API tools faq
paste
jonstond2

Solon (Classics)

jonstond2
Mar 5th, 2018
393
0
Never
Add comment
Not a member of Pastebin yet? Sign Up, it unlocks many cool features!
text 49.73 KB | None | 0 0
raw download clone embed print report
  1. Introduction
  2. Solon’s reforms, laws, and poems were famous in democratic Athens. For a long time, he was considered the founder of democracy: it was believed that he had established the property classes; set up the Areopagus, a People’s Court, and a Council of 400; abolished debt bondage; and published a law code. According to some sources, he participated in conquering the island of Salamis for Athens, and he was a poet whose poems were part of the Athenian cultural tradition for centuries to come. He was one of the Seven Sages, and as a wise man he was also part of a literary tradition that stretched from antiquity through the Middle Ages to modern times. The fundamental question running through the whole modern debate is if the figure of Solon in the literary tradition reflects his historical role in Athens in the 6th century BCE or rather a paradigmatic persona in the discourse of the 5th and 4th centuries BCE.
  3.  
  4. General Overviews
  5. Some volumes with a biographical focus on Solon have been published since Linforth 1971 (cited under Historical Context): Freeman 1926, Oliva 1988, Lewis 2006 (cited under Historical Context), Owens 2010, Schubert 2012. Not much newer work on Solon has appeared in collections of papers, but Blok, et al. 2006 is an excellent and comprehensive set and outlines the major discussions.
  6.  
  7. Blok, Josine H., André Pierre, and M. H. Lardinois, eds. 2006. Solon of Athens: New historical and philological approaches. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill.
  8.  
  9. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  10.  
  11. A most useful collection of eighteen articles on Solon, which covers the core topics of the recent discussion in three parts (Solon the poet, Solon the lawgiver, Solon the Athenian) and reflects the activities of the historical Solon in 6th-century Athens. The special contributions are noted in the relevant sections.
  12.  
  13. Find this resource:
  14.  
  15.  
  16. Freeman, Kathleen. 1926. The work and life of Solon. London: Milford.
  17.  
  18. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  19.  
  20. An older biographical work on Solon with a complete list of ancient references to Solon (pp. 219–226).
  21.  
  22. Find this resource:
  23.  
  24.  
  25. Oliva, Pavel. 1988. Solon: Legende und Wirklichkeit. Constance, Germany: Universitätsverlag.
  26.  
  27. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  28.  
  29. Illustrates the way in which Solon became a legend; outlines Solon’s career and policy, with the focus on the fragments of the poems as the main evidence.
  30.  
  31. Find this resource:
  32.  
  33.  
  34. Owens, Ron. 2010. Solon of Athens: Poet, philosopher, soldier, statesman. Brighton, UK: Sussex Academic.
  35.  
  36. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  37.  
  38. Describes Solon’s reforms within their historical, social, and political context; comprises a detailed commentary on the extant fragments.
  39.  
  40. Find this resource:
  41.  
  42.  
  43. Schubert, Charlotte. 2012. Solon. UTB Profile 3725. Tübingen, Germany: Francke.
  44.  
  45. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  46.  
  47. A brief introduction in German, with excerpts from the most important sources, recommendable as first entry for undergraduates.
  48.  
  49. Find this resource:
  50.  
  51.  
  52. Historical Context
  53. The standard work and a wide-ranging survey of the field is the Cambridge Ancient History (Vol. 3 in the second edition), which covers the 6th century BCE. Andrewes 1982 in this volume describes the history of Athens; Osborne 2009 depicts the history of Greece from 1200 to 500 BCE and Welwei 1992 the history of Athens from the Neolithic to 500 BCE; Linforth 1971 (originally 1919) takes a biographical focus; Lewis 2006 a philosophical and political focus.
  54.  
  55. Andrewes, Anthony. 1982. The growth of the Athenian state. In Cambridge Ancient History. Vol. 3, Part 3, The expansion of the Greek world, eighth to sixth centuries B.C. 2d ed. Edited by John Boardman, 360–391. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press.
  56.  
  57. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  58.  
  59. A standard and still indispensable reference work.
  60.  
  61. Find this resource:
  62.  
  63.  
  64. Hall, Jonathan M. 2013. A history of the Archaic Greek world, ca. 1200–479 BCE. 2d ed. Chichester, UK: Wiley-Blackwell.
  65.  
  66. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  67.  
  68. New and highly readable description of the development of the Greek history of the Archaic world.
  69.  
  70. Find this resource:
  71.  
  72.  
  73. Lewis, John. 2006. Solon the thinker: Political thought in Archaic Athens. London: Duckworth.
  74.  
  75. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  76.  
  77. Deals with various aspects of Solon’s thought, comparing him with other Presocratic thinkers like Thales and Xenophanes.
  78.  
  79. Find this resource:
  80.  
  81.  
  82. Linforth, Ivan M. 1971. Solon the Athenian. New York: Johnson Reprint.
  83.  
  84. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  85.  
  86. An older biographical work on Solon (first edition 1919), with a good discussion of the historical validity of the ancient sources.
  87.  
  88. Find this resource:
  89.  
  90.  
  91. Osborne, Robin. 2009. Greece in the making, 1200–479 BC. 2d ed. London: Routledge.
  92.  
  93. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  94.  
  95. A readable and wide-ranging survey of Greek history from 1200 BCE to the 6th century BCE; discussion of major issues of politics, culture, religion, society, cults and festivals, literature, and economics.
  96.  
  97. Find this resource:
  98.  
  99.  
  100. Welwei, Karl-Wilhelm. 1992. Athen: Vom neolithischen Siedlungsplatz zur archaischen Großpolis. Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft.
  101.  
  102. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  103.  
  104. Chronologically arranged, with focus on the political history and with concise notes; suitable introduction for undergraduates and graduates.
  105.  
  106. Find this resource:
  107.  
  108.  
  109. Bibliographies
  110. L’Année philologique contains the complete record of scholarship, mostly with abstracts; lags behind two years, but with supplements and updatings for the newer titles. Gnomon online covers also the most recent years, always up-to-date.
  111.  
  112. L’Année philologique. Paris: Les Belles Lettres.
  113.  
  114. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  115.  
  116. The bibliography of record for the field of ancient history and classical studies. In print since 1924 and now online.
  117.  
  118. Find this resource:
  119.  
  120.  
  121. Gnomon online: Eichstätter Informationssystem für die klassische Altertumswissenschaft.
  122.  
  123. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  124.  
  125. The bibliography of record for the field of ancient history, with a very detailed thesaurus.
  126.  
