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Modern Jewish Politics (Jewish Studies)

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  1.  
  2. Introduction
  3. Modern Jewish politics comprises several overlapping fields of Jewish political activity in the era roughly between the late 18th century and the present. Characteristic of the larger Jewish experience in the modern world, the concepts of “Jewish” and “political” are subject to an immense diversity of competing definitions and interpretations. Nonetheless, in broadest strokes, modern Jewish politics can be understood as the interaction between five types of political activity and five kinds of actors. In this taxonomy, Jewish politics consists of (1) collective mobilization in political movements, both Jewish and non-Jewish; (2) formal self-advocacy and self-representation in domestic, regional, and global political frameworks; (3) legal activism and diplomatic work on behalf of local and distant Jewish communities, especially with regard to issues of citizenship, migration, anti-Semitism, and violence; (4) intellectual and legal projects of collective self-definition within or in opposition to existing conventional categories of modern politics, such as state and nation; and (5) the exercise of political sovereignty in the State of Israel. Each of these spheres in turn is populated by multiple Jewish political actors: (1) individual Jews; (2) Jewish communal groups and legally constituted Jewish substate communities; (3) informal Jewish networks of activists; (4) international nongovernmental organizations (NGOs); and (5) the government of the State of Israel. This essay seeks to map out representative studies and academic resources of all of these different actors and activities, without, however, claiming to present an exhaustive view of any one subject area or topic. The focus throughout is on highlighting works that specifically engage larger questions of Jewish politics from a variety of methodological and ideological viewpoints.
  4.  
  5. General Overviews
  6. The rapid growth of the field of Jewish political studies is largely a product of the decades since the mid-1970s. Operating under the twin shadows of the Holocaust and the rise of the State of Israel, historians took the lead in foregrounding the study of Zionism and Jewish political responses to anti-Semitism. Often, this work has reflected a deep self-consciousness about the historical impact of renewed Jewish sovereignty. Thus, Biale 1986 and Lederhendler 1989 each offer explicit correctives to the Zionist perception of traditional Jewish society as fundamentally apolitical. Likewise, Schorsch 1994, Yerushalmi 2014 and Elazar 1980 illuminate deeper, longue durée patterns of premodern Jewish meta-politics thrown into question by the dramatic events of the mid-20th century. Reflecting a post-Holocaust sensitivity to the Jewish fate in Europe, Vital 1999 details the centuries-long struggle for Jewish freedom and survival in all its forms, while Diner 2008 seeks to problematize Jewish politics by exposing the European Christian origins of modern Western political thought. Recognizing that the rise of Jewish political movements took place during the age of mass immigration from Eastern Europe to North America and Palestine, Frankel 1981 and Mendelsohn 1993 present important transnational surveys of the emergence of modern Jewish politics.
  7.  
  8. Biale, David. Power and Powerlessness in Jewish History. New York: Schocken, 1986.
  9.  
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  11.  
  12. Pioneering account of Jewish political meta-strategies throughout history, challenging the notion that the absence of sovereignty curtailed the possibility of Jewish politics before 1948; written with a critical eye toward post-1967 Israeli political culture.
  13.  
  14. Find this resource:
  15.  
  16. Diner, Dan. “Ambiguous Semantics: Reflections on Jewish Political Concepts.” Jewish Quarterly Review 98.1 (Winter 2008): 89–102.
  17.  
  18. DOI: 10.1353/jqr.2008.0000Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  19.  
  20. Historically informed meditation on the philosophical problem of defining Jewish politics. Highlights the disjunction between the Christian political-theology at the core of modern Western politics and the Jewish diasporic experience.
  21.  
  22. Find this resource:
  23.  
  24. Elazar, Daniel J. “Some Preliminary Observations on the Jewish Political Tradition.” Tradition 18 (1980): 249–271.
  25.  
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  27.  
  28. Seminal article in the field of Jewish political studies, framing the topic in terms of the premodern Jewish covenantal model of polity and the consequences of secularization and the rebirth of Jewish sovereignty after 1948.
  29.  
  30. Find this resource:
  31.  
  32. Frankel, Jonathan. Prophecy and Politics: Socialism, Nationalism, and the Russian Jews, 1862–1917. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1981.
  33.  
  34. DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511572494Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  35.  
  36. Foundational work in modern Jewish political history, establishing the importance of the transnational dimension of Jewish political movements and the creative interplay between the ostensibly rival ideologies of nationalism and socialism.
  37.  
  38. Find this resource:
  39.  
  40. Lederhendler, Eli. The Road to Modern Jewish Politics: Political Tradition and Political Reconstruction in the Jewish Community of Tsarist Russia. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989.
  41.  
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  43.  
  44. Innovative account of the meaning of Jewish politics in the absence of sovereign power and the transformation of communal authority in the encounter with the modern European state.
  45.  
  46. Find this resource:
  47.  
  48. Mendelsohn, Ezra. On Modern Jewish Politics. New York: Oxford University Press, 1993.
  49.  
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  51.  
  52. Influential, concise taxonomy of the main trajectories of modern Jewish political behavior across Europe, North America, and Israel. Notable for its tripartite model of Jewish politics in terms of integrationist (liberal), socialist, and nationalist streams.
  53.  
  54. Find this resource:
  55.  
  56. Schorsch, Ismar. “On the History of the Political Judgment of the Jew.” In From Text to Context: The Turn to History in Modern Judaism. By Ismar Schorsch, 118–132. Hanover, NH: University Press of New England, 1994.
  57.  
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  59.  
  60. Groundbreaking article challenging the regnant thesis of diasporic Jews as a people without a political history; emphasizes legal status and group cohesiveness as key factors in political consciousness and behavior.
  61.  
  62. Find this resource:
  63.  
  64. Vital, David. A People Apart: The Jews in Europe, 1789–1939. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999.
  65.  
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  67.  
  68. Comprehensive political history of modern Jews in the era between the French Revolution and the Holocaust, with excellent contextualization in terms of broader patterns in international diplomacy and politics.
  69.  
  70. Find this resource:
  71.  
  72. Yerushalmi, Yosef Hayim. “Servants of Kings and Not Servants of Servants: Some Aspects of the Political History of the Jews.” In The Faith of Fallen Jews: Yosef Hayim Yerushalmi and the Writing of Jewish History. Edited by David Myers and Alexander Kaye, 245–276. Waltham, MA: Brandeis University Press, 2014.
  73.  
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  75.  
  76. Probing reflection on the centuries-long Jewish pattern of seeking political vertical alliances with medieval monarchs and modern states and its ostensible 20th-century demise.
  77.  
  78. Find this resource:
  79.  
  80. Reference Works
  81. In the absence of dedicated reference works, students and scholars can profitably begin research queries with the Enyclopaedia Judaica (Skolnick 2007). The history of Zionism is well covered in Tidhar 1971, Hattis Rolef 1993, and Reich and Goldberg 2008, while the diplomatic historical source base of the Arab-Israeli conflict is handily surveyed in Cherif Bassiouni and Ben Ami 2009. Given the centrality of Eastern Europe as point of origins for many central movements and figures in 20th-century Jewish politics, the relevance of Hundert 2008 transcends its regional focus, especially for biographical research. Medoff 2002 is primarily useful as a helpful compilation of facts and figures. Diner 2011 represents an ambitious new team-written encyclopedia with careful attention to political topics and questions.
  82.  
  83. Cherif Bassiouni, M., and Shlomo Ben Ami, eds. A Guide to Documents on the Arab Palestinian/Israeli Conflict: 1897–2008. Leiden, The Netherlands: Martinus Nijhoff, 2009.
  84.  
  85. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  86.  
  87. In-depth document guide prepared by two scholar-participants in Israeli-Palestinian peace negotiations, with very comprehensive coverage of legal and diplomatic statements, proposals, and formal agreements; includes capsule summaries and brief editorial commentaries.
  88.  
  89. Find this resource:
  90.  
  91. Diner, Dan, ed. Enzyklopädie jüdischer Geschichte und Kultur. Vol. 1. Leipzig: Metzler Verlag, 2011.
  92.  
  93. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  94.  
  95. Ongoing encyclopedia project featuring commissioned specialist essays on a variety of political themes connected to European Jewish modernity, each with up-to-date bibliographies.
  96.  
  97. Find this resource:
  98.  
  99. Hattis Rolef, Susan, ed. Political Dictionary of the State of Israel. 2d ed. New York: Macmillan, 1993.
  100.  
  101. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  102.  
  103. Useful reference dictionary with concise articles on a large range of topics, terms, persons, and events, with maps, charts, and other illustrations.
  104.  
  105. Find this resource:
  106.  
  107. Hundert, Gershon, ed. The YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe. 2 vols. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2008.
  108.  
  109. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  110.  
  111. Large-scale historical encyclopedia covering the full range of Jewish life in Eastern Europe and the East European Jewish diaspora from medieval times through the end of the 20th century, with important survey articles on key political movements, individual biographies, and helpful charts and maps, as well as extensive multimedia. Also available online.
  112.  
  113. Find this resource:
  114.  
  115. Medoff, Rafael, ed. Jewish Americans and Political Participation: A Reference Handbook. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, 2002.
  116.  
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  118.  
  119. Expansive guidebook with narrative sections covering Jewish voting patterns, elected office-holders, lobbying and advocacy, with selected key documents, annotated bibliography and related resources.
  120.  
  121. Find this resource:
  122.  
  123. Reich, Bernard, and David Goldberg, eds. Historical Dictionary of Israel. 2d ed. Metuchen, NJ: Scarecrow, 2008.
  124.  
  125. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  126.  
  127. Wide-ranging dictionary with concise articles on individuals, places, events, and organizations in the modern political history of the State of Israel.
  128.  
  129. Find this resource:
  130.  
  131. Skolnick, Fred, ed. Enyclopaedia Judaica. 2d ed. 22 vols. New York: Macmillan, 2007.
  132.  
  133. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  134.  
  135. Definitive reference resource on Jewish history, with extensive selections on a broad array of topics, including large themes, individual biographies, political movements, and country by country surveys. Originally published in 1971, and partially updated with detailed bibliographies for each entry.
  136.  
  137. Find this resource:
  138.  
  139. Tidhar, David, ed. Encyclopedia of the Founders and Builders of Israel. 19 vols. Tel Aviv: Tidhar, 1971.
  140.  
  141. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  142.  
  143. Comprehensive biographical dictionary of thousands of key figures in the history of Zionism, Jewish society in British Mandatory Palestine, and post-1948 Israeli politics. In Hebrew. Also available online.
  144.  
  145. Find this resource:
  146.  
  147. Journals
  148. The proliferation of journals devoted in full or in part to Jewish politics has been a key component of the growth of broad, interdisciplinary scholarship. Despite their hybrid blends of scholarship with advocacy, Jewish Political Studies Review and Hebraic Political Studies both provide stimulating venues for a wide range of academic writing. Similarly, Theory and Criticism serves as a valuable entry point into Israeli academic debate on many themes in Jewish politics, past and present, while Middle East Review of International Affairs functions as a forum for policy experts and political scientists. Two more specialized journals, Israel Studies Review and Yearbook of the Simon Dubnow Institute, deal extensively with Jewish political history in Israel and Europe, respectively. Of the many Jewish studies journals currently in existence, Jewish Quarterly Review and Jewish Social Studies make the most pronounced efforts to integrate scholarship on Jewish politics into the mainstream of the field of Jewish Studies.
