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HIrisPlex-S Pigmentation in Late Iron Age Britain and Early Medieval Saxons

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Sep 13th, 2026
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  1. HIrisPlex-S pigmentation inference: England LIA, Germany Saxon EMA and England Saxon EMA
  2.  
  3. ============================================================================================
  4.  
  5. FIGURE DATA
  6. -----------
  7. Ancient British and continental North Sea individuals used in the three-group pigmentation comparison.
  8.  
  9. England LIA: N = 25
  10. Germany Saxon EMA: N = 15
  11. England Saxon EMA: N = 40
  12. Total: N = 80
  13.  
  14. SOURCE DATA
  15. -----------
  16. Gretzinger J. et al. (2022), "The Anglo-Saxon migration and the formation of the early English gene pool", Nature 610:112-119.
  17. Paper: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-05247-2
  18.  
  19. Akbari A. et al. (2026), "Ancient DNA reveals pervasive directional selection across West Eurasia", Nature 654:419-428.
  20. Paper: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-026-10358-1
  21. Akbari Harvard Dataverse: https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/7RVV9N
  22.  
  23. Genotype source used here:
  24. AncientDNA_plus_EUR1KG_AllVariants_NoQC_GRCh37_autosomes
  25.  
  26. Germany Saxon EMA consists of the Akbari-overlap individuals from the Gretzinger LowerSaxony_EMA continental source set.
  27. England Saxon EMA consists of England_Saxon individuals available in the same Akbari panel.
  28. England LIA represents the local pre-Saxon British comparison set used in this analysis.
  29.  
  30. PHENOTYPE METHOD
  31. ----------------
  32. Phenotypes were inferred with HIrisPlex-S:
  33. https://hirisplex.erasmusmc.nl/
  34.  
  35. HIrisPlex-S uses 41 markers for combined eye, hair and skin pigmentation inference.
  36. 40 of the 41 HIrisPlex-S positions were available in the Akbari panel used here.
  37. The panel-wide absent marker was rs201326893_A.
  38.  
  39. Eye_P is the dominant HIrisPlex eye-colour probability. Hair_P is the dominant primary hair-colour probability. Skin_P is the dominant primary skin-colour probability.
  40. Composite display calls such as Blond/Dark-Blond, Brown/Dark-Brown and Intermediate/Lighter retain the probability of the dominant underlying HIrisPlex category.
  41.  
  42. GROUP SUMMARY
  43. -------------
  44.  
  45. ENGLAND LIA (N=25)
  46. Eyes: Blue: 5/25 (20.0%), Brown: 20/25 (80.0%)
  47. Hair: Blond/Dark-Blond: 6/25 (24.0%), Dark-Blond/Brown: 4/25 (16.0%), Brown: 1/25 (4.0%), Brown/Dark-Brown: 11/25 (44.0%), Dark-Brown/Black: 2/25 (8.0%), Red: 1/25 (4.0%)
  48. Skin: Pale/Lighter: 1/25 (4.0%), Intermediate/Lighter: 6/25 (24.0%), Intermediate: 17/25 (68.0%), Intermediate/Darker: 1/25 (4.0%)
  49.  
  50. GERMANY SAXON EMA (N=15)
  51. Eyes: Blue: 9/15 (60.0%), Brown: 6/15 (40.0%)
  52. Hair: Blond: 4/15 (26.7%), Blond/Dark-Blond: 3/15 (20.0%), Dark-Blond/Brown: 5/15 (33.3%), Red: 3/15 (20.0%)
  53. Skin: Very Pale/Pale: 1/15 (6.7%), Pale/Lighter: 1/15 (6.7%), Pale/Darker: 1/15 (6.7%), Intermediate/Lighter: 4/15 (26.7%), Intermediate: 8/15 (53.3%)
  54.  