  127. Find this resource:
  128.  
  129.  
  130. Sources
  131. Solon’s own poetry is fragmentary, and the tradition that ascribes to him the elegies and iambics, laws, and reforms is much later. West 1992 is the canonical Greek text of Solon’s poems, Gerber 1999 provides a translation, and Noussia-Fantuzzi 2010 and Mülke 2002 are scholarly commentaries. The testimonies are collected in Martina 1968. Our understanding of Archaic poetry has undergone a change in the light of oral poetics and intertextuality, especially involving the authorship of texts. The points of view on who exactly is speaking in the poems of Solon differ substantially in regarding the poems composed by a historical Solon or, as in Lardinois 2006, as part of an oral tradition. The Athenaion Politeia, which reports Solon’s activity in Athens in chapters 5–12, is usually attributed to Aristotle (384–322 BCE) and contains a concise description of the constitutional development of Athens. Chambers 1990 and Rhodes 1981 are indispensable commentaries, although they fundamentally disagree on whether Aristotle was the author. The comprehensive biography of Solon by Plutarch (45 CE–125 CE) gives the majority of details on Solon’s life and cites many of his poems. A commentary on the text and the relevant scholia is provided by Piccirilli 1995. All Greek texts (older editions) with English translations are available from the Perseus Digital Library.
  132.  
  133. Chambers, Mortimer, ed. 1990. Aristoteles Werke in deutscher Übersetzung. Vols. 10–11, Aristoteles: Staat der Athener. Berlin: Akademie-Verlag.
  134.  
  135. DOI: 10.1524/9783050048697Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  136.  
  137. German translation with commentary and bibliography; Chambers believes that the Athenaion Politeia was a genuine work of Aristotle.
  138.  
  139. Find this resource:
  140.  
  141.  
  142. Gerber, Douglas E., ed. 1999. Greek elegiac poetry: From the seventh to the fifth centuries BC. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
  143.  
  144. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  145.  
  146. Greek text of Solon’s poems with English translations (Loeb edition).
  147.  
  148. Find this resource:
  149.  
  150.  
  151. Lardinois, André Pierre M. H. 2006. Have we Solon’s verses? In Solon of Athens: New historical and philological approaches. Edited by Josine H. Blok and André Pierre M. H. Lardinois, 15–35. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill.
  152.  
  153. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  154.  
  155. Solon’s poems are not recorded verbatim, and the poems as such are part of a common oral tradition without any individual assignment.
  156.  
  157. Find this resource:
  158.  
  159.  
  160. Martina, Antonio, ed. 1968. Solon: Testimonia veterum. Rome: Ed. dell’Ateneo.
  161.  
  162. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  163.  
  164. A collection of all the references to Solon in ancient texts, inscriptions, and papyri, arranged by topics (vita, mores, de tripode, de servis, etc.), with the fragments of Solon’s poetry embedded in the testimonia.
  165.  
  166. Find this resource:
  167.  
  168.  
  169. Mülke, Christoph, ed. 2002. Solons politische Elegien und Iamben: (Fr. 1–13 ; 32–37 West). Introduction, text and commentary. Munich: Saur.
  170.  
  171. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  172.  
  173. A major contribution to the study of Solon’s poetry. Text (Greek), translation (German), and commentary with line-by-line notes in German.
  174.  
  175. Find this resource:
  176.  
  177.  
  178. Noussia-Fantuzzi, Maria, ed. 2010. Solon the Athenian: The poetic fragments. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill.
  179.  
  180. DOI: 10.1163/ej.9789004174788.i-580Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  181.  
  182. Contains chapters on Solon’s life, his political and legislative work, and his poems, as well as a text of the fragments with translation (English), extensive commentary, and bibliography.
  183.  
  184. Find this resource:
  185.  
  186.  
  187. Perseus Digital Library.
  188.  
  189. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  190.  
  191. All Greek texts in older editions with English translations are available through the Perseus Digital Library.
  192.  
  193. Find this resource:
  194.  
  195.  
  196. Piccirilli, Luigi, and Mario Manfredini, ed. 1995. Plutarco. Vite parallele: La vita di Solone. 4th ed. Milan: Mondadori.
  197.  
  198. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  199.  
  200. Contains an introduction, bibliographies of recent publications, a commentary by Piccirilli, and a text interleaved with an Italian translation, a “note on the text,” and a text and translation of the scholia by Manfredini.
  201.  
  202. Find this resource:
  203.  
  204.  
  205. Rhodes, Peter John. 1981. A commentary on the Aristotelian Athenaion Politeia. Oxford: Clarendon.
  206.  
  207. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  208.  
  209. Masterly commentary with line-by-line notes, without translation, still significant in the explanation of the constitutional history of Athens; Rhodes believes, contrary to Chambers, that the Athenaion Politeia is not an original work of Aristotle.
  210.  
  211. Find this resource:
  212.  
  213.  
  214. West, Martin L., ed. 1992. Iambi et elegi Graeci ante Alexandrum cantati. Vol. 2, Callinus, Mimnermus, Semonides, Solon, Tyrtaeus, Minora adespota. Oxford: Clarendon.
  215.  
  216. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  217.  
  218. Authoritative presentation of the sources; Vol. 2 contains among others Mimnermus, Semonides, Simonides, Solon, Tyrtaeus, Xenophanes (Greek, without translation), apparatus criticus, and a valuable index to the language of the collection.
  219.  
  220. Find this resource:
  221.  
  222.  
  223. Chronology
  224. Current orthodoxy in dating Solon’s archonship and reforms to the year 594/3 BCE is followed by Andrewes 1982 and Osborne 2009 (both cited under Historical Context). This is an inference from an entry in a later archon list (written in the 5th century BCE); in contrast, Herodotus (predating the archon list) presents a different chronology giving evidence of Solon’s association with the Egyptian pharaoh Amasis (reigning after 570 BCE) and the Lydian king Croesus (reigning 555 BCE to c. 540/39 BCE), as addressed by Wallace 1983, Chambers 1990 (cited under Sources), and Schubert 2012. Shaw 2003 argues for an even later dating of Solon.
  225.  
  226. Schubert, Charlotte. 2012. Solon. Tübingen, Germany: Francke.
  227.  
  228. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  229.  
  230. Schubert argues for the later date of the reform, and has a tabular overview of the different chronologies.
  231.  
  232. Find this resource:
  233.  
  234.  
  235. Shaw, Pamela-Jane. 2003. Discrepancies in Olympiad dating and chronological problems of Archaic Peloponnesian history. Stuttgart: Steiner.