  149.  
  150. Hebraic Political Studies.
  151.  
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  153.  
  154. Brief-lived but influential journal, published 2005–2009 by the conservative-oriented Shalem Institute in Jerusalem, that helped shape the emerging field of Jewish political thought by emphasizing Judaic influences in medieval and early modern Western political thought. Full-text freely available on website.
  155.  
  156. Find this resource:
  157.  
  158. Israel Studies Review.
  159.  
  160. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  161.  
  162. Academic journal of the Association for Israel Studies, providing a forum for a broad study of Israeli society, culture, and politics, as well as methodological reflections on the scholarly field itself.
  163.  
  164. Find this resource:
  165.  
  166. Jewish Political Studies Review.
  167.  
  168. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  169.  
  170. Pioneering journal of Jewish political studies, published by the Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs since 1989, with emphases on Israel-Diaspora relations, anti-Semitism and anti-Zionism, and Jewish political thought. Includes academic articles, opinion essays, and book reviews. Full-text freely available on website.
  171.  
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  173.  
  174. Jewish Quarterly Review.
  175.  
  176. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  177.  
  178. Venerable Jewish Studies journal whose editorial focus includes the intellectual history of Jewish political thought and an emphasis on introducing Israeli and European scholarship on nationalism and Jewish politics to an English-language readership.
  179.  
  180. Find this resource:
  181.  
  182. Jewish Social Studies.
  183.  
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  185.  
  186. Long-running Jewish studies journal that consistently features new work on questions of Jewish politics and social scientific approaches to the Jewish political experience.
  187.  
  188. Find this resource:
  189.  
  190. Middle East Review of International Affairs.
  191.  
  192. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  193.  
  194. Quarterly English-language policy and politics journal published by the Rubin Center for Research in International Affairs at the Interdisciplinary Center (IDC) Herzliya in Israel, with emphasis on Middle Eastern affairs and Israeli political strategy. Full-text freely available on website.
  195.  
  196. Find this resource:
  197.  
  198. Theory and Criticism.
  199.  
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  201.  
  202. Influential Hebrew-language journal of ideas with left-wing political orientation, published by the Van Leer Jerusalem Institute, focused on issues of culture and politics in contemporary Israeli society.
  203.  
  204. Find this resource:
  205.  
  206. Yearbook of the Simon Dubnow Institute.
  207.  
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  209.  
  210. English-language journal published by the Simon Dubnow Institute for Jewish History and Culture at the University of Leipzig, committed to reframing the study of Jewish politics to take greater account of the varieties of Jewish nationalism and internationalism in pre-1945 Europe.
  211.  
  212. Find this resource:
  213.  
  214. Anthologies
  215. In the absence of large-scale synthetic narratives or single-purpose fully academic journals, anthologies of scholarly writing play an outsized role in delineating the state of knowledge in the scholarly field of modern Jewish politics. Birnbaum and Katznelson 1995 and Frankel and Zipperstein 1992 together offer crucial surveys of the key transformations of 19th-century Jewish life. Elazar 1997 and Gitelman 1992 outline a number of different approaches to concepts of modern Jewish politics framed against ancient and medieval Jewish history. Mendelsohn 1997 and Reinharz and Shapira 1996 both effectively sidestep polemics to deliver wide tranches of scholarship on controversial themes at the core of modern Jewish politics. Gitelman 2003 and Gitelman and Ro’i 2007 provide snapshots of the subfield of Russian and East European Jewish politics following the end of Communism and the opening of Soviet archives.
  216.  
  217. Birnbaum, Pierre, and Ira Katznelson, eds. Paths of Emancipation: Jews, States, and Citizenship. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1995.
  218.  
  219. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  220.  
  221. Definitive country-by-country survey of the political processes of emancipation, team-written by American and European scholars, introducing a comparativist model of analysis.
  222.  
  223. Find this resource:
  224.  
  225. Elazar, Daniel, ed. Kinship and Consent: The Jewish Political Tradition and Its Contemporary Uses. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction, 1997.
  226.  
  227. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  228.  
  229. Selection of theoretical reflections on the basic terms and concepts of Jewish politics by a group of Israeli scholars, emphasizing continuities and discontinuities between premodern tradition and post-1948 realities.
  230.  
  231. Find this resource:
  232.  
  233. Frankel, Jonathan, and Steve Zipperstein, eds. Assimilation and Community: The Jews in Nineteenth-Century Europe. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1992.
  234.  
  235. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  236.  
  237. Collection of articles by leading historians rethinking facile definitions of “assimilation” in the prime era of European Jewish political modernization, stressing the varieties of Jewish experience and new approaches to defining group boundaries.
  238.  
  239. Find this resource:
  240.  
  241. Gitelman, Zvi, ed. The Quest for Utopia: Jewish Political Ideas and Institutions through the Ages. New York: Sharpe, 1992.
  242.  
  243. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  244.  
  245. Useful collection of scholarship offering contrasting foci on main themes of modern Jewish politics in Europe and core questions of polity and political thought in ancient and medieval historical periods.
  246.  
  247. Find this resource:
  248.  
  249. Gitelman, Zvi, ed. The Emergence of Modern Jewish Politics: Bundism and Zionism in Eastern Europe. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh, 2003.
  250.  
  251. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  252.  
  253. Collection of wide-ranging essays by historians, political scientists, and literary scholars stressing the interaction between socialism and nationalism in the fashioning of Jewish political movements in Eastern Europe.
  254.  
  255. Find this resource:
  256.  
  257. Gitelman, Zvi, and Yaacov Ro’i, eds. Revolution, Repression, and Revival: The Soviet Jewish Experience. Metuchen, NJ: Rowman & Littlefield, 2007.
  258.  
  259. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  260.  
  261. Collection of articles examining the dramatic 20th-century experiences of Jews in the Soviet and post-Soviet eras; especially valuable for archive-based analyses of overlooked topics and consideration of the transition between Communism and the post-Communist era.
  262.  
  263. Find this resource:
  264.  
  265. Mendelsohn, Ezra. Essential Papers on Jews and the Left. New York: New York University Press, 1997.
  266.  
  267. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  268.  
  269. Definitive assemblage of scholarship combining excerpts from longer works and journal articles by American and Israeli scholars on the Jewish gravitation to socialism, radicalism, and communism in modern times.
  270.  
  271. Find this resource:
  272.  
  273. Reinharz, Jehuda, and Anita Shapira, eds. Essential Papers on Zionism. New York: New York University Press, 1996.
  274.  
  275. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  276.  
  277. Valuable sampling of foundational scholarship by Israeli and American historians on Zionism as a political movement, nationalist ideology, and Israeli political culture.
  278.  
  279. Find this resource:
  280.  
  281. Primary Sources
  282. The dramatic expansion in the available primary source base thanks to print publications, online newspaper repositories and digital archives, data sets, and other similar resources has opened up the field to an array of new pedagogical and research approaches. The proliferation of data mining and other empirical approaches has led to new possibilities for studies on the diffusion of Jewish political concepts, the spread of political movements, international diplomatic efforts, and the reconstruction of informal political networks. The new bounty of full-text resources has also generated greater interest in comparative investigations and transnational studies of Jewish political topics.
  283.  
  284. Online Primary Source Collections
  285. The huge volume of historical Jewish periodicals, many of them dedicated to Jewish political organizations and movements, are increasingly available online thanks to digitization efforts in Israel, Europe, and the United States. Sites such as the Historical Jewish Press and Compact Memory offer dedicated portals with full-text search capability and sources in multiple languages. The Ben Yehuda Project presents easy access to canonical Hebrew-language writers, among them several notable Zionist political thinkers. Many important historical documents related to Zionism and Israel can be found at the Jewish Virtual Library and the Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs site, while the Israel Democracy Institute provides a selective array of contemporary resources helpful for scholars interested in present-day Israeli political culture.
  286.  
  287. Ben Yehuda Project.
  288.  
  289. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  290.  
  291. Online digital database of Hebrew-language literature; includes extensive selections from many Zionist political leaders and intellectuals, including Ahad Ha’am, Vladimir Jabotinsky, Haim Arlozorov, and Chaim Nachman Bialik.
  292.  
  293. Find this resource:
  294.  
  295. Compact Memory.
  296.  
  297. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  298.  
  299. Large-scale full-text searchable historical newspaper and journal database from the Universitätsbibliothek UB of the Goethe Universität Frankfurt am Main. Includes 180 European Jewish periodicals, principally in German, with a few in Hebrew, English and Yiddish, offering especially strong coverage of Zionism in German-speaking communities.
  300.  
  301. Find this resource:
  302.  
  303. Historical Jewish Press.
  304.  
  305. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  306.  
  307. A joint website of the National Library of Israel and Tel Aviv University, this is a massive digital database of hundreds of full-text searchable historical Jewish newspapers and journals from around the world, including a large number of Israeli daily newspapers and European Jewish periodicals representing Zionism and other political movements. In Hebrew, Polish, English, French, German, Judeo-Arabic, Hungarian, Yiddish, and Ladino.
  308.  
  309. Find this resource:
  310.  
  311. Israel Democracy Institute.
  312.  
  313. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  314.  
  315. Website of the leading research institute for the study and promotion of democracy in Israeli politics; includes various conference reports, working papers, and source collections in English and Hebrew on democracy, human rights, and religious Judaism.
  316.  
  317. Find this resource:
  318.  
  319. Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Israel’s Bilateral and Multilateral Agreements.
  320.  
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  322.  
  323. English-language database sponsored by the Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs, providing texts and information on the Government of Israel’s international treaty obligations, as of February 2014.
  324.  
  325. Find this resource:
  326.  
  327. Jewish Virtual Library.
  328.  
  329. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  330.  
  331. Online encyclopedia with scholarly articles of varying objectivity and quality and an extensive trove of valuable primary sources, especially documents related to Zionist diplomacy and the State of Israel.
  332.  
  333. Find this resource:
  334.  
  335. Online Archives
  336. The explosion of digital archives available online has profoundly changed the nature of scholarly research, opening up new research options for remote in-depth exploration of primary sources and new approaches to the standard narratives of modern Jewish politics. The Israel State Archives, the Central Zionist Archives, and the Middle East Online provide extensive digitized primary source materials relating to Zionism, Israel, and the Middle East, past and present. Key Jewish political movements and political leaders are well documented in the online collections of the Center for Jewish History, the David Ben-Gurion Papers, and the Vladimir Jabotinsky Papers. Both the Joint Distribution Committee Archives and the American Jewish Committee Archives provide ideal starting points for research on topics of Jewish transnational politics, humanitarianism and migration, and diplomacy in the 20th century.
  337.  
  338. American Jewish Committee Archives.
  339.  
  340. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  341.  
  342. Archives of the American Jewish Committee, offering full-text documents covering variety of domestic and international political advocacy and diplomacy campaigns throughout the 20th century, with organizational documents and extensive historical multimedia.
  343.  
  344. Find this resource:
  345.  
  346. Center for Jewish History.
  347.  
  348. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  349.  
