2017-05-20 Saturday: 12 Experts

Greg Malivuk
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http://www.pastebin.com/u/gmalivuk
“2017-05-20 Saturday: 12 Experts”
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Homework: p. 146 parts 4, 5, 6
part 4
1 T
2 F
3 T (Samurai Identity paragraph)
4 F
5 T
part 5
1 appeal
2 overcoming
3 fierce
4 battle-weary
5 savage
6 unarmed
7 threat
8 lone
(‘ea’ sometimes sounds like short ‘e’ instead of long ‘e’: threat, thread, head, read (past), etc.)
part 6
1 Bushido paragraph - after “you will enjoy life” (at the end of the paragraph)
2 Samurai history paragraph, after “might never have existed”
3 Samurai identity paragraph, after “went to the theater”
4 Samurai today paragraph, after “and TV dramas”
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What is an expedition? Where might you go on an expedition? What should you bring with you?
- With your group, make a list of some things you would probably need for any expedition.
p. 142 part 1 - Did you include these things on your list?
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Read about Emma and Beth. What problems do you think they might have had on their expeditions.
p. 142 part 6 - Listen to them tell their stories and answer the questions.
1 local trackers and guides
2 screaming and shouting
3 They had camped in an elephant path.
4 Three tents were flattened.
5 Mammoth bones, tusks, and mummies.
6 Remote and deserted
7 millions of mosquitoes
8 they used mosquito nets
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Grammar: past modals for regret and advisability
- Just like modals for speculation (unit 8), we add “have” and the past participle to talk about advisability in the past
You should study. = It is a good idea to study.
You should have studied. = It was a good idea to study, but you didn’t do it.

You could die. = It is possible that you will die.
You could have died. = It was possible that you would die, but you didn’t.

You shouldn’t take the train. = It isn’t a good idea to take the train.
You shouldn’t have taken the train. = It wasn’t a good idea to take the train, but you did it.

You can’t avoid the mosquitoes. = It isn’t possible to avoid them.
You couldn’t have avoided the mosquitoes. = It wasn’t possible to avoid them (so we didn’t avoid them).
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p. 143 part 7 - Who probably said each of these things?
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part 10 - Complete the story with should have, shouldn’t have, could have, or couldn’t have and the correct form of the verbs.
1 shouldn’t have eaten
2 couldn’t have felt
3 should have had
4 should have taken
5 could have died
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I could have died without it. = Without it, death would be possible.
I would have died without it. = Without it, death would be certain.
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When we imagine situations that weren’t true, or aren’t true, or (probably) won’t be true, the grammar we use is unreal.
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BREAK
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p. 143 part 12 (sort of) - Tell your group about a time when you had a problem or made a mistake in one of these areas. Then discuss things you could have done or things you should(n’t) have done to avoid or fix the problem.
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p. 144 part 1 - What do you know about the Arctic?
part 2 - read the first paragraph of the book review and answer the questions
1 to find a route to Asia via the Northwest Passage
2 They ended in failure and tragedy.
3 brave and foolish
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Read the rest of the review. What specific mistakes did the British explorers make? What did they do right?
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Grammar: Third Conditional = past unreal conditional
“Explorers could have avoided starvation, frostbite, and even death if they had copied the Inuit.”
= They didn’t copy the Inuit, so they couldn’t avoid starvation, frostbite, or death.
Find the other sentences with this kind of grammar in the text.
“If they had learned to build igloos, the explorers would have been warm.”
= They didn’t learn to build igloos, so they weren’t warm.
“If the explorers had worn sealskin and furs, they wouldn’t have suffered from frostbite.”
= They didn’t wear sealskin and furs, so they suffered from frostbite.
“Parry’s men wouldn’t have been as healthy if they hadn’t eaten the salads.”
= They ate the salads, so they were healthy.
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Third conditional form:
if + [past perfect], subject + would/could/might have + past participle
(If we switch the order (so “if” is in the middle of the sentence), we don’t use a comma.)
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This is related to modals for advisability:
I should have worked out more before the competition.
= If I had worked out more before the competition, I would have done better.
We could have been killed.
= If we hadn’t woken up, we could have been killed. / If something else had happened, we could have been killed.
We couldn’t have avoided the insects.
= If we had done something else, we (still) couldn’t have avoided the insects.
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p. 145 part 9 - Match the pairs of sentences, then write about them with the third conditional
1 b - If we had planned everything better, the vacation wouldn’t have been a disaster.
2 c - If we had known how to read the road signs, we wouldn’t have gotten lost. (or might not have)
3 e - If we had taken a phrasebook, we could have asked for help.
4 d - If the local people hadn’t given us directions, we couldn’t/wouldn’t have found the way back to the main road.
5 a - If we had checked (If we hadn’t forgotten to check) the museum opening times, we wouldn’t have gotten there too late.
  f - If we had checked the museum opening times, we would have bought tickets ahead of time.
6 f - If we had bought tickets ahead of time, we could have gotten into the museum.
  a - If we hadn’t gotten there too late, we could have gotten into the museum.