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Hundred Years' War (Medieval Studies)

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  1. Introduction
  2.  
  3. The Hundred Years War has become the established name for the Anglo-French conflicts that happened between 1337 and 1453. Although the designation does not refer to an actual event—the term was first used in France in the early 19th century—it usefully emphasizes the insoluble nature of the hostilities. There had been earlier Anglo-French wars arising out of the difficulties of the English king holding lands (especially the duchy of Aquitainia) as a vassal of the French king, but a new element arose in the reign of Edward III in England in the form of a claim to the French crown, a claim that was not dropped until 1802. By 1453, however, the English had lost all of their French lands except for Calais. The war is important for its military dimensions, its effects on economy and society, and its contribution to French and English state building, not least in terms of the development of taxation. It also has a pan-European dimension because each side sought allies in other countries and also exploited the Papal Schism in the Catholic church of 1378–1417.
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  5. General Overviews
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  7. There is a broad consensus across the general works in this section about the events of the Hundred Years War. All of them emphasize the legacy of Anglo-French conflict between 1066 and 1337 and explain how the claim to the French throne changed the nature of the war. Perroy 1951 has proved an enduring study, which, through its English translation, has brought a French view to a wider public. Fowler 1967 and Allmand 2001 go beyond the events to consider the social and military implications of the war, with Vale 2007 adding a reflection on its cultural and literary dimensions. Curry 2003 breaks down the war into distinct phases and summarizes the debates. Jones 1989 provides a succinct summary of the 14th-century issues concerning the English rulers. Vale 1996 looks at an early phase of the war (the 1330s–1340s) in the light of Anglo-French relations since 1259.
  8.  
  9. Allmand, Christopher T. The Hundred Years War: England and France at War c. 1300–c. 1450. Rev. ed. Cambridge Medieval Textbooks. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2001.
  10.  
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  12.  
  13. A wide-ranging study that contains chronologically organized chapters and also thematic discussions of topics related to the war, such as military organization, chivalry, and impact on civilians. It embraces both English and French dimensions and contains an extensive bibliography. It was published in the series Cambridge Medieval Textbooks (Cambridge, UK, and New York: Cambridge University Press), aimed at undergraduates.
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  17.  
  18. Curry, Anne. The Hundred Years War. 2d ed. Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003.
  19.  
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  21.  
  22. First published in 1993 by Macmillan, this short, chronologically arranged study is intended as an introduction to the subject of the Hundred Years War and the main debates surrounding it. It focuses on the origins of the war and explains the differences between the 14th- and 15th-century phases. It opens with a chapter on the historiography of the subject and also considers the involvement of countries beyond England and France. It explores the war largely from the viewpoint of the English.
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  26.  
  27. Fowler, Kenneth Alan. The Age of Plantagenet and Valois: The Struggle for Supremacy, 1328–1498. London: Elek, 1967.
  28.  
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  30.  
  31. This book casts the war in a wider chronological framework and includes chapters focusing on chivalry and the arts and making an important comparison of the armies of France and England in the period. It contains more than ninety illustrations ranging over contemporary manuscripts and modern photographs of key sites.
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  35.  
  36. Jones, Michael. C. E. “Relations with France, 1337–1399.” In England and Her Neighbours, 1066–1453: Essays in Honour of Pierre Chaplais. Edited by Michael Jones and Malcolm G. A. Vale, 239–258. London: Hambledon, 1989.
  37.  
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  39.  
  40. This short essay provides an interpretative overview of the 14th-century phase of the war, focusing particularly on the motivations of the various rulers and the seriousness of Edward III’s claim to the French throne.
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  42. Find this resource:
  43.  
  44.  
  45. Perroy, Edouard. The Hundred Years War. London: Eyre and Spottiswood, 1951.
  46.  
  47. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  48.  
  49. Translated from its original French version, La guerre de cent ans (Paris: Gallimard, 1945), this is the fullest single-volume overview of the war. Its tendency to lament French failures and applaud the country’s recovery is explained by the fact that Perroy wrote it over the winter of 1943–1944. This edition contains an introduction by David Douglas exploring the impact of Perroy’s experiences on his interpretations of the war.
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  51. Find this resource:
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  53.  
  54. Vale, Malcolm Graham Allan. The Origins of the Hundred Years War: The Angevin Legacy, 1250–1340. Oxford: Blackwell, 1996.
  55.  
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  57.  
  58. First published in 1990 as The Angevin Legacy and the Hundred Years War, 1250–1340 (Oxford and Cambridge, MA: Blackwell), this is a scholarly but accessible explanation of how conflict over English territory in France after the treaty of Paris of 1259 was made into a dynastic war in the 1330s. Vale emphasizes the importance of Gascony to the English as well as the deterioration of Anglo-French relations thanks to the inconclusive wars of 1294–1297 and 1324–1327 and the Valois succession in 1328.
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  62.  
  63. Vale, Malcolm Graham Allan. The Ancient Enemy: England, France, and Europe from the Angevins to the Tudors, 1154–1558. London: Hambledon Continuum, 2007.
  64.  
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  66.  
  67. A reflection on the enmity between England and France that ranges widely across history, literature, and culture, drawing out connections and differences across time between the two countries. A very stimulating read and useful for contextual background to the war.
  68.  
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  70.  
  71.  
  72. Narrative Histories
  73.  
  74. All the selections in General Overviews contain a chronological summary of the events of the Hundred Years War; the events are considered in a more overtly narrative fashion in other works. Neillands 2006 is populist in its approach but offers a succinct account of events. Burne’s works (Burne 1990, Burne 1991) together provide an introductory narrative of, as well as a discussion on, the key military events of the war, inventing the notion of “inherent military probability” to provide a suggestion of what happened. Sumption (Sumption 1990, Sumption 1999, Sumption 2009) has produced an exceptionally detailed and fully researched narrative account of the war that extends to the year 1399 in three volumes, and there are at least two more to come. Before his volumes on the 15th century were published, Barker 2009 was the author’s most accessible account of a period.
  75.  
  76. Barker, Juliet R. V. Conquest: The English Kingdom of France, 1417–1450. London: Little, Brown, 2009.
  77.  
  78. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  79.  
  80. A chronologically organized account of the war between the time of Henry V’s second invasion of France in 1417 and the loss of Gascony in 1453. Draws on chronicle accounts and on modern scholarship but is aimed at an informed general readership.
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  82. Find this resource:
  83.  
  84.  
  85. Burne, Alfred Higgins. The Crecy War: A Military History of the Hundred Years War from 1337 to the Peace of Bretigny, 1360. London: Greenhill, 1990.
  86.  
  87. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  88.  
  89. First published by Eyre and Spottiswoode in 1955, this military perspective was much influenced by the author’s own experiences as an artillery commander in the First World War. Now rather dated but important, because it has been used by many later commentators.
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  92.  
  93.  
  94. Burne, Alfred Higgins. The Agincourt War: A Military History of the Latter Part of the Hundred Years War from 1369 to 1453. London: Greenhill, 1991.
  95.  
  96. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  97.  
  98. First published by Eyre and Spottiswoode in 1956, this book completes the story of The Crecy War (Burne 1990), describing the later period of the war and following the same methodology.
  99.  
  100. Find this resource:
  101.  
  102.  
  103. Neillands, Robin. The Hundred Years War. London and New York: Routledge, 2006.
  104.  
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  106.  
  107. A narrative account aimed at the general reader, written by an accomplished popular historian able to bring to bear his own military experience in recent wars.
  108.  
  109. Find this resource:
  110.  
  111.  
  112. Sumption, Jonathan. The Hundred Years War. Vol. 1, Trial by Battle. London: Faber and Faber, 1990.
  113.  
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  115.  
  116. The first of an ongoing multivolume history, which provides an extremely full narrative based on a very wide range of sources, including unpublished administrative records in England and France. This first volume covers the period from 1328 to 1347, dealing with the origins of the war and events up to the siege of Calais.
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  119.  
  120.  
  121. Sumption, Jonathan. The Hundred Years War. Vol. 2, Trial by Fire. London: Faber and Faber, 1999.
  122.  
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  124.  
  125. Covers the period from 1347 to 1369 in an even more detailed format than the first volume and in a chronological form. Particularly useful for exploring French as much as English policies and events.
  126.  
  127. Find this resource:
  128.  
  129.  
  130. Sumption, Jonathan. The Hundred Years War. Vol. 3, Divided Houses. London: Faber and Faber, 2009.
  131.  
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  133.  
  134. Covers the period from 1369, when the war resumed after a nine-year cessation, to the deposition of Richard II in 1399. Adopts a largely chronological approach but with an important chapter entitled “Men-at-Arms” that looks at armies and their soldiers, discussing the experience of individuals and the rise of the professional soldier.
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  137.  
  138.  
  139. Reference Works
  140.  
  141. There is no dedicated encyclopedia or historical atlas for the Hundred Years War, but several more-general reference works include a great deal of relevant material. For basic reference, Rogers 2010 is the best place to start because all its entries are by leading historians in the field and include indicative bibliographies. The entries in Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (Matthew and Harrison 2004) are also the result of extensive archival research, although they vary in length and detail. Hooper and Bennett 1996 provides the best set of maps in reference to the war. Contamine 1984 provides a mine of facts as well as the best guide to further reading. DeVries 2008 addresses the war in a broader bibliographical perspective. Roskell, et al. 1992 is useful for placing the military careers of members of Parliament in context. The webpage The Soldier in Later Medieval England: An Exciting AHRC Research Project on the Irma Centre website is an attempt to use administrative records to provide evidence of the service of individual soldiers in the war.
  142.  
  143. Contamine, Philippe. War in the Middle Ages. Translated by Michael Jones. London: Blackwell, 1984.
  144.  
  145. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  146.  
  147. First published in French in 1980, this version has the advantage of a very extensive bibliography. A comprehensive study of the whole medieval period, covering all conceivable topics. Emphasizes pan-European trends, suggesting that the Hundred Years War was fought between similar enemies.
  148.  
  149. Find this resource:
  150.  
  151.  
  152. DeVries, Kelly. A Cumulative Bibliography of Medieval Military History and Technology: Update 2003–2006. London: Brill, 2008.
  153.  
  154. DOI: 10.1163/ej.9789004164451.I-482Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  155.  
  156. First published by Brill in 2002, with an updated version in 2005, this bibliography, also available as a CD-ROM, provides a full guide to relevant works published about medieval military history up to 2007, including publications on the Hundred Years War and on later medieval warfare more generally.
  157.  
  158. Find this resource:
  159.  
  160.  
  161. Hooper, Nicholas, and Matthew Bennett. The Cambridge Illustrated Atlas of Warfare: The Middle Ages 768–1487. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1996.
  162.  
  163. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  164.  
  165. Intended for general readership, this book contains battle plans and maps that are also useful for academic study. Particularly interesting are the maps comparing routes that the English armies took across France in the great chevauchées, or military raids, of the 14th century, showing the vast distances covered and the frequent avoidance of major fortified centers.
  166.  
  167. Find this resource:
  168.  
  169.  
  170. Matthew, H. C. G., and Brian Howard Harrison, eds. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. 60 vols. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004.
  171.  
  172. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  173.  
  174. An updated and revised biographical dictionary that contains entries on both major and minor participants in the Hundred Years War, largely on the English side. Most effectively used in its online edition, which is updated frequently and also includes group entries on families involved in the war, as well as on those who fought at the Battle of Agincourt.
