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- Greg Malivuk
- http://www.pastebin.com/u/gmalivuk - Notes from all classes
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- Homework (optional): p. 120 exercise 14
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- Parts of Speech: the different “kinds” of words
- nouns = things, people, places
- verbs = actions and states that nouns can do or be in
- adjectives = describe nouns
- adverbs = describe verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs
- (These words are almost always content words because they give most of the information.)
- prepositions (of, about, in, to) = give adjective or adverb information relating to nouns
- conjunctions (but, and, so, when, if) = connect clauses or other parallel structures
- pronouns = represent nouns (usually to avoid repetition)
- determiners = go before noun phrases to give information like “which one”
- including: articles, quantifiers, possessives, demonstratives
- interjections (wow, oh my gosh, ouch) = give “emotional” information about the speaker, but usually not about the other words in the sentence
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- Parts of sentences include:
- - subject
- - object
- - complement
- - independent / main clause
- - dependent / subordinate clause
- - prepositional phrase
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- Many words can be multiple parts of speech.
- What part of speech is the underlined word in each of these sentences?
- 1 We need to learn about our past. - noun
- 2 Your friend just went past. - adverb (or a preposition without an object)
- 3 The past event will be remembered forever. - adjective
- 4 The fall colors are outstanding this year. - adjective (or a modifying noun in a compound)
- 5 The leaves fall all over the ground. - verb
- 6 The branches broke his fall from the tree. - noun
- 7 The spring is full of mud. - noun
- 8 Spring into action before it’s too late. - verb
- 9 Don’t come near me! - preposition
- 10 Do you think he is near? - adverb (or preposition without an object)
- ** I’m all set to set the table with this new set of dishes. - adjective, verb, noun
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- An incomplete list of verbs:
- table, chair, bottle, phone, paper, shoe, hand, cup, floor, trash, pen, pencil, bag, lace
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- Many parts of speech have smaller categories within them:
- nouns - countable/uncountable, common/proper
- adjectives - positive/comparative/superlative, gradable/ungradable
- conjunctions - coordinating/subordinating
- adverbs - frequency/certainty/manner/etc.
- verbs - action/stative, transitive (with object)/intransitive (no object), auxiliary/main
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- The rest of this week we’ll talk about verb tenses.
- How many tenses does English have?
- 12:
- past/present/future - 3
- perfect/not perfect - 2
- progressive/simple - 2
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- I study. - simple present
- I am studying. - present progressive
- I have studied. - present perfect
- I have been studying. - present perfect progressive
- I studied. - simple past
- I was studying. - past progressive
- I had studied. - past perfect
- I had been studying. - past perfect progressive
- I will study. - simple future
- I will be studying. - future progressive
- I will have studied. - future perfect
- I will have been studying. - future perfect progressive
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