  236.  
  237. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  238.  
  239. Shaw dates Solon, on a wide-ranging reassessment of the evidence in a very daring thesis, to the end of the 6th century.
  240.  
  241. Find this resource:
  242.  
  243.  
  244. Wallace, Robert W. 1983. The date of Solon’s reforms. American Journal of Ancient History AJAH 8:81–95.
  245.  
  246. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  247.  
  248. Wallace believes that the real work of reform was done after the archonship at about 580–570 BCE.
  249.  
  250. Find this resource:
  251.  
  252.  
  253. Reforms
  254. Far-reaching reforms have been attributed to Solon: an agrarian reform, the creation of a law code, and constitutional reforms. There has been much debate on these issues concerning the understanding of Solon’s laws, the institutional and political consequences, the beneficiaries of his agrarian reform, and the implications for the social distinctions in Athens. The respective discussions are noted in the relevant subsections here.
  255.  
  256. Agrarian Reform
  257. Snodgrass 1980 argues that Archaic Greece was a period of revolutionary changes, especially in the structures of society, and emphasizes the increased social differentiation and polarization of society during the classical period. Following Snodgrass, Morris 1987 presents a thesis that the Athenian crisis was in nuce a rejection by the Athenian elite of the very idea of the polis as a form of social and civic organization. Forsén 2006 indicates several methodological problems, especially as Morris explains the decline of the Athenian elite in the context of the Solonian reforms as a sign of the collapse of the elitist style of life. Lohmann 1993 has opened a new path in research, focusing on Attic landscape as a source of information. The understanding of Solon’s agrarian reform is based on the meaning of certain terms used by Solon himself to describe his reform (horoi, seisachtheia) and bearing directly on the issues of land, society, and economy. Much discussed is the question of whether debt bondage and social dependency were connected with each other. Opinions differ on the meaning of terms such as horoi and hektemoroi used by later sources: What kind of status characterizes attributions such as hektemoroi and pelatai? Do they belong to the archaic social structure and the general development of the Greek polis, and specifically the development of Athens? Forsdyke 2006, Van Wees 2006, Schmitz 2004, and Link 1991 study the relationship between the elite (agathoi) and the broader peasantry and the group of subsistence farmers (kakoi). Bintliff 2006 and Van Wees 2006 assume a middle class as a decisive factor in the social and political conflicts.
  258.  
  259. Bintliff, John. 2006. Solon’s reforms: An archaeological perspective. In Solon of Athens: New historical and philological approaches. Edited by Josine H. Blok and André Pierre M. H. Lardinois, 321–333. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill.
  260.  
  261. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  262.  
  263. Bintliff assumes the existence of a middle class, which offered support for Solon’s reforms.
  264.  
  265. Find this resource:
  266.  
  267.  
  268. Forsdyke, Sara L. 2006. Land, labor, and economy in Solonian Athens: Breaking the impasse between archaeology and history. In Solon of Athens: New historical and philological approaches. Edited by Josine H. Blok, André Pierre, and M. H. Lardinois, 334–350. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill.
  269.  
  270. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  271.  
  272. Solon’s reforms were directed against the greed of the elite (agathoi).
  273.  
  274. Find this resource:
  275.  
  276.  
  277. Forsén, Björn. 2006. The contribution of the non-written sources. In A companion to the classical Greek world. Edited by Konrad H. Kinzl, 64–83. Malden, MA: Blackwell.
  278.  
  279. DOI: 10.1002/9780470996799Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  280.  
  281. Strong criticism of Morris.
  282.  
  283. Find this resource:
  284.  
  285.  
  286. Morris, Ian. 1987. Burial and ancient society: The rise of the Greek city-state. New York: Cambridge Univ. Press.
  287.  
  288. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  289.  
  290. Morris’s seminal publication. Based on the concept of New Archaeology and his investigations of Attic graves, Morris presumes that a radical break occurred in the 8th century which led to the emergence of the Greek polis, and that by the end of the 8th century this development was halted and indeed reversed so that the kakoi were once again excluded.
  291.  
  292. Find this resource:
  293.  
  294.  
  295. Link, Stefan. 1991. Landverteilung und sozialer Frieden im archaischen Griechenland. Historia Einzelschriften 69. Stuttgart: Steiner.
  296.  
  297. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  298.  
  299. Link argues that the measures of Solon (and later Peisistratus) solved the social problems by putting a stop to the greedy rich (agathoi) and their attempts to acquire large shares of communal land.
  300.  
  301. Find this resource:
  302.  
  303.  
  304. Lohmann, Hans. 1993. Atene: Forschungen zu Siedlungs- und Wirtschaftsstruktur des klassischen Attika = Atēnē. Cologne: Böhlau.
  305.  
  306. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  307.  
  308. Seminal study in scholarship on the demes of Attica; against older views, Lohmann shows convincingly that large parts of the country in Attica in the 6th century were not yet settled and therefore there can be no question of land hunger.
  309.  
  310. Find this resource:
  311.  
  312.  
  313. Schmitz, Winfried. 2004. Nachbarschaft und Dorfgemeinschaft im archaischen und klassischen Griechenland. Klio Beihefte N.F. 7. Berlin: Akademie Verlag.
  314.  
  315. DOI: 10.1524/9783050048369Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  316.  
  317. Schmitz draws his opinion of sharply divided social classes (agathoi and kakoi) on the image of the peasants living separately from nobility mainly derived from the Homeric epics.
  318.  
  319. Find this resource:
  320.  
  321.  
  322. Snodgrass, Anthony M. 1980. Archaic Greece: The age of experiment. London: Dent.
  323.  
  324. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  325.  
  326. Snodgrass presents the thesis that a rapidly growing population in Attica led to tensions and thus also to political changes.
  327.  
  328. Find this resource:
  329.  
  330.  
  331. Van Wees, Hans. 2006. Mass and elite in Solon’s Athens: The property classes revisited. In Solon of Athens: New historical and philological approaches. Edited by Josine H. Blok and André Pierre M. H. Lardinois, 351–389. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill.
  332.  
  333. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  334.  
  335. Van Wees has directly called into question the very existence of a “middle class” of farmers as hoplites and suggested that the thetes regularly served in the Athenian army as hoplites, but on a voluntary basis.
  336.  
  337. Find this resource:
  338.  
  339.  
