Treatments/Prophylactics for SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19/SARS-2/Coronavirus 2.0

CAUTION: All of this is advice from non-professionals with no formal training on dosages, side effects, or other complications. We do not know about your specific medical circumstances, such as other medications you may be on or preexisting conditions. Be careful, do your own research, consult doctors first, and keep this in mind if following the advice here

Updated version of https://pastebin.com/QCJEsu41

Also consider looking into a pastebin originally from another author
>"What to do when Corona chan comes over to Netflix and Chill"
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>PROPHYLAXIS
Things to do before becoming infected, to reduce risk of infection or improve potential outcome

Get an oximeter, monitor your oxygenation if you think/know you are infected, go to hospital or call your health care provider if your blood oxygenation drops below 95%, and consider calling an ambulance if it drops below 90%.
Mind that normal oxygen levels are at least 95%. Some patients with chronic lung disease or sleep apnea can have normal levels around 90%.
Use middle finger of dominant hand (or the three ring, index, middle according to other sources but not thumb or little finger) for the most accurate results for pulse oximetry.
Note that PI is also a good indicator of the reliability of the pulse oximeter reading. For most pulse oximeters for general use, the reading is unreliable or unavailable if PI is at or below 0.4%
>study find that home oximetry monitoring can be a safe pathway for Covid-19 patients; and indicates increases in risk to vulnerable groups and patients with oxygen saturations < 95% at enrolment, and in those enrolled on discharge from hospital
https://archive.vn/ZBk3Q


>proven/most critical/easiest
Water: Consume ~3 liters of water a day. This should be done as part of a healthy lifestyle, pandemic or not. Water is critical for immune and body function.

Sleep: 8 hours of sleep is recommended. Again, this is just important overall, and too little sleep will impair immune function and raise your oxidative stress, which is something you don't need.

Zinc: Found in highest concentrations in oysters and beef as well as in other seafoods and meats, extremely important to immune function relating to coronavirus. Recommended dosage is 15mg a day, do not exceed 40mg or you may suffer from side effects including low copper levels
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7247509/

[Green tea] extract (preferably only green tea and not green tea extract pills, as the latter have a chance to cause liver injury (https://archive.is/XCEtv https://archive.is/dnaHa)) contains Epigallocatechin-gallate (EGCG) which is a zinc ionophore that helps your cells to absorb zinc that halts viral replication in your cells. Quercetin is a zinc ionophore, too.
https://archive.4plebs.org/pol/thread/269996302/#269996302

Bioactive compounds found in [green, black, and oolong tea] possess remarkable antiviral activities against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)
>Significant inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 by a green tea catechin, a catechin-derivative and galloylated theaflavins in vitro
>results strongly suggest that EGCG, and more remarkably TSA and galloylated theaflavins, inactivate the novel coronavirus
https://archive.vn/yZHA6

Antiviral activity of [green tea] and plant juices ([black chokeberry (Aronia melanocarpa) juice], [pomegranate (Punica granatum) juice]) against SARS-CoV-2 and influenza virus in vitro
https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.30.360545v1

[Green tea, muscadine grapes, cacao powder, and dark chocolate - able to bind to a particular enzyme, or protease, in the virus and stop it reproducing]
https://archive.vn/9Xzic
Docking Characterization and in vitro Inhibitory Activity of Flavan-3-ols and Dimeric Proanthocyanidins Against the Main Protease Activity of SARS-Cov-2
>To further substantiate the inhibitory activities, extracts prepared from green tea (GT), two muscadine grapes (MG), cacao, and dark chocolate (DC), which are rich in CAG, ECG, GAG, EGCG, or/and PB2, were used for inhibitory assay. The resulting data showed that GT, two MG, cacao, and DC extracts inhibited the Mpro activity with an IC50 value, 2.84 ± 0.25, 29.54 ± 0.41, 29.93 ± 0.83, 153.3 ± 47.3, and 256.39 ± 66.3 μg/ml, respectively. These findings indicate that on the one hand, the structural features of flavan-3-ols are closely associated with the affinity scores; on the other hand, the galloylation and oligomeric types of flavan-3-ols are critical in creating the inhibitory activity against the Mpro activity.
https://archive.vn/g7Izq

[Green tea] Significant inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 by a green tea catechin, a catechin-derivative and galloylated theaflavins in vitro
https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.04.412098v1
[Quercetin]: Has been associated in one study with antiviral activity, but may not have any significant effect in the body or make it far enough into the lungs to have an effect. Can be gotten in supplement form or found in fruits, citrus fruit, and onions. Bromelain from pineapples improves absorption.
https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2020.01451/full