  55. ENGLAND SAXON EMA (N=40)
  56. Eyes: Blue: 29/40 (72.5%), Brown: 11/40 (27.5%)
  57. Hair: Blond: 9/40 (22.5%), Blond/Dark-Blond: 17/40 (42.5%), Dark-Blond/Brown: 9/40 (22.5%), Brown: 2/40 (5.0%), Brown/Dark-Brown: 2/40 (5.0%), Red: 1/40 (2.5%)
  58. Skin: Pale/Darker: 1/40 (2.5%), Intermediate/Lighter: 11/40 (27.5%), Intermediate: 28/40 (70.0%)
  59.  
  60. INDIVIDUAL RESULTS
  61. ------------------
  62.  
  63. Group Sample_ID Eye_call Eye_P Hair_call Hair_P Skin_call Skin_P
  64. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  65. England LIA 3DT16 Brown 0.8899 Dark-Brown/Black 0.5213 Intermediate 0.6702
  66. England LIA 6DT3 Brown 0.7274 Brown 0.7388 Intermediate 0.7834
  67. England LIA 6DT18 Blue 0.8478 Blond/Dark-Blond 0.6455 Intermediate 0.8652
  68. England LIA 6DT21 Brown 0.8439 Brown/Dark-Brown 0.7842 Intermediate/Darker 0.7762
  69. England LIA 6DT23 Brown 0.9458 Brown/Dark-Brown 0.5938 Intermediate 0.6779
  70. England LIA I0156 Brown 0.7274 Brown/Dark-Brown 0.6288 Intermediate 0.8262
  71. England LIA I5502 Brown 0.9642 Brown/Dark-Brown 0.5329 Intermediate 0.8355
  72. England LIA I11142 Brown 0.8866 Brown/Dark-Brown 0.5837 Intermediate 0.4552
  73. England LIA I11144 Brown 0.9535 Brown/Dark-Brown 0.4472 Intermediate 0.6452
  74. England LIA I11145 Blue 0.9339 Brown/Dark-Brown 0.6876 Pale/Lighter 0.3514
  75. England LIA I12785 Brown 0.5992 Brown/Dark-Brown 0.6602 Intermediate 0.7696
  76. England LIA I12791 Brown 0.7935 Blond/Dark-Blond 0.5131 Intermediate/Lighter 0.7027
  77. England LIA I12927 Blue 0.9564 Dark-Blond/Brown 0.6270 Intermediate/Lighter 0.7354
  78. England LIA I12931 Brown 0.7667 Dark-Blond/Brown 0.5828 Intermediate 0.8757
  79. England LIA I12932 Brown 0.7667 Dark-Blond/Brown 0.4538 Intermediate 0.7333
  80. England LIA I13616 Brown 0.8361 Dark-Blond/Brown 0.5214 Intermediate 0.9197
  81. England LIA I14106 Brown 0.7274 Brown/Dark-Brown 0.6588 Intermediate/Lighter 0.7118
  82. England LIA I14351 Brown 0.9666 Dark-Brown/Black 0.5696 Intermediate 0.8632
  83. England LIA I18599 Blue 0.9489 Red 0.8782 Intermediate 0.5264
  84. England LIA I19870 Brown 0.4295 Blond/Dark-Blond 0.5057 Intermediate/Lighter 0.7201
  85. England LIA I21302 Brown 0.9191 Brown/Dark-Brown 0.7201 Intermediate 0.7302
  86. England LIA I22057 Brown 0.6320 Brown/Dark-Brown 0.6326 Intermediate 0.8498
  87. England LIA I22062 Brown 0.7667 Blond/Dark-Blond 0.4860 Intermediate/Lighter 0.7536
  88. England LIA I22064 Brown 0.8893 Blond/Dark-Blond 0.5255 Intermediate/Lighter 0.7100
  89. England LIA I27379 Blue 0.8478 Blond/Dark-Blond 0.5866 Intermediate 0.6229
  90. Germany Saxon EMA DRU001 Blue 0.9111 Blond/Dark-Blond 0.6181 Intermediate 0.8543
  91. Germany Saxon EMA DRU003 Blue 0.9111 Red 0.8187 Pale/Darker 0.2498