  340. Hektemoroi
  341. The hektemoroi are a mysterious group in Athens. As Meier 2012 pointed out, the Athenaion Politeia mentions them for the first and only time in a historical context. They are hard to identify; opinions in Welwei 2005, Harris 2002, Rihll 1991, and Schils 1991 differ completely in explaining hectemorage as a status relationship versus some form of debt bondage. A good overview of the sources and the discussion, with a synopsis of the relevant information in the Athenaion Politeia, Plutarch, and Solon’s poems, is given in Almeida 2003 (cited under Dike).
  342.  
  343. Meier, Mischa. 2012. Die athenischen Hektemoroi—eine Erfindung? Historische Zeitschrift 294:1–29.
  344.  
  345. DOI: 10.1524/hzhz.2012.0001Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  346.  
  347. Due to the singularity of the term hektemoroi /hektemoros, otherwise only used in music theory and the natural sciences, Meier assumes a typo in the Athenaion Politeia; through the elimination of this mysterious group, a new look at the reform and the debt issue is possible.
  348.  
  349. Find this resource:
  350.  
  351.  
  352. Harris, Edward Monroe. 2002. Did Solon abolish debt-bondage? Classical Quarterly 52.2: 415–430.
  353.  
  354. DOI: 10.1093/cq/52.2.415Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  355.  
  356. Identifies the pelatai with the hektemoroi; they had a status between chattel slaves and free men and became dependent because of their debts. Solon did not abolish debt bondage, but only enslavement for debt.
  357.  
  358. Find this resource:
  359.  
  360.  
  361. Rihll, T. E. 1991. Ἑκτήμοροι: Partners in crime? Journal of Hellenic Studies 111:101–127.
  362.  
  363. DOI: 10.2307/631890Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  364.  
  365. The hektemoroi cultivated common land/public land owned by the polis, leased for a rent of one-sixth, and therefore the hektemoroi can be identified as lessees of public land owned by the polis.
  366.  
  367. Find this resource:
  368.  
  369.  
  370. Schils, Griet. 1991. Solon and the hectemoroi. Ancient Society 22:75–90.
  371.  
  372. DOI: 10.2143/AS.22.0.2005911Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  373.  
  374. Schils assumes that the hektemoroi were dependent landowners who wanted to own the cultivated land for themselves.
  375.  
  376. Find this resource:
  377.  
  378.  
  379. Welwei, Karl-Wilhelm. 2005. Ursachen und Ausmaß der Verschuldung attischer Bauern um 600 v. Chr. Hermes: Zeitschrift für Klassische Philologie 133:29–43.
  380.  
  381. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  382.  
  383. The debt problem could have been connected with the transition to phalanx tactics, which required a growing number of hoplites from the rural middle class. However, the total debt of the Attic peasants was probably lower than previously assumed.
  384.  
  385. Find this resource:
  386.  
  387.  
  388. Seisachtheia and Horoi
  389. Solon himself says he deposited the horoi in Attica. Nearly all sources agree that the cancellation of debts and abolition of debt bondage was Solon’s first act (Athenaion Politeia 6,1), and therefore the removal of horoi is seen in connection with the abolition of debt bondage and the seisachtheia as a cancellation of debts. Only the Atthidographer Androtion (F 34 = Plut. Sol. 15,3) explains seisachtheia as a reform of the Athenian standards of weights and measures and also of Athenian coinage. A detailed study of the text in Athenaion Politeia and a concise summary of the discussion is given in Rhodes 1981 (cited under Sources). Solon removed the horoi, which the current orthodoxy defined as a public demarcation of mortgaged land. A good summary is Cassola 1964. Effenterre 1977, L’Homme-Wéry 1996, Ober 1995, Raaflaub 2004, and Welwei 2005 explain the horoi as boundary stones, as there is no trace of a connection between horoi and mortgages before the 4th century BCE. For horoi as a metaphor, see Blaise 1995, Harris 1997, and Loraux 1984.
  390.  
  391. Blaise, Fabienne. 1995. Solon: Fragment 36 W.: Pratique et fondation des normes politiques. Revue des études grecques 108:24–37.
  392.  
  393. DOI: 10.3406/reg.1995.2640Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  394.  
  395. Blaise explains the use of the term horoi in Solon’s poems as metaphorical.
  396.  
  397. Find this resource:
  398.  
  399.  
  400. Cassola, F. 1964. Solone, la terra, e gli ectemori. La Parola del passato 19:26–68.
  401.  
  402. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  403.  
  404. Scholarly and seminal discussion of the former opinions on horoi as mortgage stones.
  405.  
  406. Find this resource:
  407.  
  408.  
  409. Effenterre, H. van. 1977. Solon et la terre d’Éleusis. Revue internationale des droits de l’Antiquité 24:91–130.
  410.  
  411. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  412.  
  413. Van Effenterre refers the disposal of the horoi to a dispute between Athens and Megara concerning Eleusis. Removing the horoi therefore marked the association with Eleusis after the war against Megara.
  414.  
  415. Find this resource:
  416.  
  417.  
  418. Harris, Edward. 1997. A new solution to the riddle of the seisachtheia. In The development of the polis in Archaic Greece. Edited by Lynette G. Mitchell and Peter J. Rhodes, 103–112. London: Routledge.
  419.  
  420. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  421.  
  422. Harris explains the use of the term horoi in Solon’s poems also as metaphorical: the image represents the elimination of stasis.
  423.  
  424. Find this resource:
  425.  
  426.  
  427. L’Homme-Wéry, Louise-Marie. 1996. La perspective éleusinienne dans la politique de Solon. Genève, Switzerland: Droz.
  428.  
  429. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  430.  
  431. Similar argument as in van Effenterre 1977, based on Solon’s fragment 30 Gentili-Prato.
  432.  
  433. Find this resource:
  434.  
  435.  
  436. Loraux, Nicole. 1984. Solon au milieu de la lice. In Aux origines de l’hellénisme: La Crète et la Grèce: Hommage à Henri van Effenterre. Presented by the Centre G. Glotz, 199–214. Paris: Univ. de Paris.
  437.  
  438. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  439.  
  440. Loraux explains the use of the term horoi in Solon’s poems as metaphorical, with extensive discussion of literature.
  441.  
  442. Find this resource:
  443.  
  444.  
  445. Ober, Josiah. 1995. Greek horoi: Artifactual texts and the contingency of meaning. In Methods in the Mediterranean: Historical and archaeological views on text and archaeology. Edited by David B. Small, 91–123. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill.
  446.  
  447. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  448.  
  449. Ober demonstrates that the meaning of horos as mortgage stone is first attested in the 4th century BCE.
  450.  
  451. Find this resource:
  452.  
  453.  
  454. Raaflaub, Kurt. 2004. The discovery of freedom in ancient Greece. Translated by Renate Franciscono. Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press.
