citizenship rights, members didn’t know if it was THEIR war to fight as they didn’t get democracy
	-Dramatic Contributions
		-300,000 Mexican Americans joined the armed forces
		-1 million African Americans served and were in segregated units and limited to noncombat roles
		-Asian Americans, around 13,000 Chinese and 33,000 Japanese Americans also entered the war.
		-Around 25,000 Native Americans enlisted with about 800 women
-A Production Miracle
	-Early in February 1942, American newspapers reported the end of automobile production for private use
	-The Industrial Response
		-Nation’s automobile plants used to make tanks, planes, boats and command cars.
		-Factories across the nation converted to war production. Mechanical pencils turned out omg parts, bedspread manufacturer made mosquito netting, soft drink company converted from filling bottles with liquid to filling shells with explosives, shipyards and defense plants also expanded with dizzying speed.
	-Labor’s Contribution
		-18 million workers were laboring in war industries by 1944
		-More than 6 million of new workers were women
		-Defense plants hired more than 2 million minority workers
		-A. Philip Randomlp, president and founder of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters and the nation’s most respected African-American labor leader, organized a march on Washington to protest discrimination both in the military and in industry.
		-Roosevelt called Randolph to the white house and asked him to stop, but Randolph said “nah”
		-Roosevelt backed down
	-Mobilization of Scientists
		-Roosevelt created the Office of Scientific Research and Development to bring scientists into the war effort
		-OSRD spurred improvements in radar and sonar, new technologies for locating submarines underwater. Encouraged use of pesticides like DDT to fight insects. US Soldiers were first in history to be free from body lice
		-best achievement from OSRD was developing the atomic bomb, which interest began in 1939
		-german scientists succeeded in splitting uranium atoms which started this interest
		-Advisory Committee on Uranium to study new discovery was created, and in 1941 the committee reported it would take 3-5 years to make the bomb
-The Federal Government Takes Control
	-Economic Controls
		-Roosevelt responded to threat of factory production with Office of Price Administration which fought inflation by freezing prices on most goods
		-War Production Board assumed that responsibility of ensuring armed forces received resources, along with war industries.
	-Rationing
		-OPA set up system for rationing








-The United States and Britain Join Forces
	-War Plans
		-Prime Minister Churchill arrived at white house on December 22, 1941 and spent three weeks working our war plans w/ Roosevelt and advisors
		-Believed Germany and Italy > Japan as threat
	-The Battle of the Atlantic
		-After Pearl Harbor Attack, Hitler Ordered submarine raids against ships along America’s east coast. he wanted to prevent food and war materials from reaching Great Britain and Soviet Union
		-Britain needed supplies
		-Looked like HItler would succeed, and sven months into the year, German wolf packs destroyed 681 ships.
		-Allies organized cargo ships into convoys for protection
-The Eastern Front and the Mediterranean
	-The Battle Of Stalingrad
		-Germans had been fighting in Soviet Union since June 1941, and in November, bitter cold stooped them outside of Moscow and Leningrad
		-During spring, German tanks came
		-Summer of 1942, Germans took offensive in southern Soviet Union as Hitler hoped to capture the oil fields in the Caucasus Mountains
		-Germans pressed in for weeks conquering house by house ,and fighting continued in winter
		-Soviets lost about 1,100,000 soldiers protecting Soviet Union
	-The North African Front
		-Churchill and Roosevelt didn’t think Allies had enough troops to attempt invasion. Operation Torch began, which was an invasion of Axis-controlled North Africa, commanded by Dwight D. Eisenhower
		-November 1942, 107,000 Allied troops landed in Casablanca, Oran and Algiers in North Africa
		-Months of heavy fighting, Allies won in May 1943.
	-The Italian Campaign
		-Leaders agreed to accept unconditional surrender of Axis powers
			-Means enemy nations must accept to whatever terms of peace Allies dictate
		-Leaders decide to strike Italy next
		-Campaign started good with capture of Siciliy, but Hitler was determined to stop then and not fight on German soil.