  92. Germany Saxon EMA DRU006 Blue 0.9661 Red 0.9422 Very Pale/Pale 0.8879
  93. Germany Saxon EMA DRU013 Brown 0.8361 Dark-Blond/Brown 0.5902 Intermediate 0.8730
  94. Germany Saxon EMA DRU014 Brown 0.7067 Red 0.7335 Intermediate 0.5126
  95. Germany Saxon EMA DRU015 Brown 0.7667 Dark-Blond/Brown 0.4803 Intermediate 0.6539
  96. Germany Saxon EMA DRU016 Brown 0.5566 Dark-Blond/Brown 0.5383 Intermediate/Lighter 0.7225
  97. Germany Saxon EMA DRU017 Blue 0.8835 Blond/Dark-Blond 0.5711 Intermediate/Lighter 0.7954
  98. Germany Saxon EMA DRU018 Brown 0.7067 Dark-Blond/Brown 0.4538 Intermediate 0.8664
  99. Germany Saxon EMA DUN007 Blue 0.9323 Blond 0.7401 Intermediate/Lighter 0.7512
  100. Germany Saxon EMA DUN011 Blue 0.9489 Blond 0.7372 Intermediate 0.5761
  101. Germany Saxon EMA HID001 Blue 0.9489 Blond/Dark-Blond 0.6504 Intermediate/Lighter 0.7658
  102. Germany Saxon EMA HID002 Blue 0.9111 Blond 0.8044 Intermediate 0.5207
  103. Germany Saxon EMA HID004 Blue 0.9323 Blond 0.7736 Pale/Lighter 0.3046
  104. Germany Saxon EMA SRS004 Brown 0.7067 Dark-Blond/Brown 0.4153 Intermediate 0.7569
  105. England Saxon EMA EAS006.AG Blue 0.8478 Blond/Dark-Blond 0.6462 Intermediate 0.7999
  106. England Saxon EMA HAD001.AG Brown 0.7667 Dark-Blond/Brown 0.6061 Intermediate 0.8608
  107. England Saxon EMA HAD009.AG Brown 0.6293 Blond/Dark-Blond 0.6324 Intermediate/Lighter 0.7477
  108. England Saxon EMA HAD011.AG Blue 0.8478 Blond/Dark-Blond 0.6750 Intermediate 0.8040
  109. England Saxon EMA HAD012.AG Brown 0.8874 Brown/Dark-Brown 0.6661 Intermediate 0.7968
  110. England Saxon EMA HAD014.AG Blue 0.9611 Blond/Dark-Blond 0.6787 Intermediate 0.6756
  111. England Saxon EMA HAD016.AG Blue 0.9111 Blond 0.7414 Intermediate/Lighter 0.7670
  112. England Saxon EMA HAD017.AG Blue 0.9564 Dark-Blond/Brown 0.6358 Intermediate 0.6146
  113. England Saxon EMA LAK001.AG Blue 0.9424 Brown 0.4273 Intermediate 0.6943
  114. England Saxon EMA LAK002.AG Blue 0.9489 Blond/Dark-Blond 0.6560 Intermediate 0.6565
  115. England Saxon EMA LAK003.AG Blue 0.9111 Blond/Dark-Blond 0.6811 Intermediate/Lighter 0.7781
  116. England Saxon EMA LAK004.AG Brown 0.7667 Dark-Blond/Brown 0.4716 Intermediate 0.9295
  117. England Saxon EMA LAK005.AG Blue 0.9611 Blond/Dark-Blond 0.6447 Intermediate 0.6344
  118. England Saxon EMA LAK007.AG Blue 0.9489 Blond 0.7831 Intermediate 0.5533
  119. England Saxon EMA LAK008.AG Blue 0.9111 Blond 0.7506 Intermediate 0.6507
  120. England Saxon EMA LAK009.AG Blue 0.9489 Blond 0.7479 Intermediate 0.6104
  121. England Saxon EMA LAK010.AG Brown 0.6320 Brown 0.7613 Intermediate/Lighter 0.7109
  122. England Saxon EMA LAK011.AG Blue 0.9111 Blond/Dark-Blond 0.6787 Intermediate 0.8452