  350. Academic archive and library, physically based in New York City, holding the combined archives of the YIVO Institute for Jewish Research, the American Jewish Historical Society, and the Leo Baeck Institute. Website includes extensive digital collections and finding aids for key figures and organizations in modern Jewish political history, including the papers of Simon Dubnow, Chaim Zhitlowsky, and the Jewish Labor Bund.
  351.  
  352. Find this resource:
  353.  
  354. Central Zionist Archives.
  355.  
  356. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  357.  
  358. Central repository for the history of the Zionist movement, physically based in Jerusalem, with emphasis on collections of the pre-1948 political movement, individual leaders, including Theodor Herzl, and related political organizations. Website includes extensive finding aids and selected digitized documents, searchable in Hebrew and English.
  359.  
  360. Find this resource:
  361.  
  362. David Ben-Gurion Papers.
  363.  
  364. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  365.  
  366. Online digitized archive of the papers of Zionist leader and first Israeli prime minister David Ben-Gurion, hosted by the Ben-Gurion Archives and Library at the Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Israel.
  367.  
  368. Find this resource:
  369.  
  370. Israel State Archives.
  371.  
  372. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  373.  
  374. Central government archive for the State of Israel, physically based in Jerusalem, with collections relating to foreign diplomacy, domestic politics, and related topics. Currently in the process of digitizing its entire contents for free access on its website, including 9,000,000 textual documents and over 4,000 videos.
  375.  
  376. Find this resource:
  377.  
  378. Joint Distribution Committee Archives.
  379.  
  380. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  381.  
  382. Fully digitized archives of the American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee, including full range of 20th-century humanitarian and diplomatic activities in Jewish communities around the world.
  383.  
  384. Find this resource:
  385.  
  386. The Middle East Online: Arab-Israeli Relations, 1917–1970.
  387.  
  388. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  389.  
  390. Online digital collection of primary source documents from the British state archives, including the British National Archives, Foreign Office, Colonial Office, War Office, and Cabinet Papers, with extensive coverage of the diplomatic history of the Arab-Israeli conflict. Available online by subscription.
  391.  
  392. Find this resource:
  393.  
  394. Vladimir Jabotinsky Papers.
  395.  
  396. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  397.  
  398. Online digitized archive of the papers of Zionist leader Vladimir Jabotinsky, hosted by the Jabotinsky Institute in Israel.
  399.  
  400. Find this resource:
  401.  
  402. Print Primary Sources
  403. Like anthologies of scholarship, primary source collections have done much to shape the study of Jewish political studies. Hertzberg 1997 provides a canonical roster of Zionist thinkers, nicely complemented by Rabinovich and Reinharz 2008, which concentrates more on the Arab-Israeli conflict. Laqueur and Rubin 2008 offers a tighter focus on diplomatic, military, and ideological documents, while Kaplan and Penslar 2011 provides a deeper look into the dynamics of political life within the pre-state Jewish community and post-1948 Israeli state. Michels 2012 illuminates the familiar but rarely explored areas of the Jewish encounter with modern socialism and communism in the United States. Rabinovitch 2012 presents a useful starting point for exploring the diverse group of political thinkers that fall under the much-invoked but under-scrutinized rubric of Diaspora nationalism. Rubinstein and Naumov 2001 and Morozov 1999 provide unfettered access to the two most fateful moments in Soviet Jewish political history: the Stalin-era murderous anti-Semitic campaign and the post-1960s emigration movement. Behar and Benite 2013 corrects the overfocus on European Jewish experience as the paradigm of political modernization by offering a wealth of documentation on the Jews of the Middle East in the generations surrounding the birth of Israel. Walzer and Lorberbaum 2000–2003 seeks to bridge the gap between the premodern corpus of Jewish rabbinical writings and modern Jewish political philosophy through a carefully curated selection of primary sources.
  404.  
  405. Behar, Moshe, and Zvi Ben-Dor Benite, eds. Modern Middle Eastern Jewish Thought: Writings on Identity, Politics, and Culture, 1893–1958. Waltham, MA: Brandeis University Press, 2013.
  406.  
  407. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  408.  
  409. Good introduction to the complex dynamics of inclusion and exclusion that define the Jewish experience in modernizing Islamic and Arab societies.
  410.  
  411. Find this resource:
  412.  
  413. Hertzberg, Arthur, ed. The Zionist Idea. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America, 1997.
  414.  
  415. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  416.  
  417. Classic survey of Zionist thought, with extensive introductory essay and excerpts from key primary sources from the early 19th century through World War II.
  418.  
  419. Find this resource:
  420.  
  421. Kaplan, Eran, and Derek Penslar, eds. The Origins of Israel, 1882–1948: A Documentary History. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 2011.
  422.  
  423. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  424.  
  425. Expert selection of a wide range of prime sources, offering a more interior view of the Jewish experience of national community and political conflict in the Ottoman- and British-era Palestine and post-1948 Israel.
  426.  
  427. Find this resource:
  428.  
  429. Laqueur, Walter, and Barry Rubin, eds. The Israel-Arab Reader: A Documentary History of the Middle East Conflict. 7th ed. New York: Penguin, 2008.
  430.  
  431. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  432.  
  433. Classic anthology of principal diplomatic and political texts, with good attention to both Israeli and Arab political rhetoric, and an emphasis on the period between the 1960s and the 2000s.
  434.  
  435. Find this resource:
  436.  
  437. Michels, Tony, ed. Jewish Radicals: A Documentary History. New York: New York University Press, 2012.
  438.  
  439. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  440.  
  441. Innovative source reader providing selections from English- and Yiddish-language political writings on the interaction between Jews and the American Left, combining autobiographical voices, programmatic writings of Jewish participants in broader social and political movements, and revealing lesser-known writings on Zionism.
  442.  
  443. Find this resource:
  444.  
  445. Morozov, Boris, ed. Documents on Soviet Jewish Emigration. London and Portland, OR: Frank Cass, 1999.
  446.  
  447. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  448.  
  449. Important collection of Soviet archival sources on the Jewish national movement and Soviet state attitudes and policies regarding Jewish emigration.
  450.  
  451. Find this resource:
  452.  
  453. Rabinovich, Itamar, and Jehuda Reinharz, eds. Israel in the Middle East: Documents and Readings on Society, Politics, and Foreign Relations, Pre-1948 to the Present. 2d ed. Waltham, MA: Brandeis University Press, 2008.
  454.  
  455. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  456.  
  457. Up-to-date comprehensive survey of Zionism and Israeli political history, with emphasis on Israeli-Arab conflict, diplomacy, and foreign policy; includes helpful statistical tables.
  458.  
  459. Find this resource:
  460.  
  461. Rabinovitch, Simon, ed. Jews and Diaspora Nationalism: Writings on Jewish Peoplehood in Europe and the United States. Hanover, NH: University Press of New England, 2012.
  462.  
  463. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  464.  
  465. Expertly curated introduction to the varieties of Diaspora nationalist thought in 20th-century Europe and the United States, showing both its interaction with other political currents and its distinctive cast across time and place.
  466.  
  467. Find this resource:
  468.  
  469. Rubinstein, Joshua, and Vladimir Naumov, eds. Stalin’s Secret Pogrom: The Postwar Inquisition of the Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2001.
  470.  
  471. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  472.  
  473. Extensive archival documentation of the most significant anti-Jewish political repression campaign in the 20th-century Communist world, offering trial transcripts and court records of legal proceedings against Soviet Jewish leadership, with rich materials for the understanding of World War II, the creation of the State of Israel, and official Soviet anti-Semitism on the political psyche of the Russian Jewish intelligentsia.
  474.  
  475. Find this resource:
  476.  
  477. Walzer, Michael, and Menachem Lorberbaum, eds. The Jewish Political Tradition. 2 vols. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2000–2003.
  478.  
  479. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  480.  
  481. Pathbreaking collection of premodern Judaic sources carefully curated by a collective of Israeli and American scholars seeking to stimulate large-scale reflection on the intellectual contours of Jewish political thought and its implications for Israel and world Jewry today.
  482.  
  483. Find this resource:
  484.  
  485. Online Scholarship Databases and Data Sets
  486. The accumulation of statistical and other social scientific data has been largely a product of nongovernmental organizational initiatives rather than formal academic institutions. This communal orientation reflects itself in policy-relevant databases such as the Berman Jewish Policy Archive at Stanford University and the European Jewish Research Archive, both of which feature valuable repositories of primary and secondary sources, including academic literature. A surprisingly large amount of data is freely available in the Berman Jewish DataBank, the Israeli Bureau of Statistics, the Guttman Center for Public Opinion and Policy Research, and the Palestinian Center for Policy and Survey Research. Anti-Semitism can be examined in quantitative terms at the ADL Global 100, and in qualitative terms with the Felix Posen Bibliographic Project on Antisemitism.
  487.  
  488. ADL Global 100.
  489.  
  490. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  491.  
  492. A 2013–2014 global survey on anti-Semitism commissioned by the American Anti-Defamation League, with 2015 update. Includes a number of digital tools for exploring and comparing survey responses for over one hundred countries.
  493.  
  494. Find this resource:
  495.  
  496. The Berman Jewish DataBank.
  497.  
  498. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  499.  
  500. Online portal for a wide range of quantitative studies, data sets, and opinion surveys of North American Jewish society, including from the Pew Charitable Trusts, National Jewish Population Surveys, and the American Jewish Committee public opinion surveys, sponsored by the Jewish Federations of North America.
  501.  
  502. Find this resource:
  503.  
  504. The Berman Jewish Policy Archive at Stanford University.
  505.  
  506. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  507.  
  508. Massive online repository of over 20,000 communal documents and scholarly publications, including reports, working papers, journal articles, and other texts focused on American Jewry and Israel, with most available in full-text form, covering 1900 to the present.
  509.  
  510. Find this resource:
  511.  
  512. The European Jewish Research Archive.
  513.  
  514. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  515.  
  516. New online repository of scholarship and communal policy documents sponsored by the Institute for Jewish Policy Research in London, focused on European Jewish life, with coverage since 1900.
  517.  
  518. Find this resource:
  519.  
  520. The Felix Posen Bibliographic Project on Antisemitism.
  521.  
  522. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  523.  
  524. Online bibliographic database with roughly 50,000 items, covering historical perspectives and contemporary scholarship, periodically updated, sponsored by the Vidal Sassoon International Center for the Study of Antisemitism at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem.
  525.  
  526. Find this resource:
  527.  
  528. The Guttman Center for Public Opinion and Policy Research.
  529.  
  530. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  531.  
  532. The largest database of public opinion surveys for Israel, with reports covering research over last several decades and specialized ongoing surveys, the Israeli Democracy Index (2003–) and the Peace Index (1995–).
  533.  
  534. Find this resource:
  535.  
  536. Israeli Bureau of Statistics.
  537.  
  538. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  539.  
  540. Main portal for access to large-scale data on all aspects of Israeli demography, sociology, economy, and public sector, as well as comparative data sets on Israel in the international arena, with significant portion of materials in English.
  541.  
  542. Find this resource:
  543.  
  544. Palestinian Center for Policy and Survey Research.
  545.  
  546. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  547.  