[Vitamin D]: High levels of vitamin D have been found to correlate with better survival rates with coronavirus. Sun exposure for 30-60 minutes a day is recommended, or D3 supplements. Do not exceed 4000 IU, and reduce dosage if any side effects occur

[Vitamin D]-Inducible Peptide LL-37 Inhibits Binding of SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein to its Cellular Receptor Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 In Vitro
>This study supports the prophylactic use of vitamin D to induce LL-37 that protects from SARS-CoV-2 infection, and the therapeutic administration of vitamin D for the treatment of COVID-19 patients. Further, our results provide evidence that the direct use of LL-37 by inhalation and systemic application may reduce the severity of COVID-19.
https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.02.408153v2

[Vitamin D] deficiency raises SARS-CoV-2 infection risk by 77%, study finds
>Vitamin D deficiency increases a person's risk for catching COVID-19 by 77% compared to those with sufficient levels of the nutrient, a study published Thursday by JAMA Network Open found.
>As many as one in four of the nearly 500 participants in the study were found to have less-than-optimal levels of vitamin D, the data showed.
>Among those found to be lacking the key nutrient, 22% contracted COVID-19, the data showed.
>Of the 60% of study subjects with adequate vitamin D levels, just 12% were infected, according to the researchers.
https://archive.is/GfRhC
Analysis of [vitamin D] level among asymptomatic and critically ill SARS-2 patients and its correlation with inflammatory markers
>The fatality rate was high in vitamin D deficient (21% vs 3.1%). Vitamin D level is markedly low in severe COVID-19 patients. Inflammatory response is high in vitamin D deficient COVID-19 patients. This all translates into increased mortality in vitamin D deficient COVID-19 patients.
>As per the flexible approach in the current COVID-19 pandemic authors recommend mass administration of vitamin D supplements to population at risk for COVID-19
https://archive.vn/VkDQY
[More overly detailed info on vit D and SARS-2]
https://archive.vn/i9VPG
https://archive.vn/oV4ew

[Vitamin C]: Important for immune function and may be protective in the respiratory tract against coronaviruses. Recommended daily intake is ~100mg, but doses up to 2000 are considered relatively safe and without side effects. Good dietary sources are citrus fruit, peppers, and other fruits. Vitamin C is unlikely to be dangerous in doses larger than 2000mg a day, but may cause diarrhea or possibly kidney stones if sustained for a long period. Megadose (don't mistake with overdose) vitamin C by taking ~3g every few hours to max out your levels.

[Nitric oxide-boosting food/supplements]
https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/nitric-oxide-foods
https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/nitric-oxide-supplements#TOC_TITLE_HDR_4
Mitigation of the replication of SARS-CoV-2 by nitric oxide in vitro
https://archive.vn/TUNPr

Lactoferrin: Binds to receptors on the cell wall that coronavirus uses to bring itself in, reducing chance of infection. Also is an anti-inflammatory. Found in cheeses and HTST-pasteurized milk, as well as supplements. Doesn't seem possible to overdose on cheese, supplements may cause runny stool if too much is taken.

[Anti-oxidants] or [food rich in anti-oxidants]
>SARS-CoV-2 infection pathogenesis is related to oxidative stress as a response to aggression
>we suggest a therapeutic strategy to reduce oxidative stress using antioxidants
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7357498/

[Turmeric] could have antiviral properties
http://archive.is/OCIiB
[Curcumin] has high binding affinity towards nucleocapsid and nsp 10 proteins with potential antiviral activity
http://archive.is/mv9WI

[Black pepper] in diet can prevent SARS-2, says IIT(ISM) study
https://archive.vn/3y04k

[Foods known to contain citrulline] or [citrulline dietary] supplements (L-citrulline or Citrulline malate)
https://archive.vn/eLAd9
https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/citrulline-supplements
>Severe SARS-2 Is Fueled by Disrupted Gut Barrier Integrity
>In an intestinal obstruction mouse model, pretreatment with a citrulline-rich diet preserved gut barrier integrity
https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.13.20231209v1
https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.13.20231209v1.full.pdf

[Pomegranate peel] extract shows potential as inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2 virus
https://archive.vn/BtHis

[Melatonin] usage is significantly associated with a 28% reduced likelihood of a positive laboratory test result for SARS-CoV-2 confirmed by reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction assay.
https://archive.vn/WFGGi
Melatonin attenuates growth factor receptor signaling required for SARS-CoV-2 replication
https://www.melatonin-research.net/index.php/MR/article/view/116
Low melatonin as a contributor to SARS-CoV-2 disease
https://www.melatonin-research.net/index.php/MR/article/view/114
SARS-2: Rational discovery of the therapeutic potential of Melatonin as a SARS-CoV-2 main Protease Inhibitor
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32922174/
https://journals.plos.org/plosbiology/article?id=10.1371/journal.pbio.3000970
https://archive.vn/5MWG7