  123. England Saxon EMA LAK012.AG Blue 0.8478 Blond/Dark-Blond 0.6121 Intermediate 0.8581
  124. England Saxon EMA LAK013.AG Brown 0.5116 Red 0.5363 Pale/Darker 0.3217
  125. England Saxon EMA LAK014.AG Blue 0.9489 Blond/Dark-Blond 0.6690 Intermediate 0.6735
  126. England Saxon EMA LAK015.AG Blue 0.9111 Blond/Dark-Blond 0.6538 Intermediate 0.6475
  127. England Saxon EMA OAI008.AG Brown 0.4295 Dark-Blond/Brown 0.5015 Intermediate/Lighter 0.7706
  128. England Saxon EMA OAI009.AG Blue 0.9489 Blond 0.7175 Intermediate 0.6627
  129. England Saxon EMA OAI010.AG Blue 0.9489 Blond 0.7401 Intermediate/Lighter 0.7624
  130. England Saxon EMA OAI012.AG Brown 0.9091 Dark-Blond/Brown 0.5363 Intermediate/Lighter 0.7481
  131. England Saxon EMA OAI013.AG Blue 0.9489 Blond/Dark-Blond 0.6787 Intermediate 0.8321
  132. England Saxon EMA OAI015.AG Blue 0.9489 Blond/Dark-Blond 0.6805 Intermediate 0.4639
  133. England Saxon EMA OAI016.AG Blue 0.8835 Blond/Dark-Blond 0.6504 Intermediate/Lighter 0.7561
  134. England Saxon EMA POH003.AG Blue 0.9489 Blond/Dark-Blond 0.6848 Intermediate 0.8105
  135. England Saxon EMA POH004.AG Blue 0.9109 Blond 0.7567 Intermediate 0.4342
  136. England Saxon EMA POH005.AG Blue 0.9611 Blond/Dark-Blond 0.6690 Intermediate 0.5923
  137. England Saxon EMA POH007.AG Blue 0.8478 Blond/Dark-Blond 0.6371 Intermediate 0.5835
  138. England Saxon EMA POH008.AG Brown 0.9816 Brown/Dark-Brown 0.6820 Intermediate 0.8381
  139. England Saxon EMA POH009.AG Blue 0.9489 Blond 0.7052 Intermediate 0.8206
  140. England Saxon EMA SED004.AG Brown 0.7067 Dark-Blond/Brown 0.4655 Intermediate 0.8290
  141. England Saxon EMA SED013.AG Blue 0.9489 Blond 0.7534 Intermediate/Lighter 0.7474
  142. England Saxon EMA SED014.AG Brown 0.6654 Dark-Blond/Brown 0.5601 Intermediate 0.8661
  143. England Saxon EMA SED018.AG Blue 0.8755 Dark-Blond/Brown 0.6740 Intermediate/Lighter 0.7804
  144. England Saxon EMA SED020.AG Blue 0.9258 Dark-Blond/Brown 0.6512 Intermediate/Lighter 0.7840
  145.  
  146. NOTES
  147. -----
  148. 1. Germany Saxon EMA contains the 15 LowerSaxony_EMA individuals from Gretzinger et al. that were available in the Akbari genotype panel; the full Gretzinger source group contains 39 individuals.
  149. 2. England Saxon EMA contains 40 England_Saxon individuals available in the same Akbari panel.
  150. 3. Germany Saxon EMA therefore has a substantially smaller sample size than England Saxon EMA, so differences in percentages should be interpreted with that imbalance in mind.
  151.  
  152. ============================================================================================
  153. END OF SUPPLEMENT
  154. ============================================================================================
  155.  
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