  548. Leading polling and opinion research center for Palestinian society, hosted by an independent research institute in Ramallah, offering reports and raw data for past several years, co-sponsorship of the Arab Barometer index, as well as joint surveys conducted with the Harry S. Truman Research Institute for the Advancement of Peace at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem.
  549.  
  550. Find this resource:
  551.  
  552. Political Thought
  553. It is a truism that classical Jewish thought does not engage explicitly with conventional questions of politics. Yet recent decades have seen a range of creative scholarly efforts both to excavate a latent tradition of political philosophy in the rabbinic tradition and to theorize anew the relationship between key concepts of Western political thought and Judaism. The major catalyst for this process has been the emergence of the Zionist movement and the creation of the State of Israel, with its attendant issues of religion and state, sovereignty and military power, and the relationship between nationalism and liberalism. The essays in Avineri 1981 provide a good introduction to canonical Zionist thinkers from the perspective of an intellectual historian. Mittleman 2000, Batnitzky 2012, and Cooper 2016 all offer valuable introductions to both the traditional understanding and the new body of scholarship. Gans 2016 and Leibowitz 1992 provide original theories of the Jewish polity and the implications for contemporary Israeli politics, while Shimoni 1995 surveys the wide range of historical Zionist thought. Novak 2005 and Rashkover and Kavka 2014 engage more directly with the problem of political theology, including its Christian associations and the challenges and opportunities that shape its potential applicability to Jewish thought.
  554.  
  555. Avineri, Shlomo. The Making of Modern Zionism: Intellectual Origins of the Jewish State. New York: Basic Books, 1981.
  556.  
  557. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  558.  
  559. Classic survey of the intellectual history of Zionism, with incisive biographical case studies of key thinkers.
  560.  
  561. Find this resource:
  562.  
  563. Batnitzky, Leora. “Political Theory: Beyond Sovereignty?” In The Cambridge History of Jewish Philosophy. Vol. 2, The Modern Era. Edited by Martin Kavka, Zachary Braiterman, and David Novak, 579–605. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2012.
  564.  
  565. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  566.  
  567. Concise discussion of the conceptual building blocks and methodological frameworks that shape political theory in modern Jewish thought.
  568.  
  569. Find this resource:
  570.  
  571. Cooper, Julie E. “The Turn to Tradition in the Study of Jewish Politics.” Annual Review of Political Science 19 (2016): 67–87.
  572.  
  573. DOI: 10.1146/annurev-polisci-042314-125449Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  574.  
  575. Important survey of the state of the field from a political philosophy perspective, particularly with regard to the paucity of theoretical writing on the idea of Jewish sovereignty.
  576.  
  577. Find this resource:
  578.  
  579. Gans, Chaim. A Political Theory for the Jewish People. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016.
  580.  
  581. DOI: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190237547.001.0001Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  582.  
  583. Major attempt by a leading Israeli political philosopher to articulate an overarching theory of the Jewish polity, past and present, with particular focus on the questions in Zionist and post-Zionist thought.
  584.  
  585. Find this resource:
  586.  
  587. Leibowitz, Yeshayahu. Judaism, Human Values, and the Jewish State. Edited by Eliezer Goldman. Translated by Eliezer Goldman, Yoram Navon, Zvi Jacobson, Gershon Levi, and Raphael Levy. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1992.
  588.  
  589. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  590.  
  591. Collection of writings by a controversial Israeli intellectual and religious philosopher about the ethical tensions inherent in Jewish sovereignty, the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, and the nature of Jewish religion and politics.
  592.  
  593. Find this resource:
  594.  
  595. Mittleman, Alan. The Scepter Shall Not Depart from Judah: Perspectives on the Persistence of the Political in Judaism. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2000.
  596.  
  597. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  598.  
  599. Carefully reasoned study of how certain core ideas of Western political philosophy, including rights and individualism, can be understood in terms of the history of rabbinic thought.
  600.  
  601. Find this resource:
  602.  
  603. Novak, David. The Jewish Social Contract: An Essay in Political Theology. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2005.
  604.  
  605. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  606.  
  607. Influential work of Jewish political philosophy concerned with how to understand the covenantal nature of Jewish polity and its theological self-understanding in terms of the categories and demands of modern Western politics.
  608.  
  609. Find this resource:
  610.  
  611. Rashkover, Randi, and Martin Kavka, eds. Judaism, Liberalism, and Political Theology. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2014.
  612.  
  613. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  614.  
  615. Novel anthology of contemporary religion scholars, exploring the complicated interplay between Judaism and secular political liberalism and the challenges of formulating an authentic Jewish response to Western political theology.
  616.  
  617. Find this resource:
  618.  
  619. Shimoni, Gideon. The Zionist Ideology. Waltham, MA: Brandeis University Press, 1995.
  620.  
  621. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  622.  
  623. Deeply researched and very useful, if somewhat dated historical study of the development of the various political strains within modern Zionist ideology.
  624.  
  625. Find this resource:
  626.  
  627. Jews and the Modern State
  628. The historical transition from premodern forms of Jewish corporate autonomy to political integration into modern empires and nation-states produced a number of seismic effects detectable throughout the Jewish world. These included the legal demise of the kehillah, the traditional framework for communal autonomy, the rise of individual citizenship, and the fragmentation of long-established, broad-based Jewish communities into segmented national publics. Baron 1928, Baron 1942, Katz 1964, and Stanislawski 1983 historicize this transition in provocative, important ways. Arendt 1951 explores the Jewish political entanglements with the rise of the modern state, while Sznaider 2011 explores Arendt herself as a paradigm of a distinct ideal of Jewish internationalism. Finally, the emergence of Jewish sovereignty engendered new ideologies of Jewish statehood, as examined by Talmon 1970 and Kedar 2009.
  629.  
  630. Arendt, Hannah. The Origins of Totalitarianism. New York: Harcourt, 1951.
  631.  
  632. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  633.  
  634. Magisterial work of political history, arguing that the European Jewish encounter with the modern state played a central role in the rise of racial anti-Semitism, imperialism, and totalitarianism. Despite obvious historically inaccuracies, an enduring stimulus to reflection on the modern Jewish political condition.
  635.  
  636. Find this resource:
  637.  
  638. Baron, Salo. “Ghetto and Emancipation.” Menorah Journal 14 (1928): 515–526.
  639.  
  640. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  641.  
  642. Elegant scholarly excursus heralding the beginning of modern Jewish political history. Challenges the widespread assumption of liberal emancipation as a uniformly positive process of Jewish release from premodern political bondage; stresses the political trade-off involved in the surrender of group autonomy in exchange for individual citizenship.
  643.  
  644. Find this resource:
  645.  
  646. Baron, Salo. The Jewish Community, Its History and Structure to the American Revolution. 3 vols. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America, 1942.
  647.  
  648. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  649.  
  650. Pathbreaking survey of forms of Jewish communal self-governance from antiquity to the edge of the modern period, with a wealth of valuable bibliographic information included. Supports Baron’s influential thesis on the historical pattern of greater Jewish flourishing in multinational states.
  651.  
  652. Find this resource:
  653.  
  654. Katz, Jacob. “The Term ‘Jewish Emancipation’: Its Origins and Historical Impact.” In Studies in Nineteenth-Century Jewish Intellectual History. Edited by Alexander Altmann, 1–25. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1964.
  655.  
  656. DOI: 10.4159/harvard.9780674730878.c1Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  657.  
  658. Important historical reconstruction of the political and intellectual origins of the key term at the center of the European Jewish process of formal inclusion and legal citizenship.
  659.  
  660. Find this resource:
  661.  
  662. Kedar, Nir. Mamlakhtiyut: Ha-tefisah ha-ezrahit shel David Ben-Gurion. Beersheba: Ben-Gurion University Press, 2009.
  663.  
  664. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  665.  
  666. In Hebrew. Comprehensive, in-depth study of the Israeli political philosophy of statism, exploring its role in the Zionist political culture and the leadership of the first Israeli prime minister.
  667.  
  668. Find this resource:
  669.  
  670. Stanislawski, Michael. Tsar Nicholas I and the Jews: The Transformation of Jewish Society in Russia, 1825–1855. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America, 1983.
  671.  
  672. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  673.  
  674. Pioneering work that punctures the myth of undifferentiated Jewish oppression at the hands of the Tsarist regime and impregnable communal solidarity; exposes the dynamics of Jewish elites’ would-be partnership with the autocratic state in quest of religious, educational, and legal reform of the Jewish population.
  675.  
  676. Find this resource:
  677.  
  678. Sznaider, Natan. Jewish Memory and the Cosmopolitan Order. Cambridge, UK: Polity, 2011.
  679.  
  680. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  681.  
  682. Imaginative long-form historical essay on the dynamics of particularism and universalism in the modern European Jewish intellectual experience; uses Hannah Arendt’s writings to argue for a distinctively Jewish path toward ethical cosmopolitanism still grounded in collective identity.
  683.  
  684. Find this resource:
  685.  
  686. Talmon, Jacob. Israel among the Nations: Reflections on Jewish Statehood. Jerusalem: World Zionist Organization, 1970.
  687.  
  688. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  689.  
  690. Influential essay by a noted scholar of European political history on the familiar and less obvious transformative effects of Jewish statehood on the world Jewry, Zionism’s relationship to European liberalism and nationalism, and the Arab-Israeli conflict.
  691.  
  692. Find this resource:
  693.  
  694. Citizenship and Community
  695. The creation of the modern Jewish citizen involved a complex renegotiation of Jewish identity and the erasure and reconstitution of the boundary line between Jews and non-Jews. The essays in Birnbaum and Katznelson 1995 and Frankel and Zipperstein 1992 (both cited under Anthologies) offer important interpretations of the regional variations in this process during the 19th century. Goldstein 2006 and Levitt 2007 both challenge popular perceptions of 20th-century American Jews as beneficiaries of cost-free liberal citizenship. In a similar spirit, Hyman 1995 exposes the differentiated experiences of men and women when it comes to the politics of liberal inclusion. Sorkin 1987 and Van Rahden 2000 offer innovative explanations for how German Jews reconciled communal self-assertion with the desire to embrace post-emancipation citizenship, while Ury 2012 reframes the rise of Jewish mass politics in terms of urban community and culture in revolutionary Eastern Europe. Nathans 2002 and Phillips Cohen 2014 introduce nuanced takes on how Europe’s two great illiberal empires generated their own forms of Jewish citizenship. Stein 2016 argues for the need to consider Jewish citizenship in the postcolonial contexts of the crumbling Ottoman Empire and the rising Israeli nation-state.
  696.  
  697. Goldstein, Eric. The Price of Whiteness: Jews, Race, and American Identity. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2006.
  698.  
  699. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  700.  
  701. Comprehensive reevaluation of the racialized Jewish path to American citizenship, looking particularly at the political arguments for inclusion in the era of mass immigration.
  702.  
  703. Find this resource:
  704.  
  705. Hyman, Paula. Gender and Assimilation in Modern Jewish History: The Roles and Representation of Women. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1995.
  706.  
  707. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  708.  
  709. Refocuses the story of Jewish emancipation to take into account the previously overlooked dynamics of gender and class across modern European and American society.
  710.  
  711. Find this resource:
  712.  