  175.  
  176. Find this resource:
  177.  
  178.  
  179. Rogers, Clifford, ed. The Oxford Encyclopedia of Medieval Warfare and Military Technology. 3 vols. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010.
  180.  
  181. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  182.  
  183. Includes a long entry on the Hundred Years War as well as entries on key players and actions and the development of weaponry, armor, and fortification over the period of the war.
  184.  
  185. Find this resource:
  186.  
  187.  
  188. Roskell, John Smith, Linda Clark, and Carole Rawcliffe, eds. The House of Commons, 1386–1421. 4 vols. History of Parliament Series. Stroud, UK: Sutton, 1992.
  189.  
  190. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  191.  
  192. Along with introductory and analytical material, a biographical dictionary of all known members of the House of Commons between 1386 and 1421, many of whom had military careers in support of the English crown during the Hundred Years War.
  193.  
  194. Find this resource:
  195.  
  196.  
  197. The Soldier in Later Medieval England: An Exciting AHRC Research Project. ICMA Centre.
  198.  
  199. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  200.  
  201. A webpage with searchable databases of individual soldiers known, by way of surviving muster rolls and letters of protection, to have served the English crown between 1369 and 1453, including participating in the French theater. Shows, through short articles (i.e., “Soldier Profiles”), how extensive and interesting some military careers were. The original site, the Medieval Soldier, arose out a project at the Universities of Reading and Southampton funded by the Arts and Humanities Research Council (AHRC).
  202.  
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  204.  
  205.  
  206. Historical Background
  207.  
  208. There are many general and specific works on late medieval Britain and France that offer background and context for the study of the Hundred Years War. In all cases, due attention is given to the impact of Anglo-French hostilities on state development and internal politics.
  209.  
  210. Whole Period of the War
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  212. The New Cambridge Medieval History 2000 (Jones 2000) provides a good starting point offering a historical background and thematic studies on all regions involved in the Hundred Years War. Kaeuper 1988 attempts a comparative approach toward the development of the “war state.” In terms of the history of France, Lewis 1968 is a pioneering synoptic study that tracks the ebbs and flows in royal authority. Vaughan 1975 adopts a similar approach toward the emergent Burgundian state, looking at the Valois House of Parliament of late-14th- and 15th-century France. More-recent research is embodied in Small 2010, which combines a chronological outline with exploration of key themes, not least the center and the periphery. Both Vaughan and Small include extensive bibliographies and cover French interests in Flanders to supplement the more traditional approach in Pirenne 1903. Grant 1984 provides an accessible survey of Scottish politics that puts the Scottish alliance with France and the countries’ joint hostility toward England in context. Of the many books on late medieval England, Harriss 2005 is the most up to date and comprehensive and also includes guides to further reading.
  213.  
  214. Grant, Alexander. Independence and Nationhood: Scotland, 1306–1469. London and Baltimore: Edward Arnold, 1984.
  215.  
  216. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  217.  
  218. More of a textbook in style, it clearly explains how Scotland preserved its independence from the reign of Edward I onward in the face of English aggression.
  219.  
  220. Find this resource:
  221.  
  222.  
  223. Harriss, Gerald L. Shaping the Nation: England 1360–1461. New Oxford History of England. Oxford: Clarendon, 2005
  224.  
  225. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  226.  
  227. A volume in the New Oxford History of England that is based on the latest scholarship and that provides a comprehensive context for the war as well as a guide to further reading.
  228.  
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  230.  
  231.  
  232. Jones, Michael, ed. The New Cambridge Medieval History. Vol. 6, c. 1300–c. 1415. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2000.
  233.  
  234. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  235.  
  236. Continued in Vol. 7, 1415–c. 1500 (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1998), this volume includes chronologically focused chapters about all the regions of Europe involved in the war, as well as thematic studies, in a series of short chapters written in a consistent format. Includes useful maps and guides to further reading.
  237.  
  238. Find this resource:
  239.  
  240.  
  241. Kaeuper, Richard W. War, Justice, and Public Order: England and France in the Later Middle Ages. Oxford: Clarendon, 1988.
  242.  
  243. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  244.  
  245. A very stimulating comparative discussion using literary as well as historical evidence, arguing that the war created “war states” in place of “law states.” Covers both countries but particularly valuable for England.
  246.  
  247. Find this resource:
  248.  
  249.  
  250. Lewis, Peter Shervey. Later Medieval France: The Polity. London and Melbourne, Australia: Macmillan, 1968.
  251.  
  252. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  253.  
  254. A stimulating thematic discussion of French politics in medieval France but requires a good knowledge of historical events to make the most of the arguments in it.
  255.  
  256. Find this resource:
  257.  
  258.  
  259. Pirenne, Henri. Histoire de Belgique. Vol. 2, Du commencement du XIVe siècle à la mort de Charles de Téméraire. Brussels: Lamertin, 1903.
  260.  
  261. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  262.  
  263. Although more than a hundred years old, this book offers a sound coverage of the history of the “low countries,” or the areas surrounding the Rhine, Scheldt, and Meuse rivers as designated in reference to this period, over the whole medieval period. It emphasizes the fate of the different principalities and their place in the history of the war.
  264.  
  265. Find this resource:
  266.  
  267.  
  268. Small, Graeme. Later Medieval France. Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010.
  269.  
  270. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  271.  
  272. Aimed at an undergraduate market, this book elucidates the principal features of French politics and society in the 14th and 15th centuries. An excellent synthesis of recent work that has been published in French, which is otherwise inaccessible to many students of the Hundred Years War.
  273.  
  274. Find this resource:
  275.  
  276.  
  277. Vaughan, Richard. Valois Burgundy. London: Lane, 1975.
  278.  
  279. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  280.  
  281. A thematic study written to accompany Vaughan’s biographies of the four dukes of the Valois House of Parliament in France. Covers a great deal of ground in an effective synthesis and contains a concise overview of the military power of the dukes.
  282.  
  283. Find this resource:
  284.  
  285.  
  286. Specific Periods
  287.  
  288. Together, Cazelles 1958 and Cazelles 1982 provide an overview of the state of French domestic politics in the first phase of the Hundred Years War. For a review of the coming 14th century, Famiglietti 1986 is the best guide in English to the complexities of the French civil war caused by the madness of Charles VI. The recovery of France under Charles VII is made evident in Little 1984. Vaughan 2002, a set of biographies on the dukes of Burgundy, reveals much about the periods of their rule as well as the men themselves. Ormrod 1990 offers fundamental insights into the nature of the English state in the reign of Edward III, helping to explain how Edward was able to wage war. This approach is paralleled in MacDonald 2000, a study of late-medieval Scottish politics. Griffiths 1981 provides the fullest account of all aspects of the history of England during the phase of the war that followed the Treaty of Troyes. These works can be supplemented by the works in the Biographies section.
  289.  
  290. Cazelles, Raymond. La société politique et la crise de la royauté sous Philippe de Valois. Paris: Librairie des Agences, 1958.
  291.  
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  293.  
  294. Detailed study of how Philip VI established his rule after his accession to the French throne in 1328, investigating the various factions in his court and how he dealt with the English challenge. A focused and specialized account, densely written.
  295.  
  296. Find this resource:
  297.  
  298.  
  299. Cazelles, Raymond. Société politique, noblesse et couronne sous Jean le Bon et Charles V. Geneva, Switzerland: Droz, 1982.
  300.  
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  302.  
  303. Thorough analysis of the French politics in the contrasting English and French reigns, this book considers the impact of John II’s captivity in England after the Battle of Poiters as well as the recovery of France under his son’s rule. Similar in approach to Cazelles’s earlier study (Cazelles 1958)—full and specialized.
  304.  
  305. Find this resource:
  306.  
  307.  
  308. Famiglietti, R. C. Royal Intrigue: Crisis at the Court of Charles VI, 1392–1420. New York: AMS, 1986.
  309.  
  310. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  311.  
  312. A largely detailed and well-annotated chronological approach that provides background to the French civil war, information that Henry V did much to exploit. Also important for its assessment of the nature of Charles VI’s madness. The most accessible study of this very complicated period.
  313.  
  314. Find this resource:
  315.  
  316.  
  317. Griffiths, Ralph A. The Reign of Henry VI: The Exercise of Royal Authority, 1422–1461. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1981.
  318.  
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  320.  
  321. An exceptional and definitive study of Henry VI’s rule of England, based on extensive archival research, constituting almost a thousand pages. Provides full accounts of the campaigns and diplomatic activities set against domestic politics.
  322.  
  323. Find this resource:
  324.  
  325.  
  326. Little, Roger. The Parlement of Poitiers: War, Government, and Politics in France, 1418–1436. London: Royal Historical Society, 1984.
  327.  
  328. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  329.  
  330. Draws on the archives of the parlement, a legislative and judicial body, to show how Charles VII enjoyed a substantial power base south of the Loire after the Anglo-Burgundians triumphed in northern France. Convincingly places Joan of Arc in the context of politics at the French court, challenging previous orthodoxies.
  331.  
  332. Find this resource:
  333.  
  334.  
  335. MacDonald, Alastair J. Border Bloodshed: Scotland, England and France at War, 1369–1403. Edinburgh: Tuckwell, 2000.
  336.  
  337. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  338.  
  339. A good example of a new type of history that places military plans and engagements in the context of international relations as well as of domestic politics and society. Explains why the English took the Scottish threat so seriously and how Scottish independence was preserved partly by defeat in 1403.
  340.  
  341. Find this resource:
  342.  
  343.  
  344. Ormrod, W. Mark. The Reign of Edward III: Crown and Political Society in England, 1327–1377. New Haven, CT, and London: Yale University Press, 1990.
  345.  
  346. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  347.  
  348. A study of the reign of Edward III rather than of the king, with scholarly but accessible discussions of institutions and policies. A sound guide to the state of knowledge on this period at the time of its writing.
  349.  
  350. Find this resource:
  351.  
  352.  
  353. Vaughan, Richard. Philip the Bold: The Formation of the Burgundian State. New ed. Woodbridge, UK: Boydell, 2002.
  354.  
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  356.  
  357. First published London in 1962, this is the first of four volumes on the dukes of the Valois line, whose independence and territorial base expanded from the 1380s to the 1470s. A huge achievement, based on extensive work done in the archives in Lille and Dijon, France, setting ducal lives against international politics and the war. The remaining volumes are John the Fearless: The Growth of Burgundian Power (Rochester, NY: Boydell, 2002); Philip the Good: The Apogee of Burgundy (London: Longmans, 1970); and Charles the Bold: The Last Valois Duke of Burgundy (London: Longmans, 1973).
  358.  
  359. Find this resource:
  360.  
  361.  
  362. Collections of Essays
  363.  
  364. As research has advanced on the Hundred Years War and on Anglo-French relations more generally, many findings have been published in essay form within edited collections, produced together to provide comprehensive insight into the period. Fowler 1971, the earliest set of essays, provides a good departure point, showing the state of research at that point, with a subsequent update La France anglaise au moyen age (Editions du Comité des Travaux Historiques et Scientifiques 1988). The essays in Curry and Hughes 1999 demonstrate the impact of increased archival work in England and France, providing a computer-based analysis on the study of armies and state finances. In 2003, the first of an ongoing series on the Hundred Years War was published, Villalon and Kagay 2005, an edited volume that introduces a pan-European perspective and concentrates on recent research in the United States. Several collections focus on a particular area or theme. La France anglaise au moyen age (Editions du Comité des Travaux Historiques et Scientifiques 1988) considers the impact of English rule in different locations of France both before and during the Hundred Years War. Bates and Curry 1994 concentrates on the relationship between England and Normandy from a largely English perspective, and Bouet and Gazeau 2003 addresses this relationship from a French perspective. Jones and Vale 1989 looks at Anglo-French relations in the context of England’s international relations more generally. Contamine, et al. 1991 focuses on the relations among England, France, and Burgundy.
