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Unlike China, which has long exerted central control of the internet, Iranians grew a decentralize internet. But authorities have gradually reined it in following protests over a disputed presidential election in 2009.

An independent group that monitors worldwide internet access calculates the economic impact of this week’s outage at $300 million, based on the Iranian information technology sector’s share of domestic productivity.

What remained active — after some early glitches — was the National Information Network, in which authorities have invested heavily in recent years. It amounts to a closed, domestic internet that can be nearly isolated from the rest of the world. That system allows banks, government agencies and universities to continue to function.

Some of those institutions — such as the central bank — retained access to the global internet even as mobile networks and homes had no connectivity.

Economic damage would have been far worse if Iran were not already hobbled by international sanctions over its nuclear program.

Nevertheless, many Iranians have come to depend on outside services such as Telegram, an encrypted communications app, to do business internationally.

The government’s efforts to develop domestic alternatives to Western internet services have not been very successful, Alimardani said.

Alternatives include a homegrown version of the Google-owned traffic app Waze and a messaging and social networking app called Soroush. Iranians tend to shun such apps, assuming them to be monitored by police and intelligence agents. That’s in contrast to China, where home-grown apps such as WeChat have thrived.

The Iranian government moved to censor Telegram in 2018, but people have found ways to circumvent the censorship, as they have in Russia.

Virtual private network programs, in which users connect to the internet through encrypted tunnels with gateways abroad, are used to try to foil government censors, with mixed results.

Expert say there will likely be more efforts by governments to exert control over the internet, effectively destroying its open global architecture.

Russia is already moving toward what the Kremlin calls “internet sovereignty.”

Under a new law, Russia is pushing filtering equipment on internet service providers that will serve a double purpose — blacklisting outside websites and services the government doesn’t want people to see and surveilling their activity. University of Michigan researchers say the model can be easily exported, challenging the notion that decentralized internet service can prevent large-scale censorship.

On Monday, the U.N. General Assembly’s human rights committee approved a resolution drafted by Russia that independent rights groups call an effort by the Kremlin to expand its model of state control. Approval by the 193-member assembly in December is thus virtually certain.