2020-09-22 BWH Group 2

Greg Malivuk
[email protected]
https://pastebin.com/u/gmalivuk - Notes from all classes (This is BWH Group 2)
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p. 6 exercise D - Discuss these questions with your partner.
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diminishing returns = when the amount of additional benefit you get for each additional [something] gets smaller and smaller as it increases

On average, a household making less than $200k is happier if it has higher income, but the amount of difference each additional dollar of income makes gets smaller and smaller above about $80k.

accounting

People come out of the woodwork to look for business opportunities or financial help.
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Look at the infographics and answer the questions.
https://thecareercafe.co.uk/blog/startup-businesses-failure-rates-by-industry-stats-and-infographic/
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BREAK
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Past conditionals with “even if” and “even though”

*Even if I had money, I still wanted to work. (This is incorrect and confusing.)
	Even if I had money = present unreal (I don’t have money)
	I still wanted to work = past real (I wanted to work)

-> Even if I had money now, I would still want to work.
	I don’t have money, and I want to work, but having money wouldn’t change my desire to work.

Even if I had had money then, I would have wanted to work.
	I didn’t have money, and I wanted to work, but having money wouldn’t have changed my desire.

-> Even though I had money, I still wanted to work.
	I had money, and I wanted to work, but this might be surprising to some people.

Even though I have money, I still want to work.
	I have money now, and I want to work, but this might be surprising to some people.
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Even if it rains, we’ll eat outside. = It may or may not rain, but that won’t change where we eat.
Even though it’s raining, we’re eating outside. = It is raining, but we’re still eating outside.
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If you study, you will pass the test. (future real conditional)
	- normal situation that we expect
Even if you study, you will fail the test.
	= You will fail the test. Studying won’t change that.

If you had studied, you would have passed the test. (past unreal conditional)
	- normal situation in the past: You didn’t study, so you failed, but studying would have changed it.
Even if you had studied, you still would have failed.
	- surprising situation: You were always going to fail, and studying wouldn’t have changed it.
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Even though you studied, you failed. = You studied, and you failed (and that’s unexpected).
- Adding “even though” just makes it clear that the speaker knows it’s surprising. Without “even though”, both clauses are still true.
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Unreal conditionals:

if + [simple past], subj. + would + verb = present (or future) unreal
	If I had more money, I would travel. (But I don’t have money, so I won’t travel.)
if + [past perfect], subj. + would have + verb = past unreal
	If I had had more money, I would have traveled. (But I didn’t have money, so I didn’t travel.)
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“wish” is also unreal, and it uses the same grammar as the “if”-clause in a conditional
	(“unreal” about the present and the past means it’s definitely not true; unreal about the future means it’s not what I expect)

I wish (that) I had more money now. = If I had more money now, I would be happier now.
I wish I had had more money after I graduated. = If I’d had more money then, I would have been happier.

- When we wish about the present or the past, you know that thing isn’t or wasn’t true.
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“hope” is real, in the sense that what you hope may be true

I hope (that) I pass this test. = I may or may not pass, but the best outcome is passing.
I hope I have enough money. = I may or may not, but hopefully I do.
I hope I passed that test. = I already took the test, but I don’t know my score yet. Hopefully I passed.
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“though” and “even though” are definitely true
“hope” and sometimes “if” are possibly true (real)
“wish” and sometimes “if” are definitely false (unreal)
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“I could have won the lottery.”
	- This could be real or unreal, depending on the context.

I wish I’d bought a ticket. I could have won the lottery.
	- unreal: I didn’t buy a ticket, so I definitely didn’t win.
		(But if I had bought one, maybe I would have won.)

Help me find my ticket! I could have won the lottery. I hope I won.
	- real: I bought a ticket, and it might have the winning numbers on it.
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I hope to become a doctor.
I want to become a doctor.
I wish to become a doctor. (This sounds a bit formal and maybe unusual, but otherwise it means the same thing as the others. It is my desire to be a doctor.)
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https://books.google.com/ngrams/ - Compare the frequence of words and phrases in English books.
(The graphs show historical information, but the right side is probably more useful.)

- You can use it to find out which of two grammatical phrases is more common
	(“aunt and uncle” is more common than “uncle and aunt”)
- You can sometimes use it to find out which phrase is grammatically correct
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If you want, you can watch the TED talk at https://www.ted.com/talks/bel_pesce_5_ways_to_kill_your_dreams