  365.  
  366. Bates, David, and Anne Curry, eds. England and Normandy in the Middle Ages. London: Hambledon, 1994.
  367.  
  368. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  369.  
  370. An edited volume with important analyses by Philippe Contamine on the place of Normandy in English and French ambitions on the eve of and during the first phase of the Hundred Years War and by Anne Curry on why Henry V revived England’s interest in Normandy rather than in the country’s traditional holdings in Southwest France. Provides case studies of artistic and settlement links as well as of Edward III’s chevauchées, or military raids, across Normandy in 1346, which complement articles on Anglo-Norman links before 1204.
  371.  
  372. Find this resource:
  373.  
  374.  
  375. Bouet, Pierre, and Véronique Gazeau, eds. La Normandie et l’Angleterre au Moyen Age: Colloque de Cerisy-la-Salle (4–7 Octobre 2001). Caen, France: CRAHM, 2003.
  376.  
  377. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  378.  
  379. A collection deliberately modeled on that of Bates and Curry (Bates and Curry 1994), showcasing recent research in France. It includes studies by Philippe Contamine on the raid on Sandwich, United Kingdom, in 1457, and by Philippe Cailleux on the English settlers in Rouen, France.
  380.  
  381. Find this resource:
  382.  
  383.  
  384. Contamine, Philippe, Charles Giry-Deloison, and Maurice Keen, eds. Guerre et société en France, en Angleterre et en Bourgogne, XIVe–Xve siècle. Vol. 8, Histoire et littérature régionales. Lille, France: Université de Lille, 1991.
  385.  
  386. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  387.  
  388. A collection of papers in English and French, focusing on the Hundred Years War and the immediate prelude to it. Important contributions from Maurice Keen on the evidence of soldier’s testimony in the court of chivalry and from M. K. Jones on systems of ransom brokerage.
  389.  
  390. Find this resource:
  391.  
  392.  
  393. Curry, Anne, and Michael Hughes, eds. Arms, Armies and Fortifications in the Hundred Years War. Woodbridge, UK: Boydell, 1999. eBook.
  394.  
  395. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  396.  
  397. Brings in archaeological evidence relating to French raids on England, naval warfare, early artillery, and church monuments, as well as reviewing the impact of war in the former region of Aquitaine in France, Brittany, and England, especially relating to taxation. Also includes much-cited surveys of the state of knowledge on English armies in the 14th and 15th centuries.
  398.  
  399. Find this resource:
  400.  
  401.  
  402. Editions du Comité des Travaux Historiques et Scientifiques. La France anglaise au moyen age: Colloque des historiens medievistes francais et britanniques; Actes du 111e Congrès national des societes savantes. Section d’histoire médiévale et de philologie 1. Paris: Editions du Comité des Travaux Historiques et Scientifiques, 1988.
  403.  
  404. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  405.  
  406. Thirty-six essays whose focus ranges among historiography and ideology and diplomatic, military, and financial matters. In addition to case studies of particular campaigns and locations, this book includes a perspective by Philippe Contamine on whether “English France” ever existed and another by Peter Lewis on French views of the English in France.
  407.  
  408. Find this resource:
  409.  
  410.  
  411. Fowler, Kenneth Alan, ed. The Hundred Years War. London: Macmillan, 1971.
  412.  
  413. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  414.  
  415. A volume that very much defined the state of knowledge at the time of its publication. It includes discussions by John Le Patourel on the origins of the war and by John Palmer on the changing war aims of those in charge across the period, as well as an important piece by C. T. Allmand on the noncombatant and C. F. Richmond on naval aspects.
  416.  
  417. Find this resource:
  418.  
  419.  
  420. Jones, Michael, and Malcolm Vale, eds. England and Her Neighbours, 1066–1453: Essays in Honour of Pierre Chaplais. London: Hambledon, 1989.
  421.  
  422. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  423.  
  424. A useful collection in that it sets relations with France in the context of relations with other countries in Europe, most notably Germany, Scotland, and the former Iberia. Maurice Keen puts forward an important explanation of how the English had lost interest in their French possessions by the mid-15th century (pp. 297–311).
  425.  
  426. Find this resource:
  427.  
  428.  
  429. Villalon, L. J. Andrew, and Donald J. Kagay, eds. Hundred Years War: A Wider Focus. Leiden, The Netherlands, and Boston: Brill, 2005.
  430.  
  431. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  432.  
  433. Eclectic essays but showing the different directions in which research has gone in the study of weaponry, individual careers, and particular campaigns, especially in Spain. Contains useful appendices and time lines as well as a discussion in Volume 2 by Kelly DeVries on whether the Hundred Years War is one war or many. Further volumes are anticipated. See also Rogers 2008 (cited under Fifteenth-Century Campaigns).
  434.  
  435. Find this resource:
  436.  
  437.  
  438. Source Materials
  439.  
  440. Students of the period of the Hundred Years War are well served by English translations of key texts, not least of those of Jean Froissart, a major chronicler of the war. Rogers 2000 is the best collection in regard to the first phase of the war. Curry 2000 focuses on the Battle of Agincourt and includes a discussion of how the war was interpreted in later centuries. Allmand 1998 ranges more widely across the military and nonmilitary aspects during the period and is the ideal place to start for studying primary materials. Taylor 2006 offers a wide range of sources on Joan of Arc as opposed to simply the records of her trials, which are available in many editions. Barber 1979 does the same for the Black Prince, or Edward of Woodstock, combining chronicle and literary sources. Parliament Rolls of Medieval England 1275–1504 (Given-Wilson 2005) contains descriptions and transcriptions of the proceedings of all the parliaments and has a corresponding CD-ROM. These are interesting to delve into as well as to use in reference to specific events. Cosneau 1889 provides an electronic version of the original French text of treaties and truces between England and France from 1259 to 1444. The Online Froissart: A Digital Edition of the Chronicles of Jean Froissart web page on the HRI Online website is a major database allowing users to search the works and editions of Froissart’s chronicles as well as the corresponding images.
  441.  
  442. Allmand, Christopher T. Society at War: The Experience of England and France during the Hundred Years War. New ed. Woodbridge, UK: Boydell, 1998.
  443.  
  444. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  445.  
  446. First published in 1973, this is a wide-ranging collection of translated documents both from English and French sources that cover many different aspects, from conduct in the war to the economic impact. Excellent introductions to each document, explaining its content and significance, as well as an overall introduction to the collection.
  447.  
  448. Find this resource:
  449.  
  450.  
  451. Barber, Richard, ed. The Life and Campaigns of the Black Prince. Woodbridge, UK: Boydell, 1979.
  452.  
  453. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  454.  
  455. Includes translations of the main chronicle texts as well as newsletters relating to the Black Prince’s, or Edward of Woodstock’s, career, with a particular focus on the battles of Crécy and Poitiers. Also includes the Chandos Herald’s verse on the life of the prince, composed after his death. Brings the subject of the Black Prince to life.
  456.  
  457. Find this resource:
  458.  
  459.  
  460. Cosneau, Eugène. Les grands traits de la guerre de Cent Ans: publiés par E. Cosneau. Paris: Picard, 1889.
  461.  
  462. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  463.  
  464. Despite its age, the only book that contains the full texts of all the treaties between England and France during this period, with brief explanatory notes. Available through the Gallica online collection, produced by Bibliothèque Nationale de France.
  465.  
  466. Find this resource:
  467.  
  468.  
  469. Curry, Anne. The Battle of Agincourt: Sources and Interpretations. Woodbridge, UK: Boydell, 2000.
  470.  
  471. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  472.  
  473. Includes translations and commentaries of all the major chronicles and literary sources about The Battle of Agincourt written during the 15th century and also reviews how the battle was studied and portrayed in later centuries. Aims to provide a balance between French and English narratives and to explain the administrative records for both sides.
  474.  
  475. Find this resource:
  476.  
  477.  
  478. Given-Wilson, Chris, ed. Parliament Rolls of Medieval England 1275–1504: Rotuli Parliamentorum. 16 vols. Woodbridge, UK: Boydell, 2005.
  479.  
  480. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  481.  
  482. Text edition of the proceedings of all the parliaments, including those held during the period of the war and containing much material relevant to English policy in France. For each parliament, a contextual introduction and transcripts of related material not in the rolls are included. Also available on CD-ROM (Leicester, UK: Scholarly Digital Editions, 2005) and by subscription at British History Online.
  483.  
  484. Find this resource:
  485.  
  486.  
  487. Rogers, Clifford. The Wars of Edward III: Sources and Interpretations. Woodbridge, UK: Boydell, 2000.
  488.  
  489. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  490.  
  491. A wide-ranging collection of translated source materials of all kinds, both chronicle and administrative records, that relate to Edward III’s campaigns in Scotland and France from 1327 to the end of his reign. Also includes reprints of the key articles on this period of the war.
  492.  
  493. Find this resource:
  494.  
  495.  
  496. Taylor, Craig. Joan of Arc: La Pucelle. Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press, 2006.
  497.  
  498. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  499.  
  500. Contains translated extracts not only of the trials of condemnation and rehabilitation but also of lesser known treatises and literary works, all fully contextualized and further explained through an introduction describing the value as well as the controversial nature of the sources.
  501.  
  502. Find this resource:
  503.  
  504.  
  505. The Online Froissart: A Digital Edition of the Chronicles of Jean Froissart. HRI Online.
  506.  
  507. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  508.  
  509. In addition to images, transcriptions, and translations of the first three books of Jean Froissart, a most important 14th-century chronicler of the Hundred Years War, the compilers of this site, mainly from the universities of Sheffield and Liverpool, provide excellent guides to the manuscript tradition and context.
  510.  
  511. Find this resource:
  512.  
  513.  
  514. Trends in Modern Interpretation
  515.  
  516. Much of the debate on the Hundred Years War has focused on the war aims of the English. The basic question is whether during any period of the war English kings genuinely intended to make themselves kings of France. In general, scholars of the war have considered the value of their claim as a bargaining counter in their real aim: the maintenance and expansion of their territorial interests.
  517.  
  518. Origins of the Hundred Years War
  519.  
  520. The events of the war were first studied seriously in Déprez 1902. Le Patourel 1958 is significant, because the author was the first historian to take Edward III of England’s claim to the throne seriously. Rogers 2000 added new weight to this text through a detailed analysis of Edward III’s campaigns, suggesting that his method of waging war was consonant with an intention to rule France. Taylor 2001a updates Le Patourel in the light of subsequent research. To understand the debate between the feudal and dynastic interpretations of the war, two reviews of the historiography are essential reading: Cuttino 1956 and Vale 1989. Sumption 1990 (cited in Narrative Histories) also offers a detailed account of the origins of the war in the 1320s and 1330s. Campbell 1965 is a key analysis of the role of Scotland in the origins of the war, and Templeman 1952 emphasizes the changing circumstances between the French wars of Edward I and those of Edward III. Taylor 2001b is a useful summation of discussions that have taken place in regard to Salic laws, involving the designation that women could not inherit or pass on the title to the French throne.