  455.  
  456. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  457.  
  458. Scholarly discussion of all issues relating to horoi. English edition, revised and updated from the German edition of 1985.
  459.  
  460. Find this resource:
  461.  
  462.  
  463. Welwei, Karl-Wilhelm. 2005. Ursachen und Ausmaß der Verschuldung attischer Bauern um 600 v. Chr. Hermes: Zeitschrift für Klassische Philologie 133: 29–43.
  464.  
  465. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  466.  
  467. Welwei emphasizes that the horoi may have had a protective function (also cited under Hektemoroi).
  468.  
  469. Find this resource:
  470.  
  471.  
  472. Property Classifications/tele
  473. The current opinion is that Solon replaced birth by wealth as a political qualification. Solon created only the pentakosiomedimnoi as a new property class (telos), and for this newly created group the highest offices were reserved, especially the archonship. The significance and impact of the property classes are controversial. Also, their reference values (income or property) are unclear. For property classes as pure property classifications, see Foxhall 1997, Manville 1992, and Wallace 2007; for property classes with military significance, see de Ste. Croix 2004. Comprehensive treatments and evaluations of the arguments can be found in Almeida 2003 (cited under Dike) and Schubert 2012 (cited under General Overviews).
  474.  
  475. Foxhall, Lin. 1997. A view from the top: Evaluating the Solonian property classes. In The development of the polis in Archaic Greece. Edited by Lynette Mitchell and Peter Rhodes, 113–136. London: Routledge.
  476.  
  477. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  478.  
  479. All of Solon’s property classes referred to landed men, and the thetes were modestly wealthy.
  480.  
  481. Find this resource:
  482.  
  483.  
  484. Manville, Philip Brook. 1992. The origins of citizenship in ancient Athens. 2nd print., with corr. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press.
  485.  
  486. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  487.  
  488. Each of the tele had been vague and without sharply defined classifications; Solon was the first to introduce precise classifications, which as such was not new (except the pentakosiomedimnoi), but now they were sharply defined.
  489.  
  490. Find this resource:
  491.  
  492.  
  493. de Ste. Croix, Geoffrey E. M.. 2004. Athenian democratic origins and other essays. Edited by David Harvey. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press.
  494.  
  495. DOI: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199255177.001.0001Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  496.  
  497. This is a collection of older papers that were published here for the first time, and it offers a good overview of the discussion. Ste. Croix opts for income as reference value; he sees a military denotation in the terms zeugitae and hippeis.
  498.  
  499. Find this resource:
  500.  
  501.  
  502. Wallace, Robert W. 2007. Revolutions and a new order in Solonian Athens and Archaic Greece. In Origins of democracy in ancient Greece. Edited by Kurt A. Raaflaub, Josiah Ober, and Robert W. Wallace, 49–82. Berkeley: University of California Press.
  503.  
  504. DOI: 10.1525/california/9780520245624.001.0001Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  505.  
  506. Wallace rejects the suggestion that there was a status of hippeis in Athens.
  507.  
  508. Find this resource:
  509.  
  510.  
  511. Lawgiving
  512. The studies assessing Solon’s achievements as lawgiver focus on the tradition of his written laws and on the meaning of dike, a term used by Solon himself in his poems. Basically, the question is whether Solon’s legislation was a comprehensive codification, which rested on common standards (dike) and can be presented as a corpus, or merely a collection of individual provisions. Ruschenbusch 1983 and Ruschenbusch 2010 interpret Solon’s laws as a corpus, which is criticized in Scafuro 2006, whereas Gehrke 2006, Hölkeskamp 1999, Hölkeskamp 2005, and Rhodes 2006 assume varying degrees of authenticity. Burckhardt, et al. 2007 treats Solon as a lawgiver in an intercultural context. Sier 2008 offers a new interpretation of Solon the lawgiver as Plato’s precursor.
  513.  
  514. Burckhardt, Leonhard, Klaus Seybold, and Jürgen von Ungern-Sternberg, eds. 2007. Gesetzgebung in antiken Gesellschaften: Israel, Griechenland, Rom. Beiträge zur Altertumskunde 247. Papers presented at a symposium held in autumn 2005 at Gut Castelen in Augst near Basel, Switzerland. Berlin: de Gruyter.
  515.  
  516. DOI: 10.1515/9783110923872Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  517.  
  518. A reassessment of the question to what extent the legislation in Greece was influenced by the cultures of the ancient Middle East.
  519.  
  520. Find this resource:
  521.  
  522.  
  523. Gehrke, Hans-Joachim. 2006. The figure of Solon in the Athenaion Politeia. In Solon of Athens: New historical and philological approaches. Edited by Josine H. Blok and André Pierre M. H. Lardinois, 276–289. Leiden, The Netherlands, and Boston: Brill.
  524.  
  525. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  526.  
  527. Aristotle in his Politics and Athenaion Politeia shows Solon as a good legislator and as an architect of a mixed constitution.
  528.  
  529. Find this resource:
  530.  
  531.  
  532. Hölkeskamp, Karl-Joachim. 1999. Schiedsrichter, Gesetzgeber und Gesetzgebung im archaischen Griechenland. Historia Einzelschriften 131. Stuttgart: Steiner.
  533.  
  534. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  535.  
  536. A comprehensive study of the earliest Greek legislation in the 7th and 6th centuries BCE city by city, with systematic summary; as there is no evidence for codes, Hölkeskamp challenges the traditional picture of Solon as lawgiver.
  537.  
  538. Find this resource:
  539.  
  540.  
  541. Hölkeskamp, Karl-Joachim. 2005. What’s in a code?: Solon’s laws between complexity, compilation and contingency. Hermes 133.3: 280–293.
  542.  
  543. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  544.  
  545. English version of Hölkeskamp 1999, focused on the analysis of Solon.
  546.  
  547. Find this resource:
  548.  
  549.  
  550. Rhodes, Peter John. 2006. The reforms and laws of Solon: An optimistic view. In Solon of Athens: New historical and philological approaches. Edited by Josine H. Blok and André Pierre M. H. Lardinois, 248–260. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill.
  551.  
  552. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  553.  
  554. Athenaion Politeia and Plutarch were still able to see the original laws of Solon in Athens.
  555.  
  556. Find this resource:
  557.  
  558.  
  559. Ruschenbusch, Eberhard. 1983. Solōnos Nomoi: Die Fragmente des Solonischen Gesetzeswerkes mit einer Text- und Überlieferungsgeschichte. Historia Einzelschriften 9. Wiesbaden, Germany: Steiner.