  713. Levitt, Laura. “Impossible Assimilations, American Liberalisms, and Jewish Difference: Revisiting Jewish Secularism.” American Quarterly 59.3 (September 2007): 807–832.
  714.  
  715. DOI: 10.1353/aq.2007.0062Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  716.  
  717. Provocative argument that American Jewish citizenship was predicated not on the premise of secular liberal inclusion but on adherence to a dogmatic ideal of tolerable religiosity.
  718.  
  719. Find this resource:
  720.  
  721. Nathans, Benjamin. Beyond the Pale: The Jewish Encounter with Late Imperial Russia. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2002.
  722.  
  723. DOI: 10.1525/california/9780520208308.001.0001Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  724.  
  725. Revisionist historical study of Jewish selective integration into autocratic Russia’s segmented citizenship structure; challenges image of 19th-century European Jewry split between liberal citizenship in the West and total exclusion in the East.
  726.  
  727. Find this resource:
  728.  
  729. Phillips Cohen, Julia. Becoming Ottomans, Sephardi Jews and Imperial Citizenship in the Modern Era. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014.
  730.  
  731. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  732.  
  733. Charts the alternative path to Jewish citizenship in the Ottoman imperial context, emphasizing continual public renegotiation rather than punctuated moments of legal inclusion.
  734.  
  735. Find this resource:
  736.  
  737. Sorkin, David. The Transformation of German Jewry, 1780–1840. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987.
  738.  
  739. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  740.  
  741. Probes the experience of Jewish integration into modern German society by employing the category of “subculture” to characterize how Jews mediated the drive for individual citizenship against the impulse to preserve communal cohesion.
  742.  
  743. Find this resource:
  744.  
  745. Stein, Sarah. Extraterritorial Dreams: European Citizenship, Sephardi Jews and the Ottoman Twentieth Century. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2016.
  746.  
  747. DOI: 10.7208/chicago/9780226368368.001.0001Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  748.  
  749. Explores the Ottoman Jewish diaspora’s response to decolonization and the impact of the modern passport regime on Jewish migration patterns.
  750.  
  751. Find this resource:
  752.  
  753. Ury, Scott. Barricades and Banners: The Revolution of 1905 and the Transformation of Warsaw Jewry. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2012.
  754.  
  755. DOI: 10.11126/stanford/9780804763837.001.0001Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  756.  
  757. Argues that the urban context of the new metropolis provides a crucial stage for the drama of emerging mass Jewish politics in Eastern Europe; careful attention to political culture, the spatialization of politics, and the interplay between Polish and Jewish nationalist movements.
  758.  
  759. Find this resource:
  760.  
  761. Van Rahden, Till. Jews and Other Germans: Civil Society, Religious Diversity, and Urban Politics in Breslau, 1860–1925. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 2000.
  762.  
  763. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  764.  
  765. Novel study of Jewish integration in the social, religious, and political contexts of urban Germany. Notable for its application of the sociological concept of “situational ethnicity” to the case of German Jews.
  766.  
  767. Find this resource:
  768.  
  769. Religion and Politics
  770. Scholars have long debated the relationship between religion and politics in modern Jewish history. The liberal theological-political question is treated in Rashkover and Kavka 2014 (cited under Political Thought). The essays in Almog, et al. 1998 exhaustively review this topic vis-à-vis Zionism, while Zipperstein 1993 deconstructs the mythical images surrounding Zionism’s great secular rabbi. Ravitzky 1996, Friedman 1989, and Mirsky 2014 trace the Orthodox and ultra-Orthodox theological engagements with Zionism, and Bacon 1996 reconstructs the emergence of ultra-Orthodox mass politics. Both Goren 1999 and Altschuler 2012 challenge conventional wisdom about how separate nationalism and religion were from one another in the American and Soviet Jewish experiences, respectively, and the former also shows the political utility of liberal religion for American Jews.
  771.  
  772. Almog, Shmuel, Jehuda Reinharz, and Anita Shapira, eds. Zionism and Religion. Hanover, NH: University Press of New England, 1998.
  773.  
  774. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  775.  
  776. Comprehensive anthology exhaustively exploring the historical role of religion in the emergence and growth of the Zionist movement, based on a diverse array of case studies by leading scholars.
  777.  
  778. Find this resource:
  779.  
  780. Altschuler, Mordechai. Religion and Jewish Identity in the Soviet Union, 1941–1964. Waltham, MA: Brandeis University Press, 2012.
  781.  
  782. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  783.  
  784. Penetrating study challenging the conventional view of Soviet Jews as a completely secular population; demonstrates the role of religious observance in sustaining and creating Jewish national identity in the middle period of Soviet Jewish history.
  785.  
  786. Find this resource:
  787.  
  788. Bacon, Gershon. The Politics of Tradition: Agudat Yisrael in Poland, 1916–1939. Jerusalem: Magnes, 1996.
  789.  
  790. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  791.  
  792. Deeply informed reconstruction of the rise of ultra-Orthodox mass politics in Eastern Europe, a historical backdrop to later patterns in Israel and the United States.
  793.  
  794. Find this resource:
  795.  
  796. Friedman, Menachem. “The State of Israel as a Theological Dilemma.” In The Israeli State and Society: Boundaries and Frontiers. Edited by Baruch Kimmerling, 165–215. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1989.
  797.  
  798. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  799.  
  800. Discerning consideration of the surprising agreement between Israeli non-Orthodox and ultra-Orthodox publics on the lack of theological significance of renewed Jewish sovereignty.
  801.  
  802. Find this resource:
  803.  
  804. Goren, Arthur. The Politics and Public Culture of American Jews. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1999.
  805.  
  806. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  807.  
  808. Wide-ranging collection of essays that examines the reception and reinterpretation of Zionism in American Jewish thought, with important emphasis on the spiritualization of American Jewish politics and the emergence of concepts of cultural pluralism and Judeo-Christian civilization in American political discourse.
  809.  
  810. Find this resource:
  811.  
  812. Mirsky, Yehudah. Rav Kook: Mystic in a Time of Revolution. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2014.
  813.  
  814. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  815.  
  816. Penetrating biography of the most influential religious Zionist rabbinic figure of the 20th century. Essential starting point for an in-depth consideration of the theological and messianic politics of the Religious Zionist movement in contemporary Israel.
  817.  
  818. Find this resource:
  819.  
  820. Ravitzky, Aviezer. Messianism, Zionism, and Jewish Religious Radicalism. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996.
  821.  
  822. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  823.  
  824. Deeply reasoned account of the encounter between traditional Jewish messianism and modern Zionism; offers important historical context for the rise of Jewish religious fundamentalism in contemporary Israel.
  825.  
  826. Find this resource:
  827.  
  828. Zipperstein, Steven. Elusive Prophet: Ahad Ha’am and the Origins of Zionism. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993.
  829.  
  830. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  831.  
  832. Nuanced biography of a key intellectual architect of modern Zionism, with important attention to the role of religious traditionalism, religion and nationalism, and the meaning of spiritual renewal in early Zionism.
  833.  
  834. Find this resource:
  835.  
  836. Zionism and Nationalism
  837. The voluminous literature on Zionism and Jewish nationalism spills untidily across several other planes of Jewish politics, reflecting the movement’s revolutionary impact on Jews worldwide in the 20th century. For that reason, one-volume studies such as Engel 2009 and Laqueur 2003 impose a useful coherence by means of a deliberately narrower focus on canonical figures, political mobilization, and the road to statehood. In contrast, much other recent scholarship reconsiders the relationship between nation and state. In different ways, Friesel 2006, Moss 2009, Loeffler 2015 Shanes 2014, Shumsky 2012 and Myers 2015 all disaggregate Zionism and Jewish nationalism for a more precise taxonomy of Jewish politics and the varieties of nationalist mobilization. Kel’ner 2008 and Rabinovitch 2014 meticulously document a key leader and movement whose ideas and images have become key touchstones for scholarly and popular debates about the formative period of modern Jewish political history. Likewise, Stanislawski 2001 and Bartal 2007 invest the study of pre-state Zionist political culture with cardinal significance for grasping the dialectics of Jewish nationalism and European cosmopolitanism.
  838.  
  839. Bartal, Israel. Cossack and Bedouin: Land and People in Jewish Nationalism. Tel Aviv: Am Oved, 2007.
  840.  
  841. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  842.  
  843. Pioneering essay collection on Zionist political culture, with special attention to the cultural mythologies of Zionist pioneers, the relationship between nationhood and land in the Jewish political imagination, and the question of continuities between premodern Jewish forms of collective life and the Yishuv. In Hebrew.
  844.  
  845. Find this resource:
  846.  
  847. Engel, David. Zionism. New York: Pearson, 2009.
  848.  
  849. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  850.  
  851. Short, comprehensive, and intellectually rigorous overview of the history of Zionism from its 19th-century origins to the present. Equally useful for students and scholars, with bibliography, glossary, and timeline included.
  852.  
  853. Find this resource:
  854.  
  855. Friesel, Evyatar, “Zionism and Jewish Nationalism: An Inquiry into an Ideological Relationship.” Journal of Israeli History 25:2 (September 2006): 285–312.
  856.  
  857. DOI: 10.1080/13531040600810276Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  858.  
  859. Revisionist recasting of the historical relationship between nationalism and Zionism in modern Jewish political consciousness; useful as well for survey of various theories of Zionism’s ideological origins.
  860.  
  861. Find this resource:
  862.  
  863. Kel’ner, Viktor. Missioner istorii: Zhizn’ I Trudy S. M. Dubnova: Monografiia. St. Petersburg: Izdatel’skii dom ‘Mir’, 2008.
  864.  
  865. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  866.  
  867. Definitive biography of the leading figure in Russian Jewish politics and theoretician of Diaspora Nationalism. Offers wealth of information on the Russian Jewish political culture at its formative moment based on newly available archival sources. In Russian.
  868.  
  869. Find this resource:
  870.  
  871. Laqueur, Walter. A History of Zionism. From The French Revolution to the Establishment of the State of Israel. New York: Schocken Books, 2003.
  872.  
  873. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  874.  
  875. Still unsurpassed single-volume, long-form account of the Zionism movement to 1948; well-balanced attention to personalities, ideas, and international politics.
  876.  
  877. Find this resource:
  878.  
  879. Loeffler, James. “Nationalism without a Nation? On the Invisibility of American Jewish Politics.” Jewish Quarterly Review 105:3 (Summer 2015): 367–398.
  880.  
  881. DOI: 10.1353/jqr.2015.0019Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  882.  
  883. Revisionist study of American Jewish nationalism across the 20th century, arguing for a new understanding of the relationship between Zionism, minority rights, and American Jewish liberalism.
  884.  
  885. Find this resource:
  886.  
  887. Moss, Kenneth B. Jewish Renaissance in the Russian Revolution. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2009.
  888.  
  889. DOI: 10.4159/9780674054318Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  890.  
  891. Sophisticated, creative reassessment of Jewish cultural nationalism, highlighting the ideological politics of language and literature; doubles as a group portrait of the East European Jewish intelligentsia out of which emerged the future Israeli and Soviet Jewish political elite.
  892.  
  893. Find this resource:
  894.  
  895. Myers, David. “Rethinking Sovereignty and Autonomy: New Currents in the History of Jewish Nationalism.” Transversal 13 (2015): 1–8.