>secondary prophylaxis
Magnesium: May promote vitamin D functions in protecting the respiratory epithelium and also act to control blood pressure and improve overall health. Can be found in leafy greens, nuts, whole grains, as well as in fortified breakfast cereals. Daily recommended value is ~400mg for men, ~300 for women, if you take supplements they may cause diarrhrea if taken in excess. Generally, avoid exceeding 300mg a day in supplements

Potassium: Potassium deficiency has been associated with some cases of coronavirus, and sufficient levels of it are important to overall health. Salmon, bananas, milk, and potatoes are all good sources of it. Daily recommended dose is ~3500mg, with an upper safe limit of ~5000mg depending on intake method

[Cat’s claw (Uncaria tomentosa) stem bark] has antiviral effect against SARS-CoV-2
https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.09.372201v1

[Nicotine patches] (or other sources of nicotine) (at your risk)
>The relationship between nicotine and ACE2 has been explored in the framework of cardiovascular and lung diseases [27].
>nicotine downregulates the expression and/or activity of ACE2 and AT2R, suggesting a possible contribution of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR) in the regulation of ACE2.
>Although a lower incidence of COVID-19 has been described in smokers [30], this possibility has not yet been explored in the framework of viral neuroinfections [30].
>Furthermore, it could be a therapeutic target in SARS-CoV-2 infection.
https://archive.vn/ba7uL
But preferably patches, as
>Microscopic images of human stem cell–derived airway tissue models with cell nuclei (blue) and SARS-CoV-2 virus infected cells (green); tissue exposed to cigarette smoke had 2 to 3 times more infected cells than non-exposed tissue
https://blog.cirm.ca.gov/2020/11/23/cirm-funded-study-shows-how-cigarette-smoke-can-worsen-covid-19-infection-in-the-airways/

[Angelica archangelica plant roots and seeds] - first-described recently discovered non-toxic vegetal-derived furocoumarin preclinical efficacy against SARS-CoV-2: a promising antiviral herbal drug
> ICEP4 purified compound (ICEP4) is a recently discovered furocoumarin-related purified compound coming from roots and seeds of Angelica archangelica (herbal drug)
>Successful ICEP4 doses against SARS-CoV-2-challenged cells are within the maximum threshold of toxicity concern (TTC) of furocoumarins as herbal preparation, well-established historical use of ICEP4-related compounds as herbal preparations may point towards an already-safe widely extended remedy, which may be ready-to-go for large-scale clinical trials under EMA emergency regulatory pathway. To the best of authors´ knowledge, ICEP4-related herbal drug can be postulated as a promising therapeutic treatment
https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.04.410340v1

Study reveals potential utility of artemisinin-based treatments against SARS-CoV-2
>in vitro efficacy of extracts from the sweet wormwood plant (Artemisia annua), but also artemisinin, artesunate, and artemether derivatives against the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)
>Nonetheless, if we translate these findings to clinical conditions, only artesunate showed EC50 values in the range of clinically achievable plasma and tissue concentrations among the tested extracts and pure compounds.
https://www.news-medical.net/news/20201006/Study-reveals-potential-utility-of-artemisinin-based-treatments-against-SARS-CoV-2.aspx

>Unproven/fringe benefits
Vitamin E: May prevent clotting associated with coronavirus, as well as being associated with vasodilation and reducing inflammation. Recommended daily allowance is ~15mg, can be found in high quantities in oils, peanut butter, and nuts. High doses may interfere with the body's ability to clot blood at wounds, do not exceed ~200mg for a sustained period

Vitamin K2: Helpful for improving vitamin D absorption and heart/kidney health, found in cheeses and meats especially, so supplementation may be unnecessary. May cause increased blood clotting, which may worsen the effects of coronavirus, so additional supplements like vitamin pills is discouraged during infection

Research hints that Selen deficiency can explain low SARS-CoV-2 deaths in Finland
>The trace element selenium is important for both animals and humans. Selenium is a strong antioxidant, which means, among other things, that it counteracts aging processes, such as calcification of blood vessels. Supply of selenium has a well-documented good preventive effect on cardiovascular disease. Researchers in the USA and England, among others, have written that selenium has a positive effect on our immune system
http://archive.is/j98Je




>related sources

>Water: you need it

>sleep: "          "

>Lactoferrin
-https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2020.01221/full
-https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04421534
-https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7271924/

>Vitamin D
-https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7276229/

>vitamin C
-https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7110025/
-https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9306475/

>Magnesium
-https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.01.20112334v2

>Potassium
-https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2767008
-https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.2903/j.efsa.2016.4592

>Vitamin E
-https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7161532/

>Vitamin K
-https://www.preprints.org/manuscript/202004.0457/v1


>If infected
Continue with your diet, as well as supplementing zinc.
Absolutely refrain from working out or straining your heart/body, let your body focus on dealing with the infection. It's a given even if you would be dealing with a flu or a common cold.

