2015-04-24 Structure: past perfect

Greg Malivuk
[email protected]
http://www.pastebin.com/u/gmalivuk
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Homework: p. 37 (all) and finish p. 43 exercise 1
p. 37 part A
1 got
2 has been living
3 since (since + a point in time, for + a quantity of time)
4 read (last week is finished)
5 been playing (he’s still playing now)
6 has
7 ‘ve been studying (I’m still studying now)
part B
1 has worked / has been working (“She still enjoys it” = she still works on it today)
2 discovered (last year = finished)
3 didn’t know (at first = finished)
4 found out
5 did
6 has gone / has been going
7 hasn’t found
8 has had / has been having
part C
- How long have you been doing adventure sports?
- I got interested five years ago
- Have you lived here long? / Have you been living here long?
- Before that, I lived in Alaska.
- I haven’t gone there yet / I haven’t been there yet
(in PERFECT tenses, it’s very common to use “been” instead of “gone”)
p. 43 exercise 1
1 F
2 F
3 ?
4 F
5 T
6 T (like p. 41 note 2 “Usage Note”)
7 F (“by the end” = before the end = during the concert)
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already: the action is/was finished
not yet: the action is/was not finished
yet?: I’m asking if the action is/was finished.

He had already started music lessons by the time he was four. - this is surprising, because most people start music lessons when they are older

When he started music lessons, he hadn’t yet learned how to read. - we expect that he learned how to read later, but not before he started music lessons

He had (already) started music lessons (already).
He hadn’t (yet) learned to read (yet).
Had he started yet?
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p. 43 exercise 2 (with a partner)
2 had already begun
3 hadn’t yet begun
4 hadn’t yet become (at the beginning of 1999)
  had already become (at the end of 1999)
5 had already won
6 hadn’t yet gotten
7 had already moved
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p. 45 exercise 4 - write the past perfect progressive form for each verb
- also decide which ones could be past perfect (not progressive)
1 had...been reading (must be progressive - he probably hadn’t finished all of Shakespeare)
2 had been studying / had studied
3 had even been observing / had even observed (each surgery is finished)
4 had been hoping / had hoped (they stopped hoping this when they learned he had to wait three more years)
5 had been playing / had played (“play” in this case is like a job, so it can be progressive or not progressive and the meaning is the same)
6 had been winning (only progressive, because “win” is not like a job, and “for five years” tells us how long something continues -> progressive)
7 had been waiting (only progressive, waiting didn’t stop until she won in 2002)
8 had been treating (only progressive - he was in the middle of treating when they met)
9 hadn’t been competing / hadn’t competed (each competition is finished)
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If a sentence includes how much time, we can use progressive.
If a sentence includes how many times, we can’t use progressive.

I have been reading books for 26 years. (how much time)
I have read hundreds of books in my life. (how many times I finished a book)

I have been reading hundreds of books. = Hundreds of books are unfinished.
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Progressive = unfinished action
“read books” is not finished, but “read hundreds of books” is finished

I have watched three movies today. = each movie is finished
I’ve been watching three movies today. = each movie is unfinished
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p. 46 exercise 6
1 had received
2 had been teaching / had taught
3 had observed / had been observing (the poverty continues, so observing can be unfinished)
4 had come up (it happened once and is finished, so no progressive)
5 had shown up
6 had received
7 had helped
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Homework: finish exercise 6 and do p. 54 (test on Monday)