  560.  
  561. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  562.  
  563. Solon codified Athenian law; arguments are given in favor of the idea that the laws on the Axones represented a whole corpus and a systematically designed code of law. Greek text without translation.
  564.  
  565. Find this resource:
  566.  
  567.  
  568. Ruschenbusch, Eberhard, and Klaus Bringmann, ed. 2010. Solon: Das Gesetzeswerk-Fragmente: Übersetzung und Kommentar. Stuttgart: Steiner.
  569.  
  570. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  571.  
  572. New edition of Ruschenbusch’s 1966 Solōnos Nomoi with German translation, without the testimonies nos.1–33 and without the fragments F94–152 (because classified as not genuine).
  573.  
  574. Find this resource:
  575.  
  576.  
  577. Scafuro, Adele C. 2006. Identifying Solonian laws. In Solon of Athens: New historical and philological approaches. Edited by Josine H. Blok, and André Pierre M. H. Lardinois, 175–196. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill.
  578.  
  579. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  580.  
  581. Scafuro strongly criticizes Ruschenbusch, especially concerning his division of laws into genuine and not genuine.
  582.  
  583. Find this resource:
  584.  
  585.  
  586. Sier, Kurt. 2008. Der Staatsmann in Absenz: Überlegungen zu Platon, Politikos. In Politischer Platonismus. Edited by Andreas Eckl and Clemens Kauffmann, 17–28. Würzburg, Germany: Königshausen & Neumann.
  587.  
  588. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  589.  
  590. Traces the relationship between Solon, Aristotle, and especially Plato, and offers an analysis of Solon’s poems as precursor of the Platonic prooemia in the Nomoi.
  591.  
  592. Find this resource:
  593.  
  594.  
  595. Ungern-Sternberg, Jürgen von, and Klaus Seybold. 2007. Josia und Solon: Zwei Reformer. In Gesetzgebung in Antiken Gesellschaften: Israel, Griechenland, Rom. Edited by Leonhard Burckhardt, Klaus Seybold, and Jürgen von Ungern-Sternberg, 103–161. Berlin: de Gruyter.
  596.  
  597. DOI: 10.1515/9783110923872Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  598.  
  599. Very useful intercultural comparison.
  600.  
  601. Find this resource:
  602.  
  603.  
  604. Constitutional Reform
  605. According to the Athenaion Politeia, Solon transformed the whole structure of the Athenian constitution: he created a people’s council of 400, established the right of eisangelia (appeal) and a people’s court of appeals (eliaia), and introduced a combination of election and allotment for the filling of offices and a law against staseis. Hignett 1975 (originally 1952) doubted the existence of these institutions in the time of Solon, finding especially the existence of the council of 400 of dubious authenticity, because nothing earlier than the information of the Athenaion Politeia is attested. Opposing him are Rhodes 1972 and Wallace 2007. Also, there is disagreement on the Areopagus Council. For the Areopagus Council as mere homicide court, see Schubert 2000; for the Areopagus as a council to protect the government, consisting of former archons, see Wallace 1989, Wallace 2007, and Hall 2013.
  606.  
  607. Hall, Jonathan. 2013. The rise of state action in the Archaic Age. In A companion to ancient Greek government. Edited by Hans Beck, 9–21. Chichester, UK: Wiley-Blackwell.
  608.  
  609. DOI: 10.1002/9781118303214Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  610.  
  611. Cautious on the question of whether there was a council of 400; admits considerable influence wielded by the Areopagus, which in his opinion was an aristocratic council recruited from former archons.
  612.  
  613. Find this resource:
  614.  
  615.  
  616. Hignett, Charles. 1975. A history of the Athenian constitution to the end of the fifth century B.C. Oxford: Clarendon.
  617.  
  618. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  619.  
  620. Doubts the existence of a council of 400. Reprint of the first edition (1952).
  621.  
  622. Find this resource:
  623.  
  624.  
  625. Rhodes, Peter John. 1972. The Athenian boule. Oxford: Clarendon.
  626.  
  627. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  628.  
  629. Is of the opinion that Solon established a council of 400.
  630.  
  631. Find this resource:
  632.  
  633.  
  634. Schubert, Charlotte. 2000. Der Areopag als Gerichtshof. Zeitschrift der Savigny-Stiftung für Rechtsgeschichte, Romanistische Abteilung 117:103–132.
  635.  
  636. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  637.  
  638. From the 6th century on, the Areopagus was only a homicide court, responsible for capital crimes.
  639.  
  640. Find this resource:
  641.  
  642.  
  643. Wallace, Robert W. 1989. The Areopagus council, to 307 B.C. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Univ. Press.
  644.  
  645. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  646.  
  647. Authoritative study of the Athenian Areopagus. Solon assigned to the Areopagus constitutional powers like guarding the laws and protecting the government against a newly powerful assembly.
  648.  
  649. Find this resource:
  650.  
  651.  
  652. Wallace, Robert W. 2007. Revolutions and a new order in Solonian Athens and Archaic Greece. In Origins of democracy in ancient Greece. Edited by Kurt A. Raaflaub, Josiah Ober, and Robert W. Wallace, 49–82. Berkeley: Univ. of California Press.
  653.  
  654. DOI: 10.1525/california/9780520245624.001.0001Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  655.  
  656. Gives an overview of Solon’s constitutional reforms; is of the opinion that Solon created the basic institutions of Athens’ democracy.
  657.  
  658. Find this resource:
  659.  
  660.  
  661. Dike
  662. Two opposing views dominate the discussion: the thesis, first put forward in Jaeger 1926, that justice (dike) is presented as a natural, self-regulative order in Solon’s poems, and the reinterpretation originating from the New Archaeology (Snodgrass 1980 and Morris 1987 (both cited under Agrarian Reform), Almeida 2003) that Solon understood dike to be an objective norm of political behavior whose substantive content reflects the essential features of the polis idea. Manuwald 1989 and Lewis 2006 are indebted to Jaeger; Vlastos 1946, on the other hand, is focused on the political dimension of Solon’s dike.
  663.  
  664. Almeida, Joseph Anthony. 2003. Justice as an aspect of the polis idea in Solon’s political poems: A reading of the fragments in light of the researches of new classical archaeology. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill.
  665.  
  666. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  667.  
  668. Dike in the Solonian poems is an abstract; the polis as a whole is founded on divine justice.
  669.  
  670. Find this resource:
  671.  
  672.  
  673. Blaise, Fabienne. 2005. Poésie, politique, religion: Solon entre les dieux et les hommes (l’ « Eunomie » et l’« Élégie aux Muses », 4 et 13 West). Revue de philosophie ancienne 23.1: 3–40.