  896.  
  897. DOI: 10.1515/tra-2015-0006Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  898.  
  899. Concise yet crucial survey of the recent wave historiography on Jewish nationalism, emphasizing the rise of studies of Diaspora Nationalism and non-statist Zionism.
  900.  
  901. Find this resource:
  902.  
  903. Rabinovitch, Simon. Jewish Rights, National Rites. Nationalism and Autonomy in Late Imperial and Revolutionary Russia. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2014.
  904.  
  905. DOI: 10.11126/stanford/9780804792493.001.0001Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  906.  
  907. Probing examination of the fate of Jewish Autonomism and its greatest exponent Simon Dubnow in early 20th-century Russia and beyond; substitutes textured analysis grounded in rich archival source base for the more common hagiographic and presentist readings of this strain of Jewish nationalism.
  908.  
  909. Find this resource:
  910.  
  911. Shanes, Joshua. Diaspora Nationalism and Jewish Identity in Habsburg Galicia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014.
  912.  
  913. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  914.  
  915. Sophisticated study of Jewish political mobilization and nationalist self-definition in nineteenth and early 20th-century East Central Europe; argues for the reintegration of Zionism into its European nationalist context.
  916.  
  917. Find this resource:
  918.  
  919. Shumsky, Dimitry. “Zionism and the Nation-State: A Reassessment.” Zion 77 (2012): 223–254.
  920.  
  921. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  922.  
  923. Stimulating critique of the conventional assumption that the driving goal of Zionist politics was a sovereign Jewish nation-state; Shumsky argues instead that Zionist leaders on the Left and the Right envisioned a European-style state of multiple nationalities. In Hebrew.
  924.  
  925. Find this resource:
  926.  
  927. Stanislawski, Michael. Zionism and the Fin de Siècle: Cosmopolitanism and Nationalism from Nordau to Jabotinsky. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2001.
  928.  
  929. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  930.  
  931. Important revisionist study of the first generation of Zionist leadership, notable for its reclamation of the early European artistic careers of Theodor Herzl and Vladimir Jabotinsky.
  932.  
  933. Find this resource:
  934.  
  935. Socialism and Communism
  936. The Jewish gravitation to radical and leftist politics has long been a subject of both popular speculation and academic inquiry. Broad culturalist and social psychological explanations can be found in Deutscher 1968, Wistrich 1976, and Slezkine 2004, while Jacobs 1992 offers a more nuanced account of the vexed relationship between Jews and Marxist socialism in Central Europe. The long-term convergences and divergences between Jewish nationalism and socialism are analyzed in Cohen 1987 and Gorny 2005, while Rubinstein and Naumov 2001 documents the horrific end to the extended Jewish romance with Soviet Communism. Michels 2005 presents a fresh reexamination of many core assumptions of the historiography of Jewish socialism.
  937.  
  938. Cohen, Mitchell. Zion and State: Nation, Class, and the Shaping of Modern Israel. New York: Basil Blackwell, 1987.
  939.  
  940. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  941.  
  942. Sophisticated study tracing how the Zionist labor movement elevated the Israeli state itself into the main end of Jewish politics, relinquishing an earlier commitment to socialism. Offers excellent treatment of conflict between Left and Right in Zionist and Israeli politics and the crystallization of the ideology of mamlachtiyut (statism).
  943.  
  944. Find this resource:
  945.  
  946. Deutscher, Isaac. The Non-Jewish Jew and Other Essays. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1968.
  947.  
  948. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  949.  
  950. Influential account of the Jewish gravitation to revolutionary, utopian politics by a leading Communist Jewish intellectual. Frequently cited in contemporary discussions, popular and academic, about Jews and Marxism.
  951.  
  952. Find this resource:
  953.  
  954. Gorny, Yosef. Converging Alternatives: The Bund and the Zionist Labor Movement, 1897–1985. Albany: State University of New York Press, 2005.
  955.  
  956. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  957.  
  958. Interpretative essay on the parallel fates of socialist Zionism and anti-Zionist Jewish socialism across the 20th century.
  959.  
  960. Find this resource:
  961.  
  962. Jacobs, Jack. On Socialists and “the Jewish Question” after Marx. New York: New York University Press, 1992.
  963.  
  964. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  965.  
  966. Well-informed study of the encounter between Jewish socialists and the socialist movement in Central and Eastern Europe, with a focus on theoretical attitudes toward Jews and anti-Semitism, and case studies of key thinkers Karl Kautsky, Rosa Luxembourg, Eduard Bernstein, and Edward Silberner.
  967.  
  968. Find this resource:
  969.  
  970. Michels, Tony. A Fire in Their Hearts: Yiddish Socialists in New York. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University, 2005.
  971.  
  972. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  973.  
  974. Critical reassessment of the transatlantic rise of Jewish socialist politics during the era of mass immigration from Eastern Europe to the United States. Argues for centrality of American urban context as the staging ground for the Russian Jewish socialist intelligentsia’s reconsideration of the demands of Jewish particularism.
  975.  
  976. Find this resource:
  977.  
  978. Rubinstein, Joshua, and Vladimir P. Naumov, eds. Stalin’s Secret Pogrom: The Postwar Inquisition of the Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2001.
  979.  
  980. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  981.  
  982. Searing collection of documents, with extensive introduction and annotations, presenting the Stalinist repression of the Soviet Jewish elite; provides a unique window into the tragic end of the Jewish romance with Soviet Communism.
  983.  
  984. Find this resource:
  985.  
  986. Slezkine, Yuri. The Jewish Century. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2004.
  987.  
  988. DOI: 10.1515/9781400828555Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  989.  
  990. Provocative, anthropologically inflected study of the Soviet Jewish experience, emphasizing the attractions of communist universalism and challenging the scholarly consensus on the damaging impact of Soviet anti-Semitism.
  991.  
  992. Find this resource:
  993.  
  994. Wistrich, Robert. Revolutionary Jews from Marx to Trotsky. London: Barnes & Noble Books, 1976.
  995.  
  996. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  997.  
  998. Roster of biographical essays on key Jewish figures in European socialism and communism, by a skeptical scholarly observer of the Left keenly attuned to socialist anti-Semitism.
  999.  
  1000. Find this resource:
  1001.  
  1002. Internationalism and Transnationalism
  1003. As chroniclers of a diasporic people, Jewish historians have long focused on the global dimensions of modern Jewish politics. Of late, however, scholars have increasingly begun to direct their attention to specific instances of Jewish internationalism and transnationalism. A key starting point in these discussions has been the Jewish engagement with European empires, a story framed by Leff 2006 and Green 2008 in terms of the new literature on the imperialist dimensions of humanitarianism. The intersection of Jewish diplomacy with the rise of international law and transnational governance is treated in Fink 2004 and Moyn 2016, while Frankel 1988 and Engel 2002 tease out the broader historical implications of Western perceptions of Jewish power and powerlessness in the international sphere. The political and economic significance of Jewish transnational philanthropy and humanitarianism, a subject only now receiving growing scholarly attention, is addressed in Troen and Pinkus 1992 and Dekel-Chen 2015. Brecher 1972 is an important and still useful history of Israeli foreign policy that seeks a unifying grand theory of Israeli state political behavior beyond the ideological narrative of Zionism and the diplomatic and military imperatives of the Arab-Israeli conflict.
  1004.  
  1005. Brecher, Michael. The Foreign Policy System of Israel: Setting, Images, Process. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1972.
  1006.  
  1007. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1008.  
  1009. Classic study of the development of Israeli foreign policy, with a theoretically rich examination of questions of national interest, dependence on foreign regimes, and diaspora Jewish support, as well as the question of Israeli engagement with international institution-building after World War II.
  1010.  
  1011. Find this resource:
  1012.  
  1013. Dekel-Chen, Jonathan. “Faith Meets Politics and Resources: Reassessing Modern Transnational Jewish Activism.” In Purchasing Power: The Economics of Modern Jewish History. Edited by Rebecca Kobrin and Adam Teller, 216–237. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2015.
  1014.  
  1015. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1016.  
  1017. Uses the Soviet Jewry movement as a case study to reconceptualize the economics of transnational Jewish philanthropy across the 20th century.
  1018.  
  1019. Find this resource:
  1020.  
  1021. Engel, David. “Perceptions of World Power: Poland—World Jewry.” Jahrbuch des Simon-Dubnow-Instituts 1 (2002): 17–28.
  1022.  
  1023. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1024.  
  1025. Important study of the disjuncture between the image of Jewish power in the minds of Polish leaders and the realities of Jewish weakness at the Paris Peace Conference following World War I.
  1026.  
  1027. Find this resource:
  1028.  
  1029. Fink, Carole. Defending the Rights of Others: The Great Powers, the Jews, and International Minority Protection, 1878–1938. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2004.
  1030.  
  1031. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1032.  
  1033. Magisterial survey of Jewish diplomatic efforts to achieve a minorities protection regime in Europe in the early 20th century, exposing the forgotten history of minority rights at the League of Nations and the shifting attitudes of European leaders toward the Jewish Question.
  1034.  
  1035. Find this resource:
  1036.  
  1037. Frankel, Jonathan. “The Paradoxical Politics of Marginality, 1914–1921.” Studies in Contemporary Jewry 4 (1988): 3–21.
  1038.  
  1039. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1040.  
  1041. Pathbreaking article highlighting how the Jewish diasporic condition both weakened and strengthened Jewish political claims in the international arena in the World War I era and beyond. An important first step toward a history of the concept of Jewish influence.
  1042.  
  1043. Find this resource:
  1044.  
  1045. Green, Abigail. “The British Empire and the Jews: An Imperialism of Human Rights?” Past & Present 199 (2008): 175–205.
  1046.  
  1047. DOI: 10.1093/pastj/gtm045Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1048.  
  1049. Examines the ways in which 19th-century British Jews pursued rights claims and emergency relief on behalf of Jewish communities around the world through the political structure and cultural logic of the British Empire.
  1050.  
  1051. Find this resource:
  1052.  
  1053. Leff, Lisa. Sacred Bonds of Solidarity: The Rise of Jewish Internationalism in Nineteenth- Century France. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2006.
  1054.  
  1055. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1056.  
  1057. Pinpoints the emergence of the rhetoric of international Jewish solidarity and the practice of long-distance philanthropy in the Jewish adherence to France’s imperial notion of a civilizing mission.
  1058.  
  1059. Find this resource:
  1060.  
  1061. Moyn, Samuel. “Rene Cassin (1887–1976): Jewish Internationalism and Human Rights.” In Makers of Jewish Modernity: Thinkers, Artists, Leaders, and the World They Made. Edited by Jacques Picard, Jacques Revel, Michael P. Steinberg, and Idith Zertal, 278–291. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2016.
  1062.  
  1063. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1064.  
  1065. Offers pregnant reflections on the contradictions inherent in Jewish internationalism via a reconsideration of the career of the human rights activist and French Jewish leader René Cassin.
  1066.  
  1067. Find this resource:
  1068.  
  1069. Troen, Ilan, and Benjamin Pinkus, eds. Organizing Rescue: National Jewish Solidarity in the Modern Period. London: Frank Cass, 1992.
  1070.  
  1071. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1072.  