  521.  
  522. Campbell, James. “England, Scotland and the Hundred Years War.” In Europe in the Late Middle Ages. Edited by J. R. Hale, J. R. L. Highfield, and B. Smalley, 184–216. London: Faber and Faber, 1965.
  523.  
  524. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  525.  
  526. Advocates the importance to the breakdown of Anglo-French relations in the Franco-Scottish alliance of the 1330s, which dated back to 1295, a view taken up in Rogers 2000 and Sumption 1990 (the latter cited under Narrative Histories). Reprinted in The Wars of Edward III (Rogers 2000, cited under Source Materials).
  527.  
  528. Find this resource:
  529.  
  530.  
  531. Cuttino, G. P. “Historical Revision: The Causes of the Hundred Years War.” Speculum 31.3 (1956): 463–477.
  532.  
  533. DOI: 10.2307/2853350Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  534.  
  535. Fully and clearly reviews French and English historiography as to the causes of the war, thereby providing a useful guide to earlier works that need to be known about but are rarely read. Available online for purchase or by subscription.
  536.  
  537. Find this resource:
  538.  
  539.  
  540. Déprez, Eugène. Les préliminaires de la Guerre de Cent Ans: La papauté, la France et l’Angleterre (1328–1342). Paris: Fontemoing, 1902.
  541.  
  542. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  543.  
  544. A pioneering and very detailed study of the war, with close attention paid to the diplomatic evidence, some of which is included in appendices verbatim. Much used by later scholars.
  545.  
  546. Find this resource:
  547.  
  548.  
  549. Le Patourel, John. “Edward III and the Kingdom of France.” History 43.149 (1958): 172–189.
  550.  
  551. DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-229X.1958.tb02205.xSave Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  552.  
  553. The first, and hence a much-debated, article that puts forward the view that Edward intended to make himself king of France. Reprinted in The Wars of Edward III (Rogers 2000, cited under Source Materials).
  554.  
  555. Find this resource:
  556.  
  557.  
  558. Rogers, Clifford J. War Cruel and Sharp: English Strategy under Edward III, 1327–1360. Woodbridge, UK: Boydell, 2000.
  559.  
  560. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  561.  
  562. A highly original and stimulating exploration of Edward III’s war aims, emphasizing how they developed from his accession and were stimulated by his experiences in Scotland. Relevant also for a study of his campaigns.
  563.  
  564. Find this resource:
  565.  
  566.  
  567. Taylor, Craig. “Edward III and the Plantagenet Claim to the French Throne.” In The Age of Edward III. Edited by J. S. Bothwell, 155–170. Rochester, NY: York Medieval Press, 2001a.
  568.  
  569. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  570.  
  571. A reexploration of the nature of the claims of Edward III, set within the broader context of succession practice and politics. Updates Le Patourel’s study (Le Patourel 1958).
  572.  
  573. Find this resource:
  574.  
  575.  
  576. Taylor, Craig. “The Salic Law and the Valois Succession to the French Throne.” French History 15.4 (2001b): 358–377.
  577.  
  578. DOI: 10.1093/fh/15.4.358Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  579.  
  580. A synthesis of the state of knowledge on French succession practice, showing how the Salic Law was largely developed after the Valois succession rather than by controlling circumstances at the opening of the Hundred Years War. Available online for purchase or by subscription.
  581.  
  582. Find this resource:
  583.  
  584.  
  585. Templeman, George. “Edward III and the Beginnings of the Hundred Years War.” Transactions of the Royal Historical Society (5th Series) 2 (1952): 69–88.
  586.  
  587. DOI: 10.2307/3678784Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  588.  
  589. Usefully compares the situation in the 1330s with that of the 1290s, explaining the similarities and differences but seeing the French lands of the English kings as the essential cause of the war. Reprinted in The Wars of Edward III (Rogers 2000, cited under Source Materials). Available online for purchase or by subscription.
  590.  
  591. Find this resource:
  592.  
  593.  
  594. Vale, Malcolm Graham Allan. “England, France and the Origins of the Hundred Years War.” In England and Her Neighbours, 1066–1453: Essays in Honour of Pierre Chaplais. Edited by Michael Jones and Malcolm Graham Allan Vale, 199–216. London: Hambledon, 1989.
  595.  
  596. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  597.  
  598. Essential reading along with Cuttino 1956 on the historiography of the origins of the war, taking the story up to the late 1980s. A useful summary of Vale’s own views, which were developed in another of his works, The Origins of the Hundred Years War: Angevin Legacy (Vale 1996, cited in General Overviews), on how the territorial conflict concerning Gascony was manipulated by both sides.
  599.  
  600. Find this resource:
  601.  
  602.  
  603. International Relations 1337–1399
  604.  
  605. The aims in the Hundred Years War of later 14th-century rulers are more opaque than those of the earlier occupants of the throne, and historians have largely avoided discussing them. The enterprising Palmer 1976 is an exception, but its general thesis has not met with consensus, although the idea of a pan-European war has. In regard to the 15th century, Palmer 1972 provides an overview and a comparison with the previous century, placing emphasis on the involvement of other states beyond England and France. Offler 1939 emphasizes the link between Edward III’s first campaigns and his alliance with the emperor. Tyreman 1985 adds to the larger discussion the role of papal policy in the mid-1330s, a topic further explored in Autrand 2000 in reference to the peace negotiations of 1344 and in Palmer 1976 regarding the 1360s and Palmer 1972 regarding the period of papal schism after 1378. Le Patourel 1960 shows how the Treaty of Brétigny came about and why it failed to end the Anglo-French conflict. Tuck 1990 shows how the Gascon opinion as well as that of the English parliament affected attempts to create peace in the 1390s. Lucas 1929 elucidates the key role of the Flemish in the early stages of the war. All of these themes are taken up in a more discursive manner in Sumption 1990 (cited in Narrative Histories) and Rogers 2000 (cited in Source Materials).
  606.  
  607. Autrand, Françoise. “The Peacemakers and the State: Pontifical Diplomacy and the Anglo-French Conflict in the Fourteenth Century.” In War and Competition between States. Edited by Philippe Contamine, 249–278. Oxford: Clarendon, 2000.
  608.  
  609. DOI: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198202141.001.0001Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  610.  
  611. Provides a novel interpretation of the failure of peace negotiations under papal mediation, arguing that the lack of firm royal sovereignty in France prevented definitive decision making. Updates Eugène Déprez’s work in the 1920s on the negotiations at Avignon in 1344.
  612.  
  613. Find this resource:
  614.  
  615.  
  616. Le Patourel, John. “The Treaty of Brétigny, 1360.” Transactions of the Royal Historical Society (5th series) 10 (1960): 19–39.
  617.  
  618. DOI: 10.2307/3678772Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  619.  
  620. A skillful and definitive analysis of the texts of the Treaty of Brétigny and second treaties produced by England, which followed the capture of the French king John II at Poitiers, France, showing why the treaties failed but also how their terms influenced the Treaty of Brétigny. Available online for purchase or by subscription.
  621.  
  622. Find this resource:
  623.  
  624.  
  625. Lucas, Henry Stephen. The Low Countries and the Hundred Years War, 1326–1347. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1929.
  626.  
  627. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  628.  
  629. Hard going, in that it is densely packed with information, but a seminal study of the role of the Flemish in the war, especially in relation to Edward III of England’s public claim to the French throne put forward in Ghent, Belgium, in January 1340. Forms the basis of all later narratives.
  630.  
  631. Find this resource:
  632.  
  633.  
  634. Offler, H. S. “England and Germany at the Beginning of the Hundred Years War.” English Historical Review 54.216 (1939): 608–631.
  635.  
  636. DOI: 10.1093/ehr/LIV.CCXVI.608Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  637.  
  638. Interesting in tone, given its publication on the eve of conflict with Germany in 1939, this is a pioneering study of Edward III of England’s negotiations with Emperor Lewis of Bavaria in the late 1330s, which provided the basis for later narratives. Available online for purchase or by subscription.
  639.  
  640. Find this resource:
  641.  
  642.  
  643. Palmer, John J. N. England, France and Christendom, 1377–99. London: Routledge, 1972.
  644.  
  645. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  646.  
  647. A careful unraveling of Anglo-French relations during the papal schism, explaining why there was a cessation of hostilities after 1389. An interpretation that has not been universally accepted, given its shift of focus away from Gascony and toward European politics more generally.
  648.  
  649. Find this resource:
  650.  
  651.  
  652. Palmer, John J. N. “England, France, the Papacy and the Flemish Succession, 1361–9.” Journal of Medieval History 2.4 (1976): 339–364.
  653.  
  654. DOI: 10.1016/0304-41817690029-4Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  655.  
  656. One of the few articles on what happened after the Treaty of Brétigny, explaining clearly how Edward III of England was outwitted by the French, with the aid of the papacy, in his efforts to marry his son Edmund to the heiress of Flanders. Available online for purchase or by subscription.
  657.  
  658. Find this resource:
  659.  
  660.  
  661. Tuck, J. Anthony. “Richard II and the Hundred Years War.” In Politics and Crisis in Fourteenth Century England. Edited by John Taylor and Wendy Childs, 117–131. Gloucester, UK: Sutton, 1990.
  662.  
  663. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  664.  
  665. A focused discussion using the evidence of parliamentary debate on why a full peace with France was not achieved in 1393–1394.
  666.  
  667. Find this resource:
  668.  
  669.  
  670. Tyreman, Christopher. “Philip VI and the Recovery of the Holy Land.” English Historical Review 100.394 (1985): 25–52.
  671.  
  672. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  673.  
  674. A magisterial examination of how Philip VI of France was forced to abort his crusading plans because of the pope’s insistence on Anglo-French peace, and how this heightened the French king’s hostility toward England. Available online for purchase or by subscription.
  675.  
  676. Find this resource:
  677.  
  678.  
  679. International Relations 1400–1453
  680.  
  681. Famiglietti 1986 (cited in Specific Periods) provides the fullest discussion of Anglo-French relations during the last period of the Hundred Years War, from a French perspective, which can be supplemented by the biography of Henry V of England in Allmand 1997 (cited in Biographies). Palmer 1971 contrasts the 14th-century war aims of Henry V with those of the rulers who preceded him in the previous century. Bonenfant 1958 remains the fullest analysis of the negotiations leading up to the Treaty of Troyes of 1420, which made Henry heir to the throne of France. This text, as well as Dickinson 1955 and Harriss 1988, explores the key role of Burgundy in the treaty, with Ferguson 1972 providing a discussion of the pan-European role. The division between the English in England and the English who ruled France has stimulated much debate, with seminal articles in Keen 1989 and Jones 1989.
  682.  
  683. Bonenfant, Pierre. Du meutre de Montereau au Traité de Troyes. Brussels: Pal des. Read, 1958.
  684.  
  685. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  686.  
  687. Argues that the Parisians played a key role in persuading Duke Philip of Burgundy to ally with the English after the murder of his father by the dauphin. A painstaking study that used documentary appendices.
  688.  
  689. Find this resource:
  690.  
  691.  
  692. Dickinson, Jocelyn Gledhill. The Congress of Arras 1435: A Study in Medieval Diplomacy. Oxford: Clarendon, 1955.
  693.  
  694. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  695.  