  674.  
  675. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  676.  
  677. Dike is part of Solon’s statesmanship (in French; an English version is Blaise 2006, cited under Eunomia).
  678.  
  679. Find this resource:
  680.  
  681.  
  682. Jaeger, Werner. 1926. Solons Eunomie. Sitzungsberichte der Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften 69–85.
  683.  
  684. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  685.  
  686. Essential, groundbreaking study of dike as a natural law.
  687.  
  688. Find this resource:
  689.  
  690.  
  691. Manuwald, Bernd. 1989. Zu Solons Gedankenwelt (frr. 3 u. 1 G.-P. = 4 u. 13 W.). Rheinisches Museum 132:1–25.
  692.  
  693. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  694.  
  695. Presents dike as an element of the city-state, agreeing in this with Jaeger.
  696.  
  697. Find this resource:
  698.  
  699.  
  700. Lewis, John. 2006. Solon the thinker: Political thought in Archaic Athens. London: Duckworth.
  701.  
  702. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  703.  
  704. Argues that Solon’s dike is relevant to both the practical circumstances of the administration of justice as well as to a “natural dike,” and both are dependent on the interactions and contentions of individual members of the polis.
  705.  
  706. Find this resource:
  707.  
  708.  
  709. Vlastos, Gregory. 1946. Solonian justice. Classical Philology 41:65–83.
  710.  
  711. DOI: 10.1086/362929Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  712.  
  713. The rational dike is the dynamic principle of Solon’s reconstruction of Athenian institutions, justice becoming a common possession defining the peace and freedom of all.
  714.  
  715. Find this resource:
  716.  
  717.  
  718. Eunomia
  719. Starting from the Eunomia-elegy (fragment 4 West), Eunomia is described either as a state of well-ordered civil community, as shown by Meier 1980, and Raaflaub 2006; as the personification of divine good order, as in Jaeger 1926 and L’Homme-Wéry 1996; or as a mechanism of political order (Blaise 2006).
  720.  
  721. Blaise, Fabienne. 2006. Poetics and politics: Tradition re-worked in Solon’s “Eunomia” (poem 4). In Solon of Athens: New historical and philological approaches. Edited by Josine H. Blok and André Pierre M. H. Lardinois, 114–133. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill.
  722.  
  723. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  724.  
  725. Eunomia is a logically deduced action principle which resulted from the observation of Dysnomia. Dike, Eunomia and Dysnomia are not personified deities, but mechanisms or processes of the political order.
  726.  
  727. Find this resource:
  728.  
  729.  
  730. Jaeger, W. 1926. Solons Eunomie. Sitzungsberichte der Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften 69–85.
  731.  
  732. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  733.  
  734. Seminal paper: Eunomia is a personification of divine good order, the contrary is the existence of Dysnomia as result of human error.
  735.  
  736. Find this resource:
  737.  
  738.  
  739. L’Homme-Wéry, Louise-Marie. 1996. La notion d’harmonie dans la pensée politique de Solon. Kernos 9:145–154.
  740.  
  741. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  742.  
  743. Solon describes the concrete political life founded on dike, and he presents this as the gift of the personified goddess Eunomia, the sister of Dike.
  744.  
  745. Find this resource:
  746.  
  747.  
  748. Meier, Christian. 1980. Die Entstehung des Politischen bei den Griechen. Frankfurt: Suhrkamp.
  749.  
  750. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  751.  
  752. Solon conceptualized the polis order as eunomia and as fundamentally opposed to tyranny. Pioneering studies discussing the development of Athenian democracy in the 5th century BCE and the special character of Greek political thought as well as the special Athenian practice of democracy. (The English translation, The Greek Discovery of Politics, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1990, omits two chapters.) To be read alongside Christian Meier, A Culture of Freedom: Ancient Greece and the Origins of Europe, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011.
  753.  
  754. Find this resource:
  755.  
  756.  
  757. Raaflaub, Kurt A. 2006. Athenian and Spartan εὐνομία, or What to do with Solon’s timocracy? In Solon of Athens: New historical and philological approaches. Edited by Josine H. Blok and André Pierre M. H. Lardinois, 390–428. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill.
  758.  
  759. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  760.  
  761. The historians of the 5th century applied the concept of Eunomia to the Spartan society: the ideal of a society which accepted possession and class differences, and in which the people were protected from tyranny by having rights of participation. This corresponds to Eunomia and is also reflected in the Spartan rhetra.
  762.  
  763. Find this resource:
  764.  
  765.  
  766. Solon the Wise
  767. Solon is one of the famous Seven Sages who were considered in antiquity as counselors, mediators, and political reformers, but also as representatives of everyday proverbial wisdom. Loraux 1988 illuminates the tension between orality and literacy; Althoff and Zeller 2006 and Busine and Decharneux 2002 provide a good overview of the history and the sayings of the Seven Sages in antiquity. The circle included many more than just seven, and tradition has different compositions. Solon, however, is always a member of the inner circle and occurs also as a figure of ancient wisdom literature. Fehling 1985 argued that the circle was an invention of Plato. In contrast, Wallace 2009 describes the Sages as sophoi and as a phenomenon of Archaic Greece. The sayings and stories of the Seven Sages have had a long afterlife, ranging from antiquity through the Middle Ages to the present. Engels 2010 and Snell 1971 give a good survey of this afterlife.
  768.  
  769. Althoff, Jochen, and Dieter Zeller. 2006. Die Worte der sieben Weisen. Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft.
  770.  
  771. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  772.  
  773. Collection of the sayings of the Seven Sages (Greek/German) with commentary (German).
  774.  
  775. Find this resource:
  776.  
  777.  
  778. Busine, Aude, and Baudouin Decharneux. 2002. Les Sept sages de la Grèce antique: Transmission et utilisation d’un patrimoine légendaire d’Hérodote à Plutarque. Paris: de Boccard.
  779.  
  780. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  781.  
  782. Busine focuses exclusively on the literary sources pertaining to the legends of the circle, assigning the key role in the spread of the legend to the Delphic sanctuary.
  783.  
  784. Find this resource:
  785.  
  786.  
  787. Engels, Johannes. 2010. Die sieben Weisen: Leben, Lehren und Legenden. Beck’sche Reihe 2485. Munich: Beck.
  788.  
  789. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  790.  
  791. Short and concise overview of the history and literary tradition.
  792.  
  793. Find this resource:
  794.  
  795.  
