# Syntax: D.method()
# Where D = dictionary, dict

# D.clear() -> None.
# Remove all items from D.
car = {
	'brand': 'Telsla',
	'model': 'Model S',
	'year': '2012'
	}
print(car)
# {'brand': 'Telsla', 'model': 'Model S', 'year': '2012'}
print(car.clear())
{}

# D.copy -> a shallow copy of D
car = {
	'brand': 'Telsla',
	'model': 'Model S',
	'year': '2012'
	}
print(car)
# {'brand': 'Telsla', 'model': 'Model S', 'year': '2012'}
x = car.copy()
print(x)
# {'brand': 'Telsla', 'model': 'Model S', 'year': '2012'}

# D.fromkeys(iterable, [value=None, /])
# '/' marks preceding args as positional-only.
# Create a new dictionary with keys from iterable and values set to value.
keys = ('key1', 'key2', 'key3')
values = 0
thisdict = dict.fromkeys(keys, values)
print(thisdict)
# ['key1': 0, 'key2': 0, 'key3': 0]

thisdict = dict.fromkeys(keys)
print(thisdict)
# ['key1': None, 'key2': None, 'key3': None]

# D.get(key, [default=None, /])
# '/' marks preceding args as positional-only.
# Return the value for key if key is in the dictionary, else default.
car = {
	'brand': 'Telsla',
	'model': 'Model S',
	'year': '2012'
	}
get_key = car.get("model")
print(get_key)
# model
get_value = car.get("price", 38990)
print(get_value)
# 38990

# D.items() -> a set-like object providing a view on dict's items
car = {
    'brand': 'Telsla',
    'model': 'Model X',
    'year': 2012
    }
thisdict_items = car.items()
print(thisdict_items)
# dict_items([('brand', 'Telsla'), ('model', 'Model S'), ('year', 2012)])
car["year"] = 2019
print(thisdict_items)
# dict_items([('brand', 'Telsla'), ('model', 'Model X'), ('year', 2019)])

# D.keys() -> a set-like object providing a view on dict's keys
thisdict_keys = car.keys()
print(thisdict_keys)
# dict_keys(['brand', 'model', 'year'])
car["color"] = "White"
print(thisdict_keys)
# dict_keys(['brand', 'model', 'year', 'color'])

# D.values() -> an object providing a view on D's values
car = {
  'brand': 'Telsla',
   'model': 'Model S',
   'year': 2019
}
thisdict_values = car.values()
print(thisdict_values)
# dict_values(['Telsla', 'Model S', 2019])
thisdict_values = car.values()
car['year'] = 2020
print(thisdict_values)
# dict_values(['Telsla', 'Model S', 2020])

# D.pop(dict.pop(k[,d]) -> v, remove specified key and return the corresponding value.
# If key is not found, d is returned if given, otherwise keyError is raised
car = {
  'brand': 'Telsla',
   'model': 'Model X',
   'year': 2019
}
car.pop('model')
print(car)
# {'brand': 'Telsla', 'year': 2019}

car = {
   'brand': 'Telsla',
   'model': 'Model X',
   'year': 2019
}
car.pop('model', 'Model X')
print(car)
# {'brand': 'Telsla', 'year': 2019}

# D.popitem() -> (k, v), remove and return som (key, value) pair as a
# 2-tuple; but raise KeyError if D is empty.

car = {
   'brand': 'Telsla',
   'model': 'Model X',
   'year': 2019
}
car.popitem()
print(car)
# {'brand': 'Telsla', 'model': 'Model X'}

# D.setdefault(key, [default=None, /])
# '/' marks preceding args as positional-only.
# Insert key with a value of default if key is not in the dictionary.

car = {
   'brand': 'Telsla',
   'model': 'Model S',
   'year': 2019
}
set_default_value = car.setdefault("model", "Model X")
print(set_default_value)
# Model S
print(car)
# {'brand': 'Telsla', 'model': 'Model S', 'year': 2019}

# D.update([E, ]**F) -> None. Update D from dict/iterable E and F.
# If E is present and has a .keys() method, then does: for k in E: D[k] = E[k]
# If E is present and lacks a .keys() method, then does: for k, v in E: D[k] = v
# In either case, this is followed by: for k in F: D[k] = F[k]

car = {
   'brand': 'Telsla',
   'model': 'Model S',
   'year': 2019
}
car.update({"color": "White"})
print(car)
# {'brand': 'Telsla', 'model': 'Model S', 'year': 2019, 'color': 'White'}

'''To get a list of all built-in dictionary
methods or objects in Python you will need to use the
'Tab' or 'control + Space' key on your keyboard after the
two quotation marks and period (.)
like this {}. {} is used to dictionary.
-->''.'wait a few seconds to see the methods' or ''.'Tab' or ''.'control + Space'<--
You can replace "{}" with 'dict'.
Syntax: dict.method() where dict is the dictionary objects

Python dictionary methods takes the form dict.method(). Where
dict is the dictionary object.
The period (.) on the method makes a function become a method because
the function now
runs on the object, dict.
This means that a function can be a method but a method can't be a function.
To see the complete methods on a list type 'help(dict)' or 'help('')'.
Syntax: dict.method() or dict.method(object) in some cases.
Where dict is the dict object.
'''