2017-11-27 Grammar: infinitives introduction

Greg Malivuk
[email protected]
http://www.pastebin.com/u/gmalivuk - notes from all classes
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Infinitives and Gerunds
gerund = verb(ing) used like a noun (I like swimming.)
infinitive = to + base form (I like to swim.)
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Infinitives and gerunds can be used in different ways:
1 as a subject: To know which form is used can be difficult. (uncommon - usually gerunds are subjects: Knowing which form can be difficult.)
2 after a verb: I hope to understand this by the end of the week. I enjoy teaching.
3 after a preposition (gerunds only): I’m interested in learning more.
4 after an adjective: It’s important to study every day. I was happy to help.
5 after a noun: I didn’t have any luck finding a gift. That’s a good way to do it.
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Handout p. 89 exercise 1 - With your partner, underline all of the infinitives and gerunds and write the number for what way they’re used.
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p. 90 - Infinitives can include information about affirmative/negative, active/passive, and aspect
	(Remember: aspect refers to progressive and perfect meanings.)
I tried to read the whole thing. I tried not to fall asleep.
I want to understand people who speak English. I want to be understood by English speakers.
I expect to do it tomorrow. (simple: I will do it tomorrow.)
I expect to be doing it tomorrow. (progressive: I will be doing it tomorrow.)
I expect to have done it by tomorrow. (perfect: I will have done it by tomorrow.)
He appears to be in a fight. (It looks like he’s in a fight right now.)
He appears to have been in a fight. (It looks like he was in a fight before now.)
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p. 92 exercise 4 - Ask your partner questions and write the correct information here.
1 (ex)	ask: “What things does your family expect you to do?”
	your partner answers: “My family expects me to get good grades.”
	write: “His family expects him to get good grades.”
If you don’t know a word, use a dictionary, not a translator, and make sure you look for the correct form of the word. (For example, “treat” in this exercise is a verb, not a noun.)
http://learnersdictionary.com/definition/treat
  They expect her not to sleep late.
2 He likes to be polite to people he has just met.
  He likes to be smiled at by his teachers.
3 His teachers expect him to hand in his homework at the beginning of class.
  His teachers expect him to have done his homework before the beginning of class.
4 He plans to eat dinner after school ends.
  He plans to be watching Netflix when school ends. (This means he will start watching before school ends.)
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Nouns and Pronouns with Infinitives
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Tom asked to close the door. - Tom will close the door.
Tom asked me to close the door. - I will close the door.
It’s important to study. - It’s important in general for everyone.
It’s important for you to study. - You in particular need to study.
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p. 94 exercise 5 - Who does the actions in bold?
1 Norman
2 people
3 students
4 John’s sister
5 John
6 his friend
7 Norman
8 children
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Homework: p. 96 exercise 7 - Choose at least 5 of these sentences to complete with an infinitive phrase. Express your true ideas.