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- NB: The vowels here marked 〈ó〉 and 〈ò〉 seem to have had some sort of open-close distinction similar to /o ɔ/.
- Vulgar Latin:
- — h → ∅
- — V0V0 → V0ː
- — n → ∅ / _{f,v,s}
- — r → s / _s
- — {m,n} → ∅ / _# in polysyllables
- — m → n / _#
- — u → ∅ / CC_V
- — w → ɡu / “from Germanic loanwords”
- — V → ”V / ”VSr_
- — V → ”V / _C*”{i,e}V
- — {i,e} → j / _V
- Stressed vowels:
- — aː → a
- — (a)e → è
- — {eː,i,oe} → é
- — iː oː → i ó
- — o → ò
- — u → ó / !_iː
- — uː → u
- Initial vowels (first vowel of a word):
- — aː → a
- — {e(ː),i,ae,oe} → e
- — iː → i
- — {o(ː),u} → o
- Final vowels:
- — aː → a
- — {e(ː),i,ae,oe} → e
- — iː oː → i o
- — u(ː) → o / except _V (?)
- k ɡ → tj dj / _E
- è → iɛ / in U[+open]
- è → iɛ / _C#
- è → ɛ / in U[+closed]
- ò → uo → uɛ / in U[+open] ! _N
- ò → ɔ / in U[+closed]
- dj → dʒ / r_
- d → ∅ / _j
- j → ∅ / V_”E
- j tj → dʒ ts / #_
- j → dʒ / V_V (rare)
- ∅ → s / t_j
- t → s / s_j
- {ɡn,nj} → ɲ
- nk → ɲ / _t
- V → ∅ / in the unstressed penult
- V → ∅ / intertonic ! V = a
- a → ə / intertonic
- ∅ → b / m_{r,l}
- ∅ → d / {n,l,ɲ,z_r
- ∅ → t / s_r
- k ɡ → t d / {n,r}_r
- n → r / {ɡ,p}_
- “[T]wo obstruents in contact with different voicing assimilate to the voicing of the second”
- C → ∅ / C1_C2 ! C2 = {r,l}
- t → s / _{n,m}
- {kl,ɡl,lj} → ʎ
- {p,b} {t,d} → v ð / V_{V,r}
- v → ∅ / V_B
- p → b / _l
- ð → ∅ / _r
- (t)s → (d)z / V_V
- k → js / V_sV
- k → j / _s#
- {k,ɡ} → ∅ / V_B
- {k,ɡ} → ∅ / B_a
- {k,ɡ} → j / _{a,C}
- kʷ → {v,u} / V_E
- kʷ → j{v,u} / V_a
- “[N]ote that the [following] clusters are the only case where a consonant does not receive intervocalic treatment before /j/”:
- — (k)kj → ts
- — ɡ → ∅ / _j
- — pj → tʃ
- — {b,v}j → dʒ
- — m{ɲ,j} → ndʒ
- V”e → ”Vi
- V0V0 → V0
- ∅ → e / #_sC
- k ɡ → tʃ dʒ / _a
- t → ∅ / {ʃ,s}
- d → ∅ / _{z,ʒ}
- ɛ ɔ → iɛ uɛ / _{Cj,jC}
- ∅ → j / {ʃ,ʒ,sj,zj}”{a,é}_ in U[+open]
- sːj zj rj → jsː jz jr
- j → ∅ / s_ (sː_?)
- ɛ → ɛa / _l{C,#}
- l → u / _{C,#}
- l → ∅ / {i,u}_
- {lːe,lːo} → u / {e,o}_# “[this is actually an analogical development, but it applies as regularly as a sound law]”
- (ɛ)au → ɔ
- é → ɛi / in U[+open]
- é → ɛ / in U[+closed]
- ó → ou → ɛu / in U[+open]
- ó → ɔ / _N
- ó → ou / in U[+closed]
- e → ə / #(C…)_(%…)” in U[+open]
- e → ɛ / #(C…)_(%…)” in U[+closed] or _V (?)
- o → {ou,ɔ} “(the outcome fluctuates, but ɔ is often the result of analogy rather than strict sound change; always ou before another vowel)”
- a → ə / #{tʃ,dʒ}_(%…)” in U[+open]
- a → ɛ / in U[+open] “(but a following ʎ creates a [closed] syllable)”
- kʷ ɡʷ → k ɡ
- C0C0 → C0
- t → ∅ / V_#
- ɛ → i / _C(C…)i#
- V → ∅ / _# “(except in monosyllables or after another vowel)” ! V = a
- a → ə
- V → ə / _{CC,tʃ,dʒ} ! _{nt,nɡ,mp,rt,rd}
- s → ∅ / _C
- {p,b} → ∅ / _{t,d}
- v → ∅ / _C
- v → ∅ / C_
- ð → ∅
- uɛ → ɛu
- ai → e / _#
- ai iɛɪ → ɛ i
- ou ɛu u uɛi → u œ y yi
- {ei,ɔi} → oi / C[-nas]
- ɔ → u / _”V
- V[-high] → ə → ∅ / _V “(except that a is kept before o)”
- ɲ → in / _{C,#}
- V{n,m} / V[+nas] / _{C,#}
- ɛ̃ → ã
- {aı̃,eı̃} → ɛ̃
- ỹ → œ̃
- O[+voiced] → O[-voiced] / _#
- {t,s} → ∅ / _#
- k → ∅ / V[+nas]_#
- {n,m} → ∅ / C_#
- j → ∅ / {ʃ,ʒ}_V[-nas]
- ʎ r → j ʁ
- oi → wɛ → wa
- oı̃ → wɛ̃
- “([pharazon has] omitted the loss of ə in various contexts, since it often resurfaces)”
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