  696. A scholarly and thorough study of attempts, under the papal initiative, to negotiate an Anglo-French peace in 1435, which culminated instead in the ending of the Anglo-Burgundian alliance.
  697.  
  698. Find this resource:
  699.  
  700.  
  701. Ferguson, John. English Diplomacy 1422–1461. Oxford: Clarendon, 1972.
  702.  
  703. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  704.  
  705. Explores, country by country, England’s relations with the central European powers in its efforts to maintain the double monarchy established by the Treaty of Troyes. Thin in parts but useful for its pan-European coverage.
  706.  
  707. Find this resource:
  708.  
  709.  
  710. Harriss, Gerald Leslie. Cardinal Beaufort: A Study of Lancastrian Ascendancy and Decline. Oxford: Clarendon, 1988.
  711.  
  712. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  713.  
  714. An exceptionally well-researched examination of the man who was not only the key financier of English war efforts but also the principal negotiator between England and Burgundy.
  715.  
  716. Find this resource:
  717.  
  718.  
  719. Jones, Michael K. “Somerset, York and the Wars of the Roses.” English Historical Review 104.411 (1989): 285–307.
  720.  
  721. DOI: 10.1093/ehr/CIV.CCCCXI.285Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  722.  
  723. Links the loss of Normandy to the origins of the conflict between Richard, Duke of York, and Edmund Beaufort, Duke of Somerset, which led to the first battle in the Wars of the Roses. A most stimulating and essential article on the end of the war. Available online for purchase or by subscription.
  724.  
  725. Find this resource:
  726.  
  727.  
  728. Keen, Maurice. “The End of the Hundred Years War: Lancastrian France and Lancastrian England.” In England and Her Neighbours, 1066–1453: Essays in Honour of Pierre Chaplais. Edited by Michael Jones and Malcolm Vale, 297–311. London: Hambledon, 1989.
  729.  
  730. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  731.  
  732. Explores the divisions between the English in England and in France in the last years of Lancastrian Normandy, in a nuanced and summative manner.
  733.  
  734. Find this resource:
  735.  
  736.  
  737. Palmer, John J. N. “The War Aims of the Protagonists and the Negotiations for Peace.” In The Hundred Years War. Edited by Kenneth Fowler, 51–74. London: Macmillan, 1971.
  738.  
  739. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  740.  
  741. A speculative discussion that usefully compares Henry V of England’s 15th-century aims with the aims of those who preceded him in the 14th century. Dated in parts, in light of subsequent detailed work on English war interests in the 15th century, but still the only article to attempt a broader sweep.
  742.  
  743. Find this resource:
  744.  
  745.  
  746. Regional Studies
  747.  
  748. Specific regions of France held by, or conquered and occupied by, the English have been popular topics of study for English historians looking at the Hundred Years War, thanks to the survival of extensive administrative records. Most of these studies have originated from doctoral projects and are based on a close reading of these archives, but they also cover political and social as well as military aspects. Vale 1970 addresses England’s relation to Gascony, Allmand 1983 addresses its relation to Normandy, Jones 1970 is concerned with its involvement with Brittany, Storey-Challenger 1975 looks at its dealings with Ponthieu, Thompson 1991 looks at its interaction with Paris, and Grummitt 2008 discusses England in relation to Calais. They each cover a defined period and give detailed insights into the effects of English rule of each area, as well as explanations of policy and strategy. Labarge 1980, on Gascony, and Rose 2008, on Calais, cover the whole period of English tenure and are necessarily more wide ranging than the other texts but less detailed. They also aim at a general as well as academic readership.
  749.  
  750. Allmand, Christopher. Lancastrian Normandy, 1415–1450: The History of a Medieval Occupation. Oxford: Clarendon, 1983.
  751.  
  752. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  753.  
  754. A full academic exploration of English rule in Normandy following the region’s conquest by Henry V, including military organization, administration, the estates, and taxation, as well as the establishment of an English land settlement. A case study of Caen, Normandy, shows the realities of life for settlers and their interactions with the native population.
  755.  
  756. Find this resource:
  757.  
  758.  
  759. Grummitt, David. The Calais Garrison: War and Military Service in England, 1436–1558. Woodbridge, UK: Boydell, 2008.
  760.  
  761. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  762.  
  763. Although focusing largely on military matters, this up-to-date, archivally based study also reveals much about society and culture in England’s Calais garrison. Covers the relief of Calais when besieged by Duke Philip of Burgundy in 1436, as well as England’s eventual loss to the French crown in 1558.
  764.  
  765. Find this resource:
  766.  
  767.  
  768. Jones, Michael C. E. Ducal Brittany, 1364–1399: Relations with England and France during the Reign of Duke John IV. Oxford: Clarendon, 1970.
  769.  
  770. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  771.  
  772. Explores the fluctuating loyalties of the Duke of Brittany John IV in this key period of the war, with a chapter on the English occupation of Brest from 1342 to 1397, which not only assesses military organization but also shows how English soldiers interacted with the local population.
  773.  
  774. Find this resource:
  775.  
  776.  
  777. Labarge, Margaret Wade. Gascony: England’s First Colony, 1204–1453. London: Hamilton, 1980.
  778.  
  779. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  780.  
  781. Aimed at a wider audience, this book covers the whole of the period of tenure of Gascony by the English crown, providing a sound chronological account as well as discussions of the importance of the wine trade. Assesses whether Gascony was a colony in the modern sense of the word.
  782.  
  783. Find this resource:
  784.  
  785.  
  786. Rose, Susan. Calais: An English Town in France 1347–1558. Woodbridge, UK: Boydell, 2008.
  787.  
  788. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  789.  
  790. A lively overview of the whole period of English rule in Calais, from its conquest by Edward III in 1347 to its loss under Mary I in 1558. Includes some thematic chapters but is largely a chronological survey aimed at a broader readership, drawing on sound scholarship.
  791.  
  792. Find this resource:
  793.  
  794.  
  795. Storey-Challenger, Sheila Bredon. L’administration anglaise de Ponthieu après le traité de Brétigny, 1361–1369. Abbeville, France: Société d’emulation historique et littéraire d’Abbeville, 1975.
  796.  
  797. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  798.  
  799. A very detailed study, based on financial records in the National Archives, of the area around the Somme, which came into English hands in 1279 and was confirmed as an English possession in 1360. Also shows why it fell so easily to the French when the war resumed in 1369.
  800.  
  801. Find this resource:
  802.  
  803.  
  804. Thompson, Guy Llewelyn. Paris and Its People under English Rule: The Anglo-Burgundian Regime, 1420–1436. Oxford: Clarendon, 1991.
  805.  
  806. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  807.  
  808. Drawing on the archives of the city of Paris as well as the records of the English and French crowns, this book explores the French capital in the aftermath of the Treaty of Troyes, making a scholarly contribution to our understanding of Anglo-Burgundian relations. Emphasizes the role of public ceremony and of the opinion of the citizens.
  809.  
  810. Find this resource:
  811.  
  812.  
  813. Vale, Malcolm G. A. English Gascony, 1399–1453: A Study of War, Government and Politics during the Later Stages of the Hundred Years’ War. Oxford: Clarendon: 1970.
  814.  
  815. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  816.  
  817. Based on extensive scholarship using governmental records, this book assesses English policy toward Gascony, while also considering the opinion and role of the Gascons. Additionally examines the relative significance of Gascony at a time when English focus was on northern France.
  818.  
  819. Find this resource:
  820.  
  821.  
  822. Biographies
  823.  
  824. While a definitive biography of King Edward III of England is still awaited, the rulers of the 15th century have been well served through the Eyre Methuen series on English Monarchs (now published by Yale University Press), in which Allmand 1997 and Wolffe 1981 were commissioned. Among the many studies of Joan of Arc, DeVries 2011 is the best work, for its military dimension, and Vale 1974, an exemplary biography of Charles VII, casts light on Joan as well as on the king. The biographies of the Lord of Bedford (Carleton Williams 1963) and the military commander Bertand Du Guesclin (Vernier 2003) show how the art of biographical writing has developed over the late 20th century into a more popular and accessible but less scholarly form. Fowler 1969 and Goodman 1992 use a biographical approach in their studies of two leading commanders, exploring events as well as governmental and military systems.
  825.  
  826. Allmand, Christopher. Henry V. London: Yale University Press, 1997.
  827.  
  828. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  829.  
  830. Cleverly structured as a chronological study of Henry V of England, which features various themes, including military perspectives. Goes beyond the king’s life to explain his policies and success. While applauding his military aplomb, the longer-term problems raised by Henry’s actions are not overlooked.
  831.  
  832. Find this resource:
  833.  
  834.  
  835. Carleton Williams, Ethel. My Lord of Bedford, 1389–1435; Being a Life of John of Lancaster, First Duke of Bedford, Brother of Henry 5 and Regent of France. London: Longmans, 1963.
  836.  
  837. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  838.  
  839. Although written for the general reader, this book provides a sound narrative of the career of Henry V’s brother, who became Regent of France during the time of the birth of the infant Henry VI. Argues that the double monarchy was safe until Henry V’s death.
  840.  
  841. Find this resource:
  842.  
  843.  
  844. DeVries, Kelly. Joan of Arc: A Military Leader. 3d ed. Stroud, UK: History Press, 2011.
  845.  
  846. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  847.  
  848. Argues that Joan of Arc was a military commander in her own right, although without much contextualization in the French politics and military organization of the period. Written with the general enthusiast in mind but clearly elucidating the various phases of Joan’s career.
  849.  
  850. Find this resource:
  851.  
  852.  
  853. Fowler, Kenneth. The King’s Lieutenant: Henry of Grosmont, First Duke of Lancaster, 1310–1361. London: Elek, 1969.
  854.  
  855. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  856.  
  857. A thoroughly researched scholarly study drawing on governmental records. Particularly important for showing the independent command given to Henry of Grosmont in the mid-1350s, linked to Edward III of England’s desire to exploit French political divisions in Normandy. Emphasizes the point that Edward’s success relied on his commanders.
  858.  
  859. Find this resource:
  860.  
  861.  
  862. Goodman, Anthony. John of Gaunt: The Exercise of Princely Power in Fourteenth-Century Europe. London: Longman, 1992.
  863.  
  864. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  865.  
  866. A scholarly but readable biography of the third son of Edward III, who led many campaigns between 1369 and 1389 and took the war into Spain through his claim, through marriage, to the throne of Castile.
  867.  
  868. Find this resource:
  869.  
  870.  
  871. Vale, M. G. A. Charles VII. London: Methuen, 1974.
  872.  
  873. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  874.  
  875. An exemplary biography of the dauphin, whose fortunes were at a low ebb following the Treaty of Troyes. Explains the factions of his court and the king’s initial interest in, and subsequent abandonment of, Joan of Arc, as well as his triumphs against the English in 1449–1453.
  876.  
  877. Find this resource:
  878.  
  879.  
  880. Vernier, Richard. The Flower of Chivalry: Bertrand du Guesclin and the Hundred Years War. Woodbridge, UK: Boydell, 2003.
  881.  
  882. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  883.  
  884. A rather unchallenging study of a leading military figure, Bertand du Guesclin, in the French recovery of the 1360s and 1370s. The only full biography of this figure in English and that gives due regard to his contemporary fame, which motivated a verse on his life by Jehan le Cuvelier d’Arras.
  885.  
  886. Find this resource:
  887.  
  888.  
  889. Wolffe, Bertram Percy. Henry VI. London: Methuen, 1981.
  890.  