Consider steam inhalation therapy (found to inactivate SARS-CoV-2 virions)
https://www.news-medical.net/news/20201130/Steam-inhalation-therapy-found-to-inactivate-SARS-CoV-2-virions.aspx

>OTC treatments

[Aspirin]: thins blood to prevent blood clots, may inhibit viral replication, and may reduce inflammation. Should not be taken by anyone under 18 due to risk of Reye's Syndrome
https://archive.vn/zUOdg
https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04365309
[]
Association of Mortality and Aspirin Prescription for SARS-2 Patients at the Veterans Health Administration
>Aspirin prescription was discovered to be strongly associated with decreased mortality rates for COVID-19 positive patients enrolled
https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.13.20248147v1

[Bismuth subsalicylate (Pepto-bismol)]: May alleviate coronavirus-related diarrhea and possibly help with other symptoms. Do not take with aspirin, as you run the risk of salicylate overdose
-https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7159583/
-https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7302082/

[Famotidine (Pepcid)]: Associated with reduced risk of death possibly by reducing inflammation by lowering histamine levels. 20-40mg doses are generally well tolerated, though 10mg may be sufficient. Can be taken before infection or symptoms if desired. Take before sleep
-https://gut.bmj.com/content/early/2020/06/10/gutjnl-2020-321852
-https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-30934/v2

[Naxproxen (Aleve)]: An anti-inflammatory, it may also have anti-viral properties
-https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04325633
-https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.30.069922v1.full.pdf
-https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-21833/v1

[Antihistamines (H1, H2)]
https://gut.bmj.com/content/69/9/1592
https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.01.20086694v2
http://archive.is/qPfzI
https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-30934/v1
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23572231/

[Bromhexine]
>Effect of bromhexine on clinical outcomes and mortality in SARS-2 patients: A randomized clinical trial
>early administration of oral bromhexine reduces the ICU transfer, intubation, and the mortality rate in patients with COVID-19. This affordable medication can easily be administered everywhere with a huge positive impact(s) on public health and the world economy. Altogether, the verification of our results on a larger scale and different medical centers is strongly recommended
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32983936/


>Unproven/fringe treatments

[Methylene Blue] – A Mechanism That Can Contribute to Its Antiviral Activity Against SARS-2
https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.29.273441v1
https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.29.273441v1.full.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7409924/

[D-galactose supplements]
>galactosylated glycans on circulating antibodies link Dectin-1 on phagocytes to FcγRIIB on myeloid cells to prevent the inflammation mediated by complement activation. Loss of galactose, as observed during COVID-19, decreases the opportunity to activate this important activation checkpoint, thereby promoting inflammation
https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.13.20231209v1
https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.13.20231209v1.full.pdf

[Larazotide acetate]
>Severe SARS-2 Is Fueled by Disrupted Gut Barrier Integrity
>Zonulin is the only known physiological mediator of tight junction permeability in the digestive tract, where higher levels of zonulin drive increases in tight junction permeability.
>hospitalized individuals with higher plasma levels of zonulin were more likely to die compared to those with lower levels of zonulin
>Preventing zonulin-mediated increase in intestinal permeability by a zonulin receptor antagonist AT1001 (larazotide acetate) decreased the severity and incidence of several inflammation-associated diseases in pre-clinical and clinical studies.
>The strikingly high level of serum zonulin we observed during severe COVID-19, which were associated with inflammation and mortality, raise the question of whether modulators of tight junction permeability (AT-1001) can lessen COVID-19 severity
https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.13.20231209v1
https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.13.20231209v1.full.pdf

>Prescription treatments

[Azithromycin]: Antibiotic, used to treat secondary infections by bacteria. Supposed by some to have other properties, unproven. Seems to be prescribed less now
-https://www.cebm.net/covid-19/what-is-the-evidence-for-use-of-macrolide-antobiotics-for-treatmetnof-covid-19/
-https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7290142/

[Colchicine]: Being investigated as an anti-inflammatory
-https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04322682
-https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4599469/

Contraindications:

Dextromethorphan (robitussin)-increases viral replication
-https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-020-2286-9

Adrafinil/modafinil-releases histamine, which may worsen coronavirus inflammation
-https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2654794/









Much thanks to anons in /cvg/,  anonymous author of the original list
>https://pastebin.com/QCJEsu41
and the other anonymous author of
>https://pastebin.com/raw/3MMpRP54
for breaking the initial ground of this