		-Italy wasn’t freed until 1945
	-Heroes in Combat
		-all-black 99th Pursuit Squadron fought in Italy, and squadron had first victory against enemy aircraft and then did strategic strikes
		-Another African-American unit was famous 92nd Infantry Division AKA Buffaloes who in six months won seven legion of merit awards, 65 silver stars, and 162 bronze stars for courage under fired
		-Japanese Americans also served in Italy and North Africa
-Allies Liberate Europe
	-D-Day
		-Allies gathered force of nearly 3 million British, American, and Canadian troops and planned to attack Normandy in northern France
		-Code-named Operation Overlord was set for June 5 but delayed because of weather to June 6
		-German retaliation was brutal
	-Allies Gain Ground
		-Allies held beachheads after heavy casualties
		-Sven days of fighting, Allies held 80-mile strip of France
		-Within 1 month, million troops in France, 567,000 tons of supplies, 170,000 vehicles
		-Massive air and land bombardment against enemy on July 25
		-September 1944, Allies freed France, Belgium, and Luxembourg
	-The Battle of the Bulge
		-October 1944, Americans captured first German town, Aachen
		-Hitelr respone= desperate last-gap offensive, ordering troops to break through Allied lines and to recapture the Belgian port of Antwerp
		-Dcember 16, under cover of dense fog, 8 german tank divisions broke through weak American defenses.
		Tanks drove sixty miles into Allied territory
		-120 American GIs captured
		-Battle went for months, when over Germans were pushed back
		-Germans lost 120,000 groups, 500 tanks and assault guns, and 1,600 planes in Battle ofBulge
		-Nazis could only retreat
	-Liberation of the Death Camps
		-ALlied troops pressed eastward and Soviet army pushed westward. Soviet troops found Nazi death camp in July of 1944. Soviets found a storehouse containing 800,000 shoes an bunch of starving prisoners
		-Called it a murder plant(SOViet Union called it that)
	-Unconditional Surrender
		-by April 25, 1945, Soviet army had stormed Berlin and Soviet shells burst overhead as city panicked
		-Hitler prepared for end in underground headquarters
		-Married Eva Braun on April 29, on same day wrote last address to German people and blamed Jews in it
		-Hitler shot himself while his new wife swallowed poison one day later
		-Week alter, General Eisenhower accepted unconditional surrender of Third reich
	-Roosevelt’s Death
		-President Roosevelt did not live to see V-E Day, as he died on April 12, 1945, while posing for a portrait. He had a stroke. Harry S. Truman became nation’s 33rd president that night.








-The Allies Stem the Japanese Tide
	-While Allies agree defeat of Nazis was first priority, US had to move against Japan now
	-Japanese Advances
		-Japanese conquered an empire
		-Asian mainland, Japanese troops took Hong kong, French Indochina, Malaya, Burma, Thailand, and much of China. Also took Guam, Dutch East Indies, Wake Island, Solomon Islands, and more.
		-In Phillippines, 80000 American and Filipino troops battled the Japanese for control .
		-MacArthur who led America had to leave on March 11, but said he would return
	-Doolittle’s Raid
		-In spring of 1942, Allies began to turn tide. Pushed on April 18. Tokyo was bombed
	-Battle of the Coral Sea
		-Main allied forces in Pacific were Americans and Australians
		-aay 1942, they succeeded in stopping Japanese drive toward Australia in five-day battle of Coral sea
		-During battle, fighting was done by airplanes. No shot was fired by surface ships. First time since Pearl Harbor a Japanese invasion was stopped
	-Battle of Midway
		-Japan’s next thrust was Midway, a strategic island
		-admiral Chester Nimitz went to defend islands
		-Major turning point in Pacific War, as Allies soon began to island hop.
-The Allies Go on the Offensive
	-First Allied offensive began in August 1942
	-Guadalcanal marked Japan’s first defeat on land, but not last
	-The Japanese Defense
		-Japanese threw their entire fleet into Battle of Leyte Gulf and tested kamikaze
			-kamikaze=suicide diving plains
		-Americans watched terrifying attacks
		-Despite damage done, Leyte Gulf was a disaster for Japan, as it lost 3 battleships, 4 aircraft carriers, 13 cruisers, and almost 500 planes
	-Iwo Jima
		-Allies turned to Iwo Jima after retaking Philippines and liberating American prisoners
		-Iwo Jima was critical to US as a base because heavily loaded bombers could reach Japan
		-Heavily defended as well with 20,700 Japanese troops entrenched in tunnels and caves
		-6,000 marines died taking desolate island, only 200 Japanese survived
	-Battle for Okinawa
		-April 1945, US Marines invaded Okinawa, Japanese unleashed more than 1,900 Kamikaze attacks on allies sinking 30 ships and damaging 300 more killing almost 5,000 seamen.
		-Allies faced fiercer opposition than on Iwo Jima when ashore, as when fighting ended more than 7,600 Americans died, however Japanese lost 110,000 lives. 2 generals also chose ritual suicide over shame of surrender
		-Battle was chilling foretaste of invasion of Japan’s home islands
-The Atomic Bomb Ends the War
	-Japan still wanted to protect all of its homeland with giant army
	-The Manhattan Project
		-Led by General Leslie Groves, development of atomic bomb was best-kept secret of war
		-More than 600,000 Americans were involved w/ project, but few knew the purpose
		-Tested on July 16, 1945 in empty expanse of desert near new mexico
	-Hiroshima and Nagasaki
		-On August 6, a B-29 named Little Boy dropped a bomb on Hiroshima. Every building in the city collapsed to dust from the force of the blast
		-Second bomb, Fat Man, dropped on Nagasaki, leveling half the city.