  891. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  892.  
  893. Explores the problems for the double monarchy of the accession to the throne of a baby and explains the impact on war policy of Henry VI’s coming of age in 1437. Controversial at the time for ascribing to Henry VI a large personal role in the decision to surrender Maine, which triggered the final defeats in the war.
  894.  
  895. Find this resource:
  896.  
  897.  
  898. Society and Economy
  899.  
  900. As a whole, there has been no overview written on the subject of society and the economy during the Hundred Years War, except for the texts written during the rather sterile debate of the 1960s, with Postan 1964 arguing for the damaging effects of warfare on England’s economy and emphasizing that the damage on the economy was not incompatible with private gain. For France, all interpretations have been influenced by the extremely negative views in Bois 1984. Jones 1994 provides a brief introduction on the subject, with Wright 1998 providing supplementary correctives. In England, the Hundred Years War is seen to have been a positive influence on parliamentary developments (Harriss 1976, Ormrod 1994) as well as on the formation of the gentry (Morgan 1987). In France, too, although the war is seen as causing social upheaval, it is considered to have reinforced the taxation powers of the state (Henneman 1976).
  901.  
  902. Bois, Guy. The Crisis of Feudalism: Economy and Society in Eastern Normandy c. 1300–1550. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1984.
  903.  
  904. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  905.  
  906. First published in French in 1976, a groundbreaking study of the impact of the war, arguing that the combination of devastation and agricultural decline it caused in the mid-15th century made the war worthy of the description it received: “Hiroshima in Normandy.” Contains some exaggeration for left-wing political and philosophical effect, but thought provoking nonetheless.
  907.  
  908. Find this resource:
  909.  
  910.  
  911. Harriss, G. L. “War and the Emergence of the English Parliament, 1297–1360.” Journal of Medieval History 2.1 (1976): 35–56.
  912.  
  913. DOI: 10.1016/0304-4181(76)90012-9Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  914.  
  915. A seminal article, reprinted in The Wars of Edward III (Rogers 2000; see Source Materials), on how the wars of Edward I of England stimulated the growth of importance of the House of Commons in parliament by requiring its consent for taxation. Usefully covers the subsequent role of parliament in the first phase of the Hundred Years War.
  916.  
  917. Find this resource:
  918.  
  919.  
  920. Henneman, John Bell. Royal Taxation in Fourteenth-Century France: The Captivity and Ransom of John II, 1356–1370. Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society, 1976.
  921.  
  922. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  923.  
  924. Detailed study of how the French raised a large ransom for King John II of France. Includes a discussion of the Jacquerie, or peasant revolt, of 1358. Best read in conjunction with the author’s corresponding text Royal Taxation in Fourteenth-Century France: The Development of War Financing, 1322–1356 (Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society, 1971).
  925.  
  926. Find this resource:
  927.  
  928.  
  929. Jones, M. C. E. “War and Fourteenth-Century France.” In Arms, Armies and Fortifications in the Hundred Years War. Edited by Anne Curry and Michael Hughes, 103–120. Woodbridge, UK: Boydell, 1994.
  930.  
  931. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  932.  
  933. Reviews the evidence for the impact of the war on France, especially in terms of devastation and economic loss. Complemented by maps and illustrations, providing an excellent overview of the state of research as well as geographical variations. Reprinted in The Wars of Edward III (Rogers 2000, cited under Source Materials).
  934.  
  935. Find this resource:
  936.  
  937.  
  938. Morgan, Philip. War and Society in Medieval Cheshire: 1277–1403. Manchester, UK: Chetham Society, 1987.
  939.  
  940. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  941.  
  942. A case study of how the royal need for troops affected local English society, heightening levels of militarization, which shaped peacetime relations. Focuses on the importance of Cheshire, United Kingdom, in providing troops for the Black Prince’s, or Edward of Woodstock’s, campaigns and also covers the Cheshire archers of King Richard II of England.
  943.  
  944. Find this resource:
  945.  
  946.  
  947. Ormrod, W. Mark. “The Domestic Response to the Hundred Years War.” In Arms, Armies and Fortifications in the Hundred Years War. Edited by Anne Curry and Michael Hughes, 83–102. Woodbridge, UK: Boydell, 1994.
  948.  
  949. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  950.  
  951. Summarizes statistical data on income from direct and indirect taxation to show how the English government tried to finance its military ambitions in France and what response the House of Commons in parliament and the population at large made. A succinct and accessible analysis.
  952.  
  953. Find this resource:
  954.  
  955.  
  956. Postan, Michael. “The Costs of the Hundred Years War.” Past & Present 27.1 (1964): 34–53.
  957.  
  958. DOI: 10.1093/past/27.1.34Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  959.  
  960. A response to an earlier article by K. B. McFarlane previously published in the same journal (Past & Present 22.1 [July 1962]: 3–18), titled “England and the Hundred Years War,” in which the author expresses a positive view on the benefits of the war for the English economy. In this article, Postan defends his negative view of the war’s effects on the economy, suggesting that the war damaged the economy, especially through the impact on the wool trade. Available online for purchase or by subscription.
  961.  
  962. Find this resource:
  963.  
  964.  
  965. Wright, Nicholas. Knights and Peasants: The Hundred Years War in the French Countryside. Woodbridge, UK: Boydell, 1998.
  966.  
  967. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  968.  
  969. An important corrective to the view that 14th-century French peasants took attacks by the English or requisitions by their own side without question or resistance. Shows how peasants organized their own defenses as well as how they acted with counterviolence. Helps to explain how France managed to recover from the capture of King John II of France and the internal crises that followed.
  970.  
  971. Find this resource:
  972.  
  973.  
  974. Military Studies
  975.  
  976. From the 1970s onward, there has been a much greater use of governmental records in the study of individual military campaigns and of military organizations more generally during the Hundred Years War, replacing the dependence on chronicles by earlier writers such as Burne (Burne 1990, Burne 1991; cited under Narrative Histories). Contamine 1972 sets the standard for this new approach, which has been taken up by English and American historians, such as in Prestwich’s multifaceted study (Prestwich 1996). The emphasis has been on the professionalization of war as well as on the growing state control of armies. The growing importance of infantry has also been seized upon, not least relating to the success of the English archers (Rogers 1993). Cultural and military changes brought about by the increasing use of gunpowder artillery have also attracted attention (Rogers 1993, Vale 1981). In addition, there has been a developing appreciation of the strategic and tactical skills of commanders (Bennett 1994, Rogers 1994) and of the waging of a medieval total war (Rogers 2002). Rogers 1999 provides a succinct overview of all these matters.
  977.  
  978. Bennett, M. “The Development of Battle Tactics in the Hundred Years War.” In Arms, Armies and Fortifications in the Hundred Years War. Edited by Anne Curry and Michael Hughes, 1–20. Woodbridge, UK: Boydell, 1994.
  979.  
  980. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  981.  
  982. A stimulating but succinct discussion of the similarities and differences in the battles throughout the war, with excellent battle plans and links to later military interpretations.
  983.  
  984. Find this resource:
  985.  
  986.  
  987. Contamine, Philippe. Guerre, état et société à la fin du moyen âge: Étude sur les armées des rois de France 1337–1494. Paris: Mouton, 1972.
  988.  
  989. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  990.  
  991. An extremely detailed scholarly study of all aspects of French military organization during the Hundred Years War. Explains the persistence of feudal forms of raising royal armies as well as the development of newer methods. A full discussion of the military reforms under King Charles VII of France in the 1440s, which is connected to England’s final expulsion from France.
  992.  
  993. Find this resource:
  994.  
  995.  
  996. Prestwich, Michael. Armies and Warfare in the Middle Ages: The English Experience. New Haven, CT, and London: Yale University Press, 1996.
  997.  
  998. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  999.  
  1000. An excellent and wholly accessible, yet scholarly, introduction to all aspects of warfare from 1100 to 1400, with chapters on types of action (sieges, battles) and types of soldiers (infantry, mercenaries) as well as other key elements, such as military intelligence, logistics, the navy, and rewards. An introductory chapter on the nature of medieval warfare and a conclusion about the military revolution are essential reading.
  1001.  
  1002. Find this resource:
  1003.  
  1004.  
  1005. Rogers, Clifford J. “The Military Revolutions of the Hundred Years’ War.” Journal of Military History 57.2 (1993): 241–278.
  1006.  
  1007. DOI: 10.2307/2944058Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1008.  
  1009. One of the most influential articles ever produced on the war, arguing that it saw two military revolutions, the infantry revolution of the 14th century and the artillery revolution of the 15th century. Links into the debate on military revolutions in other periods. Available online for purchase or by subscription.
  1010.  
  1011. Find this resource:
  1012.  
  1013.  
  1014. Rogers, Clifford. “Edward III and the Dialectics of Strategy.” Transactions of the Royal Historical Society (6th series) 4 (1994): 83–102.
  1015.  
  1016. DOI: 10.2307/3679216Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1017.  
  1018. This essay won the Alexander Prize of the Royal Historical Society and has had a great impact on the study of the Hundred Years War, for its argument that Edward III and his son deliberately sought battle with the French in the hope of an emphatic victory that would assist their claims and negotiations. Reprinted in Rogers 2000 (The Wars of Edward III, cited under Source Materials). Available online for purchase or by subscription.
  1019.  
  1020. Find this resource:
  1021.  
  1022.  
  1023. Rogers, Clifford. “The Age of the Hundred Years War.” In Medieval Warfare: A History. Edited by Maurice Hugh Keen, 136–160. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999.
  1024.  
  1025. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1026.  
  1027. Argues that there were major changes in military organization both of the French and the English, which were motivated first by the conflicts of the late 13th and early 14th centuries. The best short analysis of the whole war, weighing different styles of warfare (sieges, battles, and devastation) and explaining the role of each.
  1028.  
  1029. Find this resource:
  1030.  
  1031.  
  1032. Rogers, Clifford. “By Fire and the Sword: Bellum hostile and Civilians in the Hundred Years War.” In Civilians in the Path of War. Edited by Mark Grimsley and Clifford J. Rogers, 33–78. Studies in War, Society, and the Military. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2002.
  1033.  
  1034. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1035.  
  1036. An extensive review of the deliberate use of aggression against civilians, focusing particularly on the first campaign in the area around Cambrai, France, but also comparing the approaches of different English commanders.
  1037.  
  1038. Find this resource:
  1039.  
  1040.  
  1041. Vale, Malcolm. War and Chivalry: Warfare and Aristocratic Culture in England, France and Burgundy at the End of the Middle Ages. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1981.
  1042.  
  1043. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1044.  
  1045. A pioneering work on the impact of chivalry and codes of honor on conduct, as well as on the reverse of the coin—whether changes in warfare (especially the rise of gunpowder) had an impact on chivalric society and on the ethos of war.
  1046.  
  1047. Find this resource:
  1048.  
  1049.  
  1050. Fourteenth-Century Campaigns
  1051.  
  1052. In general, the 14th-century military campaigns of the Hundred Years War have received more detailed attention than those of the 15th century. In addition to the works of Sumption (Sumption 1990, Sumption 1999, Sumption 2009; cited under Narrative Histories), Rogers 2000 offers the fullest discussion of King Edward III of England’s campaigns, and Ayton and Preston 2005 and Hewitt 1958 offer specialist discussions on the battles of Crécy and Poitiers, respectively, with DeVries 1996 covering all battles between 1302 and 1346 comparatively. The second phase of the war is less well served, except in Sumption 2009 (cited under Narrative Histories). Palmer 1972 is as much a political as a military study. Examples of other theaters of war, especially important in the 14th-century phases, are also presented, in Nicholson 1965 for Scotland, and in Russell 1955 for the Iberian Peninsula. Campaigns continue to be areas of intensive research and debate, as the collection in Rogers, et al. 2009 shows.
