2016-09-08 Core: 12 arctic exploration

Greg Malivuk
[email protected]
http://www.pastebin.com/u/gmalivuk - notes from all classes
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Homework: p. 172 practice 1 (extra grammar practice)
2 shouldn’t have told (It was a bad idea but you did it.)
3 could have gotten (It was possible but it didn’t happen.)
4 could have come / should have come (It was possible but he didn’t do it. / It was expected but he didn’t do it.)
5 should have asked
6 couldn’t have taken (this is really a conclusion or speculation about the past, like unit 8)

“could have” (and “might have”) can be for real or unreal situations:
Where’s my lottery ticket? I could have won. = Maybe I won, but I’m not sure.
I wish I’d bought a lottery ticket. I could have won. = It was possible, but it didn’t happen.
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p. 144 part 1 - In pairs, discuss the answers to these questions.
Why do you think the book is called “The Man Who Ate His Boots”?
part 2 - Read the first paragraph and answer these questions.
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http://www.meteoearth.com/
https://earth.nullschool.net/
- Interactive globes (with weather information)
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Read the rest of the review.
part 3 - Are these statements true or false, according to the review?
1 F
2 F
3 T
4 T
5 F - They had salad vegetables.
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What are some sentences with yesterday’s grammar that we can say about these explorers?
They should have worn sealskin and furs.
They should have learned how to make igloos.
They shouldn’t have eaten less than 2000 calories.
They shouldn’t have pulled their own sleds. (They should have used dogs.)
They could have survived if they had learned from the Inuit people. - 3rd conditional
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Grammar: Third Conditional = Past Unreal Conditional
if + [past perfect], would/could/might have + past participle
would/could/might have + past participle + if + [past perfect]

Find 4 examples of the third conditional in the book review.
Explorers could have avoided starvation, frostbite, and even death if they had copied the survival techniques of the local Inuit people.
If they had learned to build igloos, the explorers would have been warm even in the worst Arctic weather.
If the explorers had worn sealskin and furs like the Inuit, they wouldn’t have suffered from the frostbite that was common among them.
Parry’s men wouldn’t have been as healthy if they hadn’t eaten the salads.

If I’d had more money, I would have bought a house. = I wanted a house and definitely would have bought one if I’d had the money.
…, I might have bought a house. = I’m not sure about what I would have done with the money. Maybe I would have bought a house, or maybe I would have traveled instead.
…, I could have bought a house. = I would have been able to buy a house. (This says nothing about my personal choice. Maybe I don’t want a house, but with money it would be possible to buy one.)

It was English class, so I didn’t speak Spanish.
-> If it hadn’t been English class, I would have spoken Spanish. (UNreal = we change positive and negative)

I never studied Arabic, so I couldn’t speak Arabic with them.
-> If I had ever studied Arabic, I could have spoken Arabic with them.

It was raining, so I brought an umbrella. -> If it hadn’t been raining, I wouldn’t have brought an umbrella.
It was raining, so I didn’t go outside. -> If it hadn’t been raining, I would have gone outside.
It wasn’t raining, so I went outside. -> If it had been raining, I wouldn’t have gone outside.
It wasn’t raining, so I didn’t bring an umbrella. -> If it had been raining, I would have brought an umbrella.

I brought an umbrella because it was raining. -> I wouldn’t have brought the umbrella if it hadn’t been raining.
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if + cause/condition
would/could/might + result/effect
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BREAK
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p. 145 part 8 - Make third conditional sentences about each situation, using the words in parentheses.
1 (The British wouldn’t have gotten frostbite if they hadn’t worn inadequate clothing.)
  -> The British wouldn’t have gotten frostbite if they had worn furs.
2 (The men wouldn’t have been exhausted if they hadn’t pulled their own sleds.)
  -> The men wouldn’t have been exhausted if they had used dogs to pull their sleds.
3 The sleds wouldn’t have been heavy if the men had taken only essential items.
4 Some men wouldn’t have gotten scurvy if they had eaten Inuit food.
5 They wouldn’t have become ill if they had known their canned food was poisonous.
	(“their canned food was poisonous” is simple past because this is real, not unreal)
6 The expedition wouldn’t have gotten stuck in the ice if they had asked local people about the ocean.
  They wouldn’t have gotten stuck if they had known the ice could freeze, and they would have known the ice could freeze if they had asked local people.
7 The expeditions might have been successful if they had followed local customs.
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1st (future real): If I win the lottery, I will buy a new car. (Maybe I will win it.)
2nd (present/future unreal): If I won the lottery, I would buy a new car. (I don’t believe I will win.)
3rd (past unreal): If I had won the lottery, I would have bought a new car. (I didn’t win.)
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With your new partner, talk about major decisions you have made in your life. Then speculate (guess) about what would have or might have been different if you had made a different decision.

If I had brought my cat, I would treat him well.
If I hadn’t brought my dog, I would work more.
	(These are mixed conditionals, because a difference in the past would cause a difference now.)
If I hadn’t left medicine, I wouldn’t have studied culinary arts.
If I hadn’t broken up with my ex-girlfriend, I would still be going out with her now.
If I hadn’t talked with my friends, I wouldn’t have met my husband.
If I had been born in the United States, I wouldn’t have studied English as a second language.
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Women bear children every day. (A little uncommon but not too strange.)
Children are born(e) by women every day.
Children are born every day.

My mother bore me in 1983. (This would be strange to say. More common: My mother had me in 1983.)
I was born in 1983.
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p. 146 - What do you know about the samurai?
part 2 - Do you know all of these words? What are the connections between them?
An army is made of soldiers and led by a general.
Combat is the type of organized fighting that armies do.
A soldier is paid to be part of an army and a warrior can be alone.
duty = what you have to do (like responsibility)
Enemies are like opponents, but enemies you try to hurt, and opponents you just work against.
A sword is a type of weapon. (Sometimes “arm” means “weapon”, as in “firearm” or “nuclear arms”.)
martial arts = the art of fighting (e.g. judo, taekwondo, karate, kung fu, etc.)
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Homework: Read about samurai on p. 147 and do p. 146 parts 4, 5, and 6
	(For part 6, choose exactly where the sentence could go. After what other sentence?)