		-Estimated 200,000 people died from injuries and radiation poisoning.
		-Emperor Hirohito was horrified and surrendered as his innocent people suffered.
-Rebuilding Begins
	-The Yalta Conference
		-February 1945, Allies pushed toward victory in Europe as ailing Roosevelt met with Churchill and Stalin at black sea resort
		-8 grueling days, the leaders discussed the fate of Germany and postwar world
		-Roosevet was mediator in disagreement between Churchill and Stalin
	-The Nuremberg War Trials
		-Defendants included Hitler’s most trusted party officials, government ministers, military leaders, and powerful industrialists
		-12 of 24 defendants sentenced to death, remaining sent to prison for most part
		-Nearly 200 more nazis convinced of crimes
	-The Occupation of Japan
		-Japan was occupied by U.S. forces under the command of General Douglas MacArthur, and in early years more than 1,100 Japanese were arrested and put on trial
		-Seven including Tojo sentenced to Death
		-During even-year American occupation, MacArthur reshaped Japan’s economy introducing free-market practices that led to a remarkable economic recovery








-Opportunity and Adjustment
	-Economic Gains
		-War years were good ones for working people as defense industries boomed and unemployment fell to  low of 1.2 percent in 1944
		-Everyone benefited during war times
	-Population Shifts
		-War triggered one of greatest mass migrations in American history
		-More than a million newcomers poured into California between 41’ and 44’
	-Social Adjustments
		-Families adjusted to change brought on by war
		-Millions of fathers in armed forces, mothers had to take care oc hidlren alone
		-Many young children use to being left with neighbors or relatives
		-War helped create new families, as longtime sweethearts rushed to marry before soldier or sailor went away
		-Towns like Seattle had number of marriage go up 300 percent
		-In 1944, congress passed servicemen’s readjustment act. Bill provided education and training for vets, paid 7.8million veterans, attend colleges and technical stools.
-Discrimination and Reaction
	-Civil Rights Protests
		-African Americans made some progress
		-During war, thousands left south
		-Majority moved midwest for better jobs
		-1940 - 1944, percentage of African Americans working in skilled or semiskilled jobs rose by 14 percent
		-Wherever African Americans moved, discrimination presented tough hurdles
		-African-American migrants move into already overcrowded cities
	-Tension in Los Angeles
		-Mexican Americans also experienced prejudice during war years, and in violent summer of 43’, LA exploded in anti-American “soot-suit” riots
		-Zoot suit was style of dress adopted by Mexican-American youths as a symbol of their rebellion against tradition
		-Riots began when 11 sailors in LA reported that they had been attacked by zoot-suit-wearing Mexican Americans
		-Charge triggered violence involving thousands of servicemen and civilians
-Internment of Japanese Americans
	-While racial tension had minorities struggling, war produced tragedy for japanese Americans. When war began, 120,000 Japanese Americans lived in US. Most were citizens in the west coast
	-Surprise Japanese attack on pearl harbor in Hawaii stunned nation, and after bombing, frightened people believed false rumors that Japanese Americans were committing sabotage by mining coastal harbors and poisoning vegetables
		-Sense of fear and uncertainty caused wave of prejudice against Japanese Americans
		-Early 1942, War department called for the mass evacuation of all Japanese Americans from Hawaii
		-Eventually forced to order internet of 1,444 Japanese Americans
		-On West Coast, panic and prejudice ruled the day. In Cali, only 1 percent of people were japanese, but they constituted a minority large enough to stimulate the prejudice
-on February 19, 1942, Roosevelt signed an order requiring the removal of people of Japanese ancestry from California and parts of Washington, Oregon, and Arizona
	-No specific changes were filed against Japanese Americans, no evidence of subversion was found. Faced with expulsion, terrified families sold homes, businesses, and all belongings for less than their trade value
	-Japanese Americans fought for justice in court and congress. Initial results discouraging. in 44’, Supreme Court decided that government’s policy of evacuating Japanese Americans to camp was justified on basic of “military necessity”
	-JACL did not give up on quest for justice
	-in 198, called for payment of reparations or restitution to each individual that suffered internment
		-A decade lader, congress passed and reagan signed da bill promising 20,000 to each Japanese American sent to a relocation camp. When checks were sent in 1990, a letter from President George Bush accompanied them