  1053.  
  1054. Ayton, Andrew, and Philip Preston. The Battle of Crécy, 1346. Woodbridge, UK: Boydell, 2005.
  1055.  
  1056. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1057.  
  1058. An exceptionally rich study covering the armies, strategy, tactics, and topography of the Battle of Crécy. Ayton shows what can be done with the governmental records, as well as assessing the value of chronicle accounts. Scholarly with extensive footnotes but also readable and by far the most convincing account of the battle.
  1059.  
  1060. Find this resource:
  1061.  
  1062.  
  1063. DeVries, Kelly. Infantry Warfare in the Early Fourteenth Century: Discipline, Tactics and Technology. Woodbridge, UK: Boydell, 1996.
  1064.  
  1065. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1066.  
  1067. Although almost exclusively based on chronicle accounts, this book is useful for its inclusion of less well-known engagements that took place alongside the famous battles, such as Courtrai, Bannockburn, and Crécy. Brings to the fore the significance of so many battles occurring over such a short period, arguing that they saw distinctive infantry tactics that were usually decisive.
  1068.  
  1069. Find this resource:
  1070.  
  1071.  
  1072. Hewitt, Herbert James. The Black Prince’s Expedition of 1355–1357. Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press, 1958.
  1073.  
  1074. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1075.  
  1076. A groundbreaking study of the great chevauchées, or military raids, of the Black Prince, Edward of Woodstock; the second raid culminated in a victory at Poitiers, France, important not only for its military and campaign detail but also for showing the rewards and incentives for those who served the prince.
  1077.  
  1078. Find this resource:
  1079.  
  1080.  
  1081. Nicholson, Ranald G. Edward III and the Scots: The Formative Years of a Military Career, 1327–1335. Oxford: Clarendon, 1965.
  1082.  
  1083. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1084.  
  1085. A detailed study based on the administrative records of the king of England, Edward III, for the campaigns in Scotland, dealing with strategies and organizational aspects as well as providing an account of the actual military actions.
  1086.  
  1087. Find this resource:
  1088.  
  1089.  
  1090. Palmer, John J. N. England, France and Christendom 1377–99. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1972.
  1091.  
  1092. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1093.  
  1094. Until the publication of Sumption’s third volume of Hundred Years War, Divided Houses (Sumption 2009, cited under Narrative Histories), this was the only book that tackled the complex events of a period of English failure. Shows that this was a period of heavy investment in the war but also how it needs to be seen against international politics more generally, especially the papal schism.
  1095.  
  1096. Find this resource:
  1097.  
  1098.  
  1099. Rogers, Clifford. War Cruel and Sharp: English Strategy under Edward III, 1327–1360. Woodbridge, UK: Boydell, 2000.
  1100.  
  1101. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1102.  
  1103. An extremely well-researched and stimulating new interpretation of the strategy of King Edward III of England, showing the influence of his earlier campaigns in Scotland on his later efforts in France. Tends to see King Edward III rather than King Philip VI of France as the controller of the timetable of war but also explains the constraints on both.
  1104.  
  1105. Find this resource:
  1106.  
  1107.  
  1108. Rogers, Clifford J., Kelly DeVries, and John France. Journal of Medieval History. Vol. 7, The Age of the Hundred Years War. Woodbridge, UK: Boydell & Brewer, 2009.
  1109.  
  1110. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1111.  
  1112. Includes six articles relating to the 14th-century phase of the war, including revisionary research on the routes of the chevauchées, or military raids, of the Black Prince in 1355 and 1356 and of the knight Sir Robert Knolles in 1369, as well as on what happened at the Battle of Aljubarrota in 1385.
  1113.  
  1114. Find this resource:
  1115.  
  1116.  
  1117. Russell, Peter E. The English Intervention in Spain and Portugal in the Time of Edward III and Richard II. Oxford: Clarendon, 1955.
  1118.  
  1119. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1120.  
  1121. A very detailed study of the English intervention in Spain and Portugal, which became vital to the interests both of France and England in the second half of the 14th century. Includes accounts of the battles of Najéra and Aljubarrota as well as details on the armies and maneuvers and the political background, all presented rather dryly.
  1122.  
  1123. Find this resource:
  1124.  
  1125.  
  1126. Fifteenth-Century Campaigns
  1127.  
  1128. Most attention and controversy about the Hundred Years War have focused on the Battle of Agincourt (Barker 2005, Curry 2005, Rogers 2005, Rogers 2008). Milner 1994 emphasizes the importance of the Duke of Clarence’s 1412 campaign to assist the Armagnac faction in a French civil war in forming a precedent that shaped King Henry V’s strategies for leading his army into the Battle of Agincourt in 1415. Curry 2007 was the first to show the huge military efforts that Henry V made in 1416 in defense of his successes of the previous year. Newhall 1924 provides a thorough but inaccessible study of later campaigns. Barker 2009 (cited under Narrative Histories) is therefore the best place to start for events, with Pollard 2005 an entrée via a study of one key commander.
  1129.  
  1130. Barker, Juliet R. V. Agincourt: The King, the Campaign, the Battle. London: Little, Brown, 2005.
  1131.  
  1132. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1133.  
  1134. A traditional but very readable approach to King Henry V’s role in the Battle of Agincourt, based on chronicle sources but using the campaign to illustrate points of interest, such as provisioning, medical treatment, and so forth. Accepts the notion of the English being seriously outnumbered in the battle.
  1135.  
  1136. Find this resource:
  1137.  
  1138.  
  1139. Curry, Anne. Agincourt: A New History. Stroud, UK: Tempus, 2005.
  1140.  
  1141. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1142.  
  1143. A more scholarly approach but written with the interested amateur also in mind. Based on a detailed study of the governmental records both of France and England, on which the argument of a small gap between army sizes is based.
  1144.  
  1145. Find this resource:
  1146.  
  1147.  
  1148. Curry, Anne. “After Agincourt, What Next? Henry V and the Campaign of 1416.” The Fifteenth Century 7 (2007): 23–52.
  1149.  
  1150. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1151.  
  1152. A more detailed study than that of Newhall (Newhall 1924) of the choices facing Henry V after his victory at Agincourt, bringing to light the fact that the king raised a large army in 1416 to capture the fortress at Harfleur in France, a point missed in previous studies.
  1153.  
  1154. Find this resource:
  1155.  
  1156.  
  1157. Milner, John. “The English Enterprise in France, 1412–13.” Paper presented at the Conference on Recent Research in Fifteenth-Century History, held at the University of Manchester, 7–9 July 1989. In Trade, Governance and Governance: Papers in Later Medieval History. Edited by Dorothy J. Clayton, Richard G. Davies, and Peter McNiven, 80–101. Stroud, UK: Sutton, 1994.
  1158.  
  1159. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1160.  
  1161. A useful reminder that the invasions of France began before the accession of Henry V. This is a case study of the English army sent in 1412 by the Duke of Clarence, Thomas of Lancaster, the son of the then-current king, Henry IV, to assist the Armagnac faction against the Burgundians in a French civil war.
  1162.  
  1163. Find this resource:
  1164.  
  1165.  
  1166. Newhall, Richard Ager. The English Conquest of Normandy, 1416–1424: A Study in Fifteenth Century Warfare. New York: Russell & Russell, 1924.
  1167.  
  1168. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1169.  
  1170. A detailed and extensively footnoted account of English military activity and French responses from 1416 to the Battle of Verneuil in 1424, which secured the double monarchy in northern France. Also considers finance, organization, provisioning, and matériel de guerre, or the weapons used in the war. A mine of information but not easy to read and providing little context.
  1171.  
  1172. Find this resource:
  1173.  
  1174.  
  1175. Pollard, Anthony J. John Talbot and the War with France, 1427–1453. 2d ed. Barnsley, UK: Pen & Sword Military, 2005.
  1176.  
  1177. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1178.  
  1179. A rounded study, based on close archival work, which uses the career of John Talbot, England’s leading commander, to explain English strategy in this period. Also includes a pioneering study of the retinues who fought under his command.
  1180.  
  1181. Find this resource:
  1182.  
  1183.  
  1184. Rogers, Clifford. “Henry V’s Military Strategy in 1415.” In Hundred Years War: A Wider Focus. Edited by L. J. Andrew Villalon and Donald J. Kagay, 399–428. Leiden, The Netherlands, and Boston: Brill, 2005.
  1185.  
  1186. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1187.  
  1188. Building on his interpretation of the King of England, Edward III’s, battle-seeking strategy, Rogers here argues that Henry V’s route was taken deliberately to seek battle against the French. Polemical at times but an important contribution to the debate.
  1189.  
  1190. Find this resource:
  1191.  
  1192.  
  1193. Rogers, Clifford. “The Battle of Agincourt.” In The Hundred Years War (Part II): Different Vistas. Edited by L. J. Andrew Villalon and Donald J. Kagay, 37–132. History of Warfare 51. Leiden, The Netherlands, and Boston: Brill, 2008.
  1194.  
  1195. DOI: 10.1163/ej.9789004168213.i-480Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1196.  
  1197. An extensive discussion of how Henry V fought the Battle of Agincourt. Although based on chronicle accounts, the article gains in importance from Rogers’s understanding of military actions in general. Includes an important discussion on the role of the longbow.
  1198.  
  1199. Find this resource:
  1200.  
  1201.  
  1202. Armies and Weapons
  1203.  
  1204. Following Contamine 1972 (cited under Military Studies), a number of country- and period-specific studies related to military organization during the Hundred Years War have been produced, such as Ayton 1994, Fowler 2001, Bell 2004, and Boffa 2004, revealing similarities as well as differences across Europe. Strickland and Hardy 2005 is a definitive study of the longbow ranging across Europe. Smith and DeVries 2005 provides a similar study in regard to gunpowder artillery. Friel 1995, though less extensive, is the most useful guide to naval aspects. Hewitt 1966 now seems rather dated but offers an easy-to-read introduction to the state of knowledge at that point.
  1205.  
  1206. Ayton, Andrew. Knights and Warhorses: Military Service and the English Aristocracy under Edward III. Woodbridge, UK, and Rochester, NY: Boydell, 1994.
  1207.  
  1208. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1209.  
  1210. A landmark study of the knights and men at arms of English armies of the first phase of the war, which emphasizes a degree of continuity with earlier reigns but also new aspects. Firmly rooted in the financial records, especially of valuations of horses taken on campaign.
  1211.  
  1212. Find this resource:
  1213.  
  1214.  
  1215. Bell, Adrian R. War and the Soldier in the Fourteenth Century. Woodbridge, UK: Boydell, 2004.
  1216.  
  1217. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1218.  
  1219. An influential prosopographical study, using computer analysis, of the personnel of the armies sent to France under the Earl of Arundel in 1387 and 1388, including a discussion of recruitment and connections between men and their captains as well as among the soldiers, men at arms, and archers alike.
  1220.  
  1221. Find this resource:
  1222.  
  1223.  
  1224. Boffa, Sergio. Warfare in Medieval Brabant, 1356–1406. Woodbridge, UK: Boydell, 2004.
  1225.  