  1073. Important anthology of case studies of international Jewish campaigns in pursuit of rescue and relief for fellow Jews around the world. Draws attention to the importance of informal Jewish networks and nongovernmental organizations.
  1074.  
  1075. Find this resource:
  1076.  
  1077. Affiliation and Influence in American Politics
  1078. Both the conspicuous leftward-tilt in American Jewish political behavior and the specter of outsized Jewish influence in American foreign policy have long provoked considerable comment and frequent hyperbole. The wealth of culturalist and religious explanations for American Jewish political affiliations are analyzed and critiqued from a historical perspective in Dollinger 2000. Wald 2015 nicely summarizes the social science literature on the subject and offers an original theory. Arguments for the origins and coherence of Jewish neoconservatism from insider and outsider standpoints are presented in Kristol 2011 and Vaïsse 2010. The question of Jewish influence in US foreign policy in the Middle East is dissected from different angles in Bass 2003 and Feingold 2011. The interplay between Jewish politics and American human rights and humanitarianism in American foreign policy is decisively reinterpreted in Loeffler 2013 and Barnett 2016.
  1079.  
  1080. Barnett, Michael. The Star and Stripes: A History of the Foreign Policies of American Jews. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2016.
  1081.  
  1082. DOI: 10.1515/9781400880607Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1083.  
  1084. The first major attempt to conceptualize American Jewish internationalism in the broader context of the newer political science literature on humanitarianism, human rights, and nationalism; posits a correlation between the rise of Jewish global social justice efforts and American Jewish ambivalence about Zionism.
  1085.  
  1086. Find this resource:
  1087.  
  1088. Bass, Warren. Support Any Friend: Kennedy’s Middle East and the Making of the U.S.-Israel Alliance. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003.
  1089.  
  1090. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1091.  
  1092. Judicious, revealing book on the birth of the US-Israeli alliance, focused on the Kennedy-era launch of large-scale military aid; demolishes persistent myths about the distorting effects of both Zionist lobbying and ideological commitment on American foreign policy.
  1093.  
  1094. Find this resource:
  1095.  
  1096. Dollinger, Marc. Quest for Inclusion: Jews and Liberalism in Modern America. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2000.
  1097.  
  1098. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1099.  
  1100. Historical study of the Jewish gravitation to American liberal politics between the 1930s and 1970s. Rejects cultural or religious explanations for a focus on the pragmatic social, political, and economic benefits of liberal government policies.
  1101.  
  1102. Find this resource:
  1103.  
  1104. Feingold, Henry. Jewish Power in America: Myth and Reality. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction, 2011.
  1105.  
  1106. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1107.  
  1108. Deft discussion of the mythologies of Jewish power, written in the context of the rising debate on the impact of pro-Israel advocacy in American foreign policy; uses case studies to show the forms and limits of Jewish power.
  1109.  
  1110. Find this resource:
  1111.  
  1112. Kristol, Irving. The Neoconservative Persuasion: Selected Essays, 1942–2009. Edited by Gertrude Himmelfarb. New York: Basic Books, 2011.
  1113.  
  1114. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1115.  
  1116. Broad tranche of writings from a central figure in the neoconservative movement, with specific reflections on the shifting ties between Jews, liberal politics, and neoconservatism.
  1117.  
  1118. Find this resource:
  1119.  
  1120. Loeffler, James. “‘The Conscience of America’: Human Rights, Jewish Politics, and American Foreign Policy at the 1945 United Nations San Francisco Conference.” Journal of American History 100 (September 2013): 401–428.
  1121.  
  1122. DOI: 10.1093/jahist/jat269Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1123.  
  1124. Revisionist interpretation of the role of American Jews in the advocating human rights in early US foreign policy. In place of a clash between state realpolitik and Jewish idealism, suggests a two-way interest-based model of exchange and negotiation between American diplomats and Jewish leaders.
  1125.  
  1126. Find this resource:
  1127.  
  1128. Vaïsse, Justin. Neoconservatism: The Biography of a Movement. Cambridge, MA: Belknap, 2010.
  1129.  
  1130. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1131.  
  1132. Well-researched major study of an often-invoked, little analyzed political movement; argues against common stereotypes of neoconservatism as a Jewish-dominated political movement.
  1133.  
  1134. Find this resource:
  1135.  
  1136. Wald, Kenneth. “The Choosing People: Interpreting the Puzzling Politics of American Jewry.” Politics and Religion 8.1 (March 2015): 4–35.
  1137.  
  1138. DOI: 10.1017/S1755048314000698Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1139.  
  1140. Important attempt to use social science methods to explain American Jewish voting patterns; focuses on causal role of the distinctive American model of religion and state and its correlation to liberal citizenship.
  1141.  
  1142. Find this resource:
  1143.  
  1144. The Israeli Polity
  1145. The dramatic growth of Israel in the aftermath of the Holocaust and the unresolved Arab-Israeli conflict have often shifted scholarly attention away from the interior of Israeli political life. Segev 1986 offers an important corrective combining political and social history. The relative uniqueness of Israel as an immigrant society and nation-state in the postcolonial Middle East is surveyed by the contributors in Barnett 1996. From different disciplinary angles, Rozin 2016 and Medding 1990 look at the formation of Israeli citizenship and political institutions in the early years of the state. Halpern 2014 and Kark, et al. 2008 represent a newer trend of seeking the roots of post-1948 sociological patterns in the pre-state period through close examination of language and gender, respectively. Kimmerling 2005, Shapira 2004, and Shafir and Peled 2002 all analyze the radical changes in Israeli national identity, civil society, and political discourse in recent decades. Peleg and Waxman 2011 offer a close reading of the contested and yet overlooked identities of Israel’s Arab population and its relationship to Palestinian national identity.
  1146.  
  1147. Barnett, Michael, ed. Israel in Comparative Perspective: Challenging the Conventional Wisdom. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1996.
  1148.  
  1149. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1150.  
  1151. Anthology of interpretive essays by political scientists seeking to answer the question of Israel’s uniqueness as compared to other nation-states in the contemporary international order, scored on issues of development, political economy, liberal democracy, and nationalism.
  1152.  
  1153. Find this resource:
  1154.  
  1155. Halpern, Liora. Babel in Zion: Jews, Nationalism, and Language Diversity in Palestine, 1920–1948. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2014.
  1156.  
  1157. DOI: 10.12987/yale/9780300197488.001.0001Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1158.  
  1159. Historical account of the struggle for Hebrew monolingualism that lay at the center of the Zionist movement’s efforts to fashion a new Jewish national identity in pre-state Israel. Examines government policies and everyday life to test the ethos of Hebraicization against the reality of multilingualism.
  1160.  
  1161. Find this resource:
  1162.  
  1163. Kark, Ruth, Margalit Shilo, and Galit Hasan-Rokem, eds. Jewish Women in Pre-State Israel: Life History, Politics, and Culture. Waltham, MA: Brandeis University Press, 2008.
  1164.  
  1165. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1166.  
  1167. Broad, diverse anthology of historical scholarship on the gendered experience in pre-state Israeli society, exploring the myths and realities of Zionism’s claims to gender equality in the revolutionary new Jewish society in the making.
  1168.  
  1169. Find this resource:
  1170.  
  1171. Kimmerling, Baruch. The Invention and Decline of Israeliness: State, Society, and the Military. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2005.
  1172.  
  1173. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1174.  
  1175. Political sociological interpretative study arguing for splintering of earlier monocultural Israeli society into a pluralistic, conflict-driven multicultural society; critical insights on political myth and the role of the military and religion delivered from a secularist, leftist vantage point.
  1176.  
  1177. Find this resource:
  1178.  
  1179. Medding, Peter. The Founding of Israeli Democracy, 1948–1967. New York: Oxford University Press, 1990.
  1180.  
  1181. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1182.  
  1183. Interpretive political history of the development of majoritarian democracy and political institutions in early post-1948 Israeli society; notable for emphasis on the continuities and ruptures in the transition from pre-state Yishuv politics to the Israeli democratic system, notably involving proportional representation and coalition-based political governance.
  1184.  
  1185. Find this resource:
  1186.  
  1187. Peleg, Ilan, and Dov Waxman. Israel’s Palestinians: The Conflict Within. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2011.
  1188.  
  1189. DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511852022Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1190.  
  1191. Politically engaged overview of the Arab population of Israel, including examination of its shifting identity and position between West Bank and Gaza Palestinians and Israeli Jews and the attitudes of the Israeli Jewish population toward this significant internal minority group.
  1192.  
  1193. Find this resource:
  1194.  
  1195. Rozin, Orit. A Home for All Jews: Citizenship, Rights, and National Identity in the New Israeli State. Waltham, MA: Brandeis University Press, 2016.
  1196.  
  1197. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1198.  
  1199. Surveys the evolving relationship between citizenship and nationality in early Israeli society through nuanced case studies of legal battles over immigration, childhood and marriage, and freedom of expression.
  1200.  
  1201. Find this resource:
  1202.  
  1203. Segev, Tom. 1949: The First Israelis. New York: Free Press, 1986.
  1204.  
  1205. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1206.  
  1207. Landmark account of the opening year of the modern Israeli nation-state. One of the first accounts to use government archives to chronicle in detail key state formation issues, including immigrant absorption, Arab refugees, border security, and religion-state arrangements.
  1208.  
  1209. Find this resource:
  1210.  
  1211. Shafir, Gershon, and Yoav Peled. Being Israeli: The Dynamics of Multiple Citizenship. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2002.
  1212.  
  1213. DOI: 10.1017/CBO9781139164641Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1214.  
  1215. Innovative political-sociological study of Israeli society, focused on the fractured multiple identities, ideologies, and allegiances that shape the polity. Uses an expanded notion of citizenship to define the contested nature of Israeliness beyond older scholarly models such as pluralism and the particular-universalist values binary.
  1216.  
  1217. Find this resource:
  1218.  
  1219. Shapira, Anita, ed. Israeli Identity in Transition. Westport, CT: Praeger, 2004.
  1220.  
  1221. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1222.  
  1223. Important anthology of scholarship that seeks to take the measure of Israeli identity—and the heightened discourse about identity itself—in the years following the culture wars over post-Zionism, Soviet immigration, the Peace Process, and other trends of the 1990s.
  1224.  
  1225. Find this resource:
  1226.  
  1227. Israel-Diaspora Relations
  1228. The cleavage of global Jewry into a sovereign Jewish state and a worldwide Jewish diaspora constitutes the most momentous change in modern Jewish political history. Yet aside from studies of official Zionist attitudes toward diaspora and vice versa (represented in the Zionism and Nationalism, Political Thought, and Anthologies sections), the subject of Israel-Diaspora relations has only belatedly begun to receive extensive analytical treatment. Gorny 1994 provides a masterful historical survey of key global debates over Jewish collective self-definition and the meaning of Jewishness in the age of a sovereign Israel. Boyarin and Boyarin 1993 offers an influential polemical challenge to the primacy of the State of Israel in diasporic Jewish life, which in turn is incisively critiqued by Cooper 2015, with significant implications for the future of Jewish political thought. The recent presumption of a marked decline in American Jewish attachment to Israel and Zionist political culture is surveyed and contested in Sasson 2013. The relationship between diasporic Jewish nationhood and territorial statehood is historicized and interrogated by Myers 2008 and Pianko 2010. Sheffer 2005 takes a broad comparative view of the Jewish diaspora as a historical and political phenomenon, while Shain 2007 and Lanier-Vos 2013 view diaspora and state through the prism of social science to examine the ways in which financial philanthropy and advocacy create new kinds of political relationships.
