update res_user set date_of_birth= '1991-07-30' where name = 'USER1';

update res_user as ru set
date_of_birth = n.date_of_birth
from (values
    ('1991-07-30','User1'),
    ('1980-06-30','User2'),
    ('1975-02-12','User3'),
) as n(date_of_birth, name)
where n.name = ru.name;

ERROR:  column "date_of_birth" is of type date but expression is of
type text
LINE 2:     date_of_birth = n.date_of_birth
                        ^
HINT:  You will need to rewrite or cast the expression.