2017-08-22 TOEFL: word roots, reading reference

Greg Malivuk
[email protected]
http://www.pastebin.com/u/gmalivuk - notes from all classes
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Word Roots (list 1) - with your partner try to think of one or two words that explain the meanings of each root
act = do (The same root gives us “agent” and “executive”.)
ab = away
ad = to/onto
aer(o) = air (In British English, the spelling of the vehicle is “aeroplane”.)
agr = field/farm
ambi = both
amb(ul) = walk
ami/amo = love/friendship
andro = man (This can be contrasted with “gyn”, which means woman or female.)
anim = movement/spirit
ann/enn = year
ante/anti = before
anthropo = human
anti = against
aqua = water (sometimes specifically freshwater, with “aquatic” contrasted with “marine”)
arch = first (in importance) (Generally the ‘ch’ sounds like /k/ before vowels and has the normal English ‘ch’ sound before consonants.)
archa = old (or “first” in time)
art = skill
astro = star
aud(i) = hear/listen
auto = self
bell = war
bene = good
bio = life
cept/ceive = catch (the root is also related to “capture”)
cardi(o) = heart
carn = meat/flesh
cede/ceed = go
cent = hundred
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TOEFL overview/review
- four sections each worth 30 points
1 reading - 60-80 minutes, 3-4 passages
2 listening - 60-90 minutes, 6-9 listening passages in 2 or 3 sets
	(10-minute break)
3 speaking - 20 minutes, 6 tasks (5.5 minutes of total speaking time)
4 writing - 60 minutes, 2 tasks (50 minutes of total writing time)
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Reading Question Types:
- fact
- negative fact
- purpose
- inference
- vocabulary
- paraphrase
- reference
- sentence insertion
- organization
- summary
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With your group, identify each reading question type from yesterday’s test.
1 vocabulary
2 fact
3 purpose
4 fact
5 fact
6 vocabulary
7 fact
8 vocabulary
9 inference
10 negative fact
11 paraphrase
12 sentence insertion
13 summary
passage 2 number 4 - reference
passage 3 number 12 - organization
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Handout (Cambridge) p. 167 - What do each of these pronouns or phrases refer to?
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BREAK
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1 themselves: Arctic people
  they: Arctic people
  these natural resourses: environment and wild animals
2 who: individuals
  their: prisoners
3 when: 1863
  he: a Hungarian count
  the first European variety: wine grapes (This is an example of a reference question that is not about a pronoun. They can also ask about the object of an omitted prepositional phrase, like “of wine grapes”.)
  there: California
4 the lawyer and lexicographer: Noah Webster
  who: Noah Webster
  at this time: 1828
  that: English
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Handout (Cengage) p. 118-119 - Identify the referents of the highlighted words and pharases in 12-18.
12 this method: satellite photography
13 them: American importers
14 where: New York
   the time: 1920s
   there: Paris
15 this creature: anemone
   it: clownfish or the nest
16 his: Hamlin Garland
   his mentor: William Dean Howells
17 they: fats
   these: (basic types of) nutrients
   which: vitamins
   some: fats
18 there: the Wisconsin Dells
   others: formations
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Handout (Longman) p. 19 and 21 - Take 6 minutes to answer all eight reference questions.
1 C
2 B (or C)
3 A
4 A
10 A
11 C
12 A
13 B
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Handout (Oxford) p. 70 - Take 6 minutes to read about calories and answer the reference and sentence insertion questions.
1 c
2 d
3 b
4 b (All of the “they”s and “their”s in this sentence are about the molecules.)
5 d
6 b
7 c
8 c
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Discussion question 9 - Why do you think we glorify thin people while at the same time we have an obesity problem?
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p. 72-74 - Read about Gandhi’s hunger strikes and answer the questions. Then check your answer with a partner.
1 c
2 b
3 c (“this aim” is independence)
4 c
5 c
6 c
7 b
8 d
9 b
10 b/d (The important thing to realize is that “he” refers to Gandhi, as do both these titles.)
11 d
12 b
13 c
14 c
15 b (“Neither side” means two sides, and including Sikhs makes three sides, so C doesn’t work.)
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English has many special words to talk about exactly two things:
either vs. some/any
neither vs. no/none
both vs. all
former vs. first
latter vs. last
whether vs. what/which
(all comparatives vs. all superlatives)
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Homework: Handout p. 24-25 Coral Colonies
	optional: 116-17 numbers 1 through 11