  1226. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1227.  
  1228. A detailed study of the military resources, both in manpower and otherwise, available to the rulers of the former region of the duchy of Brabant, a territory that now consists of Belgian provinces, a key player in the late-14th- and early-15th-century phase of the war. Explains the special characteristics of low-country armies with their links to urban as well as noble forces.
  1229.  
  1230. Find this resource:
  1231.  
  1232.  
  1233. Fowler, Kenneth Alan. Medieval Mercenaries. Vol. 1, The Great Companies. Oxford: Blackwell, 2001.
  1234.  
  1235. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1236.  
  1237. An extremely detailed study of how the soldiers of all sides, released by the peace between England and France in 1360, sought their fortunes in the service of others elsewhere, especially in Spain. Shows the rich pickings in local archives in France and Spain.
  1238.  
  1239. Find this resource:
  1240.  
  1241.  
  1242. Friel, Ian. The Good Ship: Ships, Shipbuilding and Technology in England, 1200–1520. London: The British Museum, 1995.
  1243.  
  1244. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1245.  
  1246. Written by a museum specialist, this is the best guide to the ships and naval warfare of the period, with ample illustrations and guides to sources as well as further reading. Emphasizes the importance of the naval dimension, by showing how ships were modified for war service.
  1247.  
  1248. Find this resource:
  1249.  
  1250.  
  1251. Hewitt, Herbert James. The Organization of War under Edward III, 1338–62. Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press, 1966.
  1252.  
  1253. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1254.  
  1255. Although more-recent research has added to our knowledge, this remains the best short introduction to the armies and styles of warfare of King Edward III of England’s French campaigns as well as to his national defense and how information on the war was communicated within England.
  1256.  
  1257. Find this resource:
  1258.  
  1259.  
  1260. Smith, Robert Douglas, and Kelly DeVries. The Artillery of the Dukes of Burgundy, 1363–1477. Woodbridge, UK: Boydell, 2005.
  1261.  
  1262. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1263.  
  1264. Strongly rooted in surviving inventories and written by acknowledged experts, this book not only provides a chronological survey but is exceptionally useful for its catalogue of surviving guns and a discussion of the various types of guns found in the records. Includes many illustrations and technical appendices.
  1265.  
  1266. Find this resource:
  1267.  
  1268.  
  1269. Strickland, Matthew, and Robert Hardy. The Great Warbow: From Hastings to the Mary Rose. Stroud, UK: Sutton, 2005.
  1270.  
  1271. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1272.  
  1273. A beautifully illustrated and extensive study of the longbow and the archer. Although ranging across the whole medieval period, its chapters on the Hundred Years War offer the fullest discussion of the subject of any work to date.
  1274.  
  1275. Find this resource:
  1276.  
  1277.  
  1278. Chivalry and Conduct
  1279.  
  1280. Chivalry has been seen as an important element in, and that was stimulated by, the Hundred Years War. Keen 1984 offers the best introduction to the topic as a whole, with Vale 1982 providing a case study of King Edward III of England, which provides a context for the foundation of the Order of the Garter, an order of chivalry or knighthood, in which a select group is included. The treatises that instructed and governed the behavior of soldiers are available in editions (such as Coupland 1949, de Pizan 1999) and in discussions by individual authors, such as in Allmand 2011. Keen 1965 is the place to start for knowledge and understanding of expectations of military conduct. Moeglin 2002 and Offenstadt 2007 show the influence of anthropology and literary criticism on how we perceive the rituals of war.
  1281.  
  1282. Allmand, Christopher. The De Re Militari of Vegetius: The Reception, Transmission and Legacy of a Roman Text in the Middle Ages. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2011.
  1283.  
  1284. DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511719929Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1285.  
  1286. An excellent and comprehensive scholarly study of a military handbook that underpinned the military education of all the protagonists in the Hundred Years War. Shows how the text influenced the way war was conceived and fought in this period.
  1287.  
  1288. Find this resource:
  1289.  
  1290.  
  1291. Coupland, George W. ed. The Tree of Battles of Honore Bonet: An English Version with Introduction. Translated by George Coupland and written by Honore Bonet. Liverpool, UK: Liverpool University Press, 1949.
  1292.  
  1293. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1294.  
  1295. Although a text that owed much debt to John de Legnano’s earlier work on what constituted a just war and proper behavior in war, it provides an important insight into French views in the late 1380s, with both historical and contemporary allusions.
  1296.  
  1297. Find this resource:
  1298.  
  1299.  
  1300. de Pizan, Christine. The Book of Deeds of Arms and of Chivalry. Translated by Sumner Willard. Edited by Charity Cannon Willard. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1999.
  1301.  
  1302. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1303.  
  1304. Unusual as a military treatise, in that it was written by a woman, although partly derivative from those of Vegetius, Legnano, and Bonet. Provides insight into contemporary practice, not least on siege warfare and the use of gunpowder. A solid and well-annotated translation.
  1305.  
  1306. Find this resource:
  1307.  
  1308.  
  1309. Keen, Maurice. The Laws of War in the Late Middle Ages. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1965.
  1310.  
  1311. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1312.  
  1313. A highly influential study of the conventions that controlled the behavior of soldiers in late medieval Europe, which includes the Hundred Years War. Has shaped this field of study and remains the best one-volume guide to the topic.
  1314.  
  1315. Find this resource:
  1316.  
  1317.  
  1318. Keen, Maurice. Chivalry. London: Yale University Press, 1984.
  1319.  
  1320. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1321.  
  1322. Ranging in topics more widely than the Hundred Years War, but by far the most stimulating and magisterial discussion of this subject, emphasizing the secular roots of chivalry and its links to warfare.
  1323.  
  1324. Find this resource:
  1325.  
  1326.  
  1327. Offenstadt, Nicholas. Faire la paix au moyen âge: Discours et gestes de paix pendant la Guerre de Cent Ans. Paris: Jacob, 2007.
  1328.  
  1329. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1330.  
  1331. An imaginative study of the rituals of peace, which draws on anthropological ideas and a close reading of texts, using the 1420 Treaty of Troyes as a case study. Emphasizes the perceptions of rulers regarding who convinced popular opinion.
  1332.  
  1333. Find this resource:
  1334.  
  1335.  
  1336. Moeglin, Jean-Marie. Les bourgeois de Calais: Essai sur un mythe historique. Paris: Albin Michel, 2002.
  1337.  
  1338. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1339.  
  1340. A myth-busting discussion of the surrender of the burghers of Calais in 1347, showing how the myth was built up and transmitted across the centuries.
  1341.  
  1342. Find this resource:
  1343.  
  1344.  
  1345. Vale, Juliet. Edward III and Chivalry: Chivalric Society and Its Context, 1270–1350. Woodbridge, UK: Boydell, 1982.
  1346.  
  1347. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1348.  
  1349. A scholarly discussion of the place of chivalry in Edward’s court and his propaganda, with important conclusions on the origins of the Order of the Garter linked to the tournament.
  1350.  
  1351. Find this resource:
  1352.  
  1353.  
  1354. Culture and Literature
  1355.  
  1356. Many literary works were stimulated by the Hundred Years War or influenced by it, as Baker 2000 and Crane 2002 show. Barnie 1974 offers the most accessible overview of the works of 14th-century English writers on the war from the English perspective, with James 1989 providing a specific example of the work of one poet. Allmand 1989; Baker 2000; and Couty, et al. 2002 offer French perspectives, with Palmer 1981 providing different explorations of Jean Froissart, an important chronicler of the 14th-century phase of the Hundred Years War. Portrayals of the war in artworks can be studied in Allmand 1989 as well as in Sinclair 2003.
  1357.  
  1358. Allmand, Christopher Thomas, ed. Power, Culture and Religion in France, c. 1350–c. 1550. Woodbridge, UK: Boydell, 1989.
  1359.  
  1360. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1361.  
  1362. A collection of papers covering a variety of themes and including a convincing discussion by Reynolds and Danbury about the impact of the Hundred Years War on artistic patronage and the visual propaganda employed by the kings.
  1363.  
  1364. Find this resource:
  1365.  
  1366.  
  1367. Baker, Denise N. ed. Inscribing the Hundred Years War in French and English Cultures. New York: State University of New York Press, 2000.
  1368.  
  1369. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1370.  
  1371. Contains scholarly essays on the major works linked to the Hundred Years War, such as B. J. Whiting’s “The Vows of the Heron” (Speculum 20.3 [1945]: 261–278), a poem connected to King Edward III of England’s putting forward his claim to the French throne. Uses works by Geoffrey Chaucer, John Gower, Eustache Deschamps, and Christine de Pizan to investigate sentiments of national identity.
  1372.  
  1373. Find this resource:
  1374.  
  1375.  
  1376. Barnie, John. War in Medieval Society: Social Values and the Hundred Years War, 1337–99. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1974.
  1377.  
  1378. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1379.  
  1380. A wide-ranging and eminently readable study of the works of English writers in the 14th century, in the context of the war, which also includes a discussion of popular opinion. The best introduction to this subject, written in a nontechnical way.
  1381.  
  1382. Find this resource:
  1383.  
  1384.  
  1385. Couty, Daniel, Jean Maurice, Michèle Guéret-Laferté, and François Bessire. Images de la guerre de Cent Ans: Actes du Colloque de Rouen, 23, 24 et 25 mai 2000. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 2002.
  1386.  
  1387. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1388.  
  1389. A lively collection of papers that approach a wide range of literary and chronicle sources from new perspectives, but throughout it emphasizes the impact of war on literary forms and content.
  1390.  
  1391. Find this resource:
  1392.  
  1393.  
  1394. Crane, Susan. The Performance of Self: Ritual, Clothing and Identity during the Hundred Years War. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2002.
  1395.  
  1396. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1397.  
  1398. Important for Crane’s essay on Joan of Arc’s cross dressing, seeing this as fundamental to her self-perception but also including stimulating and original discussions of chivalric display from the perspective of a literary scholar.
  1399.  
  1400. Find this resource:
  1401.  
  1402.  
  1403. James, Thomas Beaumont, and John Simons, eds. The Poems of Laurence Minot 1333–1352. Exeter, UK: University of Exeter Press, 1989.
  1404.  
  1405. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1406.  
  1407. A critical edition, including an introduction to the poems written by this English poet concerning the wars of King Edward III of England in Scotland and France.
  1408.  
  1409. Find this resource:
  1410.  
  1411.  
  1412. Palmer, John J. N., ed. Froissart: Historian. Woodbridge, UK: Boydell, 1981.
  1413.  
  1414. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1415.  
  1416. A collection of essays exploring different facets of the life of Jean Froissart, the most important chronicler of the 14th-century phase of the Hundred Years War. Includes a biographical account as well as studies of different war zones, including Brittany and Spain.
  1417.  
  1418. Find this resource:
  1419.  
  1420.  
  1421. Sinclair, Alexandra F. J., ed. The Beauchamp Pageant. Donnington, UK: Richard III & Yorkist History Trust, 2003.
  1422.  
  1423. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1424.  
  1425. Compiled in the later 15th century, this illustrated commemorative text provides a fascinating glimpse into the career of Richard Beauchamp, the earl of Warwick from 1382 to 1439, who died in his station as the lieutenant-general in France after many military and chivalric exploits. Includes an excellent introduction and commentary.
  1426.  
  1427. Find this resource:
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