  1229.  
  1230. Boyarin, Daniel, and Jonathan Boyarin. “Diaspora: Generation and the Ground of Jewish Identity.” Critical Inquiry 19.4 (Summer 1993): 693–725.
  1231.  
  1232. DOI: 10.1086/448694Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1233.  
  1234. Controversial manifesto valorizing the Jewish historical diasporic experience as a superior alternative to the putative ethical and political compromises of Zionism’s territorial, state-centered model of Jewish polity.
  1235.  
  1236. Find this resource:
  1237.  
  1238. Cooper, Julie. “A Diasporic Critique of Diasporism: The Question of Jewish Political Agency.” Political Theory 43.1 (2015): 80–110.
  1239.  
  1240. DOI: 10.1177/0090591714543858Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1241.  
  1242. Penetrating critique of the vogue for ideologies of diasporism in contemporary Jewish political thought; argues that theoretical escapism cannot substitute for the rigors and exigencies of actual politics.
  1243.  
  1244. Find this resource:
  1245.  
  1246. Gorny, Yosef. The State of Israel in Jewish Public Thought: The Quest for Collective Identity. New York: New York University Press, 1994.
  1247.  
  1248. DOI: 10.1007/978-1-349-13377-2Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1249.  
  1250. Sweeping interpretation of what the return to sovereignty coupled with the disappearance of Europe as the preeminent center of Jewish life has meant for global Jewry, especially in the United States and Israel; retraces flashpoints in post-1948 Jewish political history to flesh out the inner conflicts over national identity and politics haunting the Jewish collective psyche.
  1251.  
  1252. Find this resource:
  1253.  
  1254. Lanier-Vos, Dan. Sinews of the Nation: Constructing Irish and Zionist Bonds in the United States. Cambridge, UK: Polity, 2013.
  1255.  
  1256. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1257.  
  1258. Creative sociological study comparing how Jewish and Irish communities in the United States historically embraced political philanthropy, specifically charitable bond campaigns, to foster strong ties to their respective kinship states.
  1259.  
  1260. Find this resource:
  1261.  
  1262. Myers, David N. Between Jew and Arab: The Lost Voice of Simon Rawidowicz. Waltham, MA: Brandeis University Press, 2008.
  1263.  
  1264. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1265.  
  1266. Elegant reclamation of the forgotten work of the mid-20th-century Hebraist and political philosopher; presents curated selection of his writing with the aim of stimulating new public conversation about the relationship between Israel-diaspora relations and the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.
  1267.  
  1268. Find this resource:
  1269.  
  1270. Peretz, Pauline. Let My People Go: The Transnational Politics of Soviet Jewish Emigration during the Cold War. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction, 2015.
  1271.  
  1272. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1273.  
  1274. Revisionist account of the Soviet Jewish movement, arguing that the Israeli government covertly directed the effort to mobilize American Jewish advocacy, long understood as purely homegrown grassroots activism.
  1275.  
  1276. Find this resource:
  1277.  
  1278. Pianko, Noam. Zionism and the Roads Not Taken: Rawidowicz, Kaplan, Kohn. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2010.
  1279.  
  1280. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1281.  
  1282. Perceptive reexamination of the nonstatist models of Zionism espoused by three towering intellectual figures, Simon Rawidowicz, Hans Kohn, and Mordechai Kaplan; adds a marked degree of sophistication to the scholarly picture of how nation and state have interacted in the American Jewish political imagination.
  1283.  
  1284. Find this resource:
  1285.  
  1286. Sasson, Theodore. The New American Zionism. New York: New York University Press, 2013.
  1287.  
  1288. DOI: 10.18574/nyu/9780814760864.001.0001Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1289.  
  1290. Illuminating sociological examination of contemporary American Jewish attitudes toward Israel; critiques arguments about political estrangement or ideological drift to highlight newer forms of personal identification and expressive attachment over older models of collective mobilization and formal advocacy.
  1291.  
  1292. Find this resource:
  1293.  
  1294. Shain, Yossi. Kinship and Diasporas in International Affairs. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2007.
  1295.  
  1296. DOI: 10.3998/mpub.93321Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1297.  
  1298. Major theoretical treatment of how diaspora populations relate to kinship states; uses the Jewish case to probe themes of political economy, shared identity and communal boundary-formation, and intervention in international conflicts.
  1299.  
  1300. Find this resource:
  1301.  
  1302. Sheffer, Gabriel. “Is the Jewish Diaspora Unique? Reflections on the Diaspora’s Current Situation.” Israel Studies 10.1 (2005): 1–35.
  1303.  
  1304. DOI: 10.2979/ISR.2005.10.1.1Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1305.  
  1306. Reasoned discussion of the relative distinctiveness of the Jewish diaspora as a political and historical phenomenon by a pioneering scholar in the field.
  1307.  
  1308. Find this resource:
  1309.  
  1310. The Arab-Israeli Conflict
  1311. The immense size of the scholarly literature on the Arab-Israeli conflict and its sharp ideological character prevent any easy summation. However, the deeper challenge for the field of modern Jewish politics stems from the widespread impulse to flatten a complex, dynamic political history into simplistic narratives of Israeli exceptionalism. Though not without their critics, Shapira 1999, Morris 2001, and Cohen 2015 present judicious attempts to chronicle the historical sources of the conflict and the fateful decisions involved at key junctures. Scholars often privilege the study of political ideology and diplomatic history in Israeli-Palestinian relations over the conflict’s implications for Jewish politics writ large. Against this trend, Penslar 2006 and Yakobson and Rubinstein 2009 deliver refreshing comparative perspectives on the question of Israeli political exceptionalism, from the vantage points of history and law, respectively. Elazar 1991 cautiously explores alternatives to conventional territorial partition and the sovereign nation-state as a solution to the conflict using ideas drawn from the larger lexicon of political science. Oz-Sulzberger and Stern 2014 similarly demonstrate how many facets of internal Israeli society continue to be fundamentally shaped by the conflict’s unresolved questions and realities. Combining political journalism and scholarship, Zertal and Eldar 2007 analyze the history and internal debates about Israeli military occupation of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip. Ezrahi 1998 offers an innovative political science study that links changes in Israeli military policies of use of force against Palestinians to deeper shifts in Zionist political culture. In the face of critics who frequently cite Zionism as an example of the illiberal face of nationalism in contemporary political theory, Tamir 1995 looks outward from the Israeli experience to present a robust, principled defense of liberal nationalism.
  1312.  
  1313. Cohen, Hillel. Year Zero of the Arab-Israeli Conflict 1929. Waltham, MA: Brandeis University Press, 2015.
  1314.  
  1315. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1316.  
  1317. Revisionist historical narrative centered on the outbreak of violence between Jews and Arabs in 1929 as the key turning point in the development of a century-long nationalist conflict; takes a micro-historical approach, nuancing both sides through a careful, self-conscious writing style.
  1318.  
  1319. Find this resource:
  1320.  
  1321. Elazar, Daniel. Two Peoples—One Land: Federal Solutions for Israel, the Palestinians, and Jordan. Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 1991.
  1322.  
  1323. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1324.  
  1325. Classic discussion of various shared governance schemes for resolving rival Israeli and Palestinian claims to disputed territory via a federalist solution; notable for its attempt to accommodate both Jewish and Palestinian nationalisms via creative reengineering of the political state model.
  1326.  
  1327. Find this resource:
  1328.  
  1329. Ezrahi, Yaron. Rubber Bullets: Power and Conscience in Modern Israel. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998.
  1330.  
  1331. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1332.  
  1333. Interpretative study of Israeli political culture by a leading Israeli political scientist; posits an uneasy shift from Zionist collectivism to democratic individualism in the context of ongoing military occupation and enduring security challenges.
  1334.  
  1335. Find this resource:
  1336.  
  1337. Morris, Benny. Righteous Victims: A History of the Zionist-Arab Conflict, 1881–1999. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2001.
  1338.  
  1339. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1340.  
  1341. Definitive historical account of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict from its early origins through to the near-present; equally notable for its rigorous approach to sources and controversial author, who has challenged political assumptions across the entire ideological spectrum.
  1342.  
  1343. Find this resource:
  1344.  
  1345. Oz-Sulzberger, Fania, and Yedidya Stern, eds. The Israeli Nation-State: Political, Constitutional, and Cultural Challenges. Boston: Academic Studies Press, 2014.
  1346.  
  1347. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1348.  
  1349. Useful anthology of reasoned scholarly analyses with prescriptive glosses on contemporary problems of Israeli politics; devotes attention to the diverse ways in which the Arab-Israeli conflict shapes various core political institutions of Israeli society.
  1350.  
  1351. Find this resource:
  1352.  
  1353. Penslar, Derek. Israel in History: The Jewish State in Comparative Perspective. New York: Routledge, 2006.
  1354.  
  1355. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1356.  
  1357. A dispassionate, deeply informed set of essays that probe the empirical and ideological dimensions of the recent historical literature; insists on a comparative interpretative framework for proper analysis of Israeli political history and the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.
  1358.  
  1359. Find this resource:
  1360.  
  1361. Shapira, Anita. Land and Power: The Zionist Resort to Force, 1881–1948. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1999.
  1362.  
  1363. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1364.  
  1365. Definitive study of the Zionist movement’s early struggle with the questions of violence, power, and sovereignty; notable for its broad methodology that encompasses both Zionist diplomatic strategy and political culture.
  1366.  
  1367. Find this resource:
  1368.  
  1369. Tamir, Yael. Liberal Nationalism. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1995.
  1370.  
  1371. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1372.  
  1373. An Israeli scholar-politician’s intellectual brief in defense of the possibilities of reconciling Western liberalism and ethno-political nationalism; impassioned argument for the constitutive possibilities of Zionism as an exemplary model for democratic political theory.
  1374.  
  1375. Find this resource:
  1376.  
  1377. Yakobson, Alexander, and Amnon Rubinstein. Israel and the Family of Nations: The Jewish Nation State and Human Rights. London: Routledge, 2009.
  1378.  
  1379. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1380.  
  1381. First in-depth comparison of the Israeli nation-state and “Jewish democracy” with various other contemporary European and Asian states; argues for the underappreciated consistency of Israeli immigration and citizenship practices with international law and Western democratic norms.
  1382.  
  1383. Find this resource:
  1384.  
  1385. Zertal, Idith, and Akiva Eldar. Lords of the Land: The War over Israel’s Settlements in the Occupied Territoties, 1967–2007. New York: Nation Books, 2007.
  1386.  
  1387. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1388.  
  1389. Comprehensive if controversial study of the growth of Jewish settlements in the post-Six Day War West Bank. Notable for its attention to the internal debates within Israeli society and insistence on viewing settlement policy as its own ideological state practice separate from the broader dynamics of the Arab-Israeli conflict, an approach fraught with risk of politicized interpretation.
  1390.  
  1391. Find this resource:
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