  796. Fehling, Detlev. 1985. Die sieben Weisen und die frühgriechische Chronologie: Eine traditionsgeschichtliche Studie. Bern, Switzerland: Lang.
  797.  
  798. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  799.  
  800. Concludes from Plato’s mention of the Seven Sages (Protagoras 343c) that the constitution of this circle was an invention of Plato.
  801.  
  802. Find this resource:
  803.  
  804.  
  805. Loraux, Nicole. 1988. Solon et la voix de l’écrit. In Les savoirs de l’écriture en Grèce ancienne. Edited by Marcel Detienne, 95–129. Villeneuve-d’Ascq, France: Presses universitaires de Lille.
  806.  
  807. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  808.  
  809. Describes the tension between the spoken character of Solon’s poems and the written form of his laws.
  810.  
  811. Find this resource:
  812.  
  813.  
  814. Snell, Bruno. 1971. Leben und Meinungen der sieben Weisen: Griechische und latenische Quellen. Edited and translated by Bruno Snell. 4th ed. Munich: Heimeran.
  815.  
  816. DOI: 10.1515/9783110360042Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  817.  
  818. Collection of Greek and Latin text passages pertaining to the Seven Sages. First edition 1938.
  819.  
  820. Find this resource:
  821.  
  822.  
  823. Wallace, Robert W. 2009. Charismatic leaders. In A companion to Archaic Greece. Edited by Kurt Raaflaub and Hans van Wees, 411–426. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell.
  824.  
  825. DOI: 10.1002/9781444308761Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  826.  
  827. Solon was a charismatic leader and a typical sophos, the sophoi being a historical early-6th-century phenomenon.
  828.  
  829. Find this resource:
  830.  
  831.  
  832. Solon the Democrat
  833. In the 4th century BCE, Solon is regarded as the founder of Athenian democracy (see Ruschenbusch 1958), and this image is discussed in the Athenaion Politeia as well as in Aristotle’s Politics, as shown by Gehrke 2006. Raaflaub 2007a, Ober 2007, and Wallace 2007 describe the impact of Solon on Athenian politics, which, however, depends very much on the context in which the beginnings of egalitarianism and “people’s power” are rooted in Archaic Greece. The basic question is whether Solon’s reforms furthered the development toward democracy, as argued in Lewis 2006 and Wallace 2007, or if we have to see him in proximity to tyranny, as in Irwin 2008.
  834.  
  835. Gehrke, Hans-Joachim. 2006. The figure of Solon in the Athenaion Politeia. In Solon of Athens: New historical and philological approaches. Edited by Josine H. Blok and André Pierre M. H. Lardinois, 276–289. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill.
  836.  
  837. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  838.  
  839. In the Athenaion Politeia and Aristotle’s Politics, Solon is a good legislator who had created a mixed constitution and was not the founder of a radical democracy in Athens.
  840.  
  841. Find this resource:
  842.  
  843.  
  844. Irwin, Elizabeth. 2008. Solon and early Greek poetry: The politics of exhortation. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press.
  845.  
  846. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  847.  
  848. Although Solon propagated in his poems an anti-tyrannical attitude, he is still to be seen in closer proximity to the tyrant Peisistratus.
  849.  
  850. Find this resource:
  851.  
  852.  
  853. Lewis, John. 2006. Solon the thinker: Political thought in Archaic Athens. London: Duckworth.
  854.  
  855. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  856.  
  857. Solon is the first extant author to denounce tyranny and equate it with slavery and the first to develop the concept of political freedom in opposition to tyranny and slavery.
  858.  
  859. Find this resource:
  860.  
  861.  
  862. Ober, Josiah. 2007. “I besieged that man”: Democracy’s revolutionary start. In Origins of democracy in ancient Greece. Edited by Kurt A. Raaflaub, Josiah Ober, and Robert W. Wallace, 83–104. Berkeley: Univ. of California Press.
  863.  
  864. DOI: 10.1525/california/9780520245624.001.0001Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  865.  
  866. Sees an epistemic shift not yet in the time of Solon but in the last decade of the 6th century, when a dramatically new understanding of society began which Ober classifies as a real revolution.
  867.  
  868. Find this resource:
  869.  
  870.  
  871. Raaflaub, Kurt A. 2007a. “People’s power” and egalitarian trends in Archaic Greece. In Origins of democracy in ancient Greece. Edited by Kurt A. Raaflaub, Josiah Ober, and Robert W. Wallace, 22–48. Berkeley: Univ. of California Press.
  872.  
  873. DOI: 10.1525/california/9780520245624.003.0002Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  874.  
  875. Introduction to and summary of the recent discussion.
  876.  
  877. Find this resource:
  878.  
  879.  
  880. Raaflaub, Kurt A. 2007b. The breakthrough of dēmokratia in mid-5th-century Athens. In Origins of democracy in ancient Greece. Edited by Kurt A. Raaflaub, Josiah Ober, and Robert W. Wallace, 105–154. Berkeley: Univ. of California Press.
  881.  
  882. DOI: 10.1525/california/9780520245624.003.0005Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  883.  
  884. The profound transformation of Athens did not start until after the Persian Wars, instigating military and political change; in this process, the Athenian navy was essential and led to the evolution of democracy.
  885.  
  886. Find this resource:
  887.  
  888.  
  889. Ruschenbusch, E. 1958. Πάτριος πολιτεία: Theseus, Drakon, Solon und Kleisthenes in Publizistik und Geschichtsschreibung des 5. und 4. Jahrhunderts v. Chr. Historia 7:398–424.
  890.  
  891. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  892.  
  893. Shows how from the 4th century BCE Solon was considered as the founder of democracy in Athens, so that not only Solon appeared as a democrat, but even Theseus.
  894.  
  895. Find this resource:
  896.  
  897.  
  898. Wallace, Robert W. 2007. Revolutions and a new order in Solonian Athens and Archaic Greece. In Origins of democracy in ancient Greece. Edited by Kurt A. Raaflaub, Josiah Ober, and Robert W. Wallace, 49–82. Berkeley: Univ. of California Press.
  899.  
  900. DOI: 10.1525/california/9780520245624.001.0001Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  901.  
  902. The consequence of Solon’s constitutional reforms was a share of power for Athenian citizens, but not a full-fledged democracy.
  903.  
  904. Find this resource:
Advertisement
Add Comment
Please, Sign In to add comment
Public Pastes
We use cookies for various purposes including analytics. By continuing to use Pastebin, you agree to our use of cookies as described in the Cookies Policy.  OK, I Understand
Not a member of Pastebin yet?
Sign Up, it unlocks many cool features!