2019-08-28 TOEFL: word roots, reading vocab

Greg Malivuk
[email protected]
http://www.pastebin.com/u/gmalivuk - notes from all classes
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Word roots (list 3) - Try to think of one or two words to explain the meaning of each root
ego (egocentric, egotistical, egomania) = self
endo (endotherm, endocrine) = in/into
epi (epiphyte, epidermis, epidemic) = on/upon
equi (equidistant, equation) = same (quantity)
erg (ergonomic, energy) = work
esth/aesth (anesthetic, kinesthesia) = feel/perceive (Many words that start with this root relate to perceving beauty.)
eu (eulogy, euphemism, euphoria) = good (There are many pairs of words with eu- and dys-.)
ex/ect (ex-husband, exit, excavate, ectotherm, exothermic) = out
extra (extraordinary, extrovert, extraterrestrial) = outside/beyond
	(The “tra” or “tro” root is also in “intro”, “retro”, and “contra”.)
fac/fact (artifact, factory) = make/do
fer (transfer, ferry) = move/carry
flect/flex (deflect, reflection, flexible) = bend
fore (foreground, forecast) = ahead/before/front
	(The same original root gives us: fore, front, first, pre, prim, pro)
fract/frag (fracture, fragment, fragile, refraction) = break
fug (refugee, fugitive) = escape/flee
funct (function, defunct) = perform
gen (generation, generate, genealogy) = produce/make/create
	(Related words that mean “family” or “type”: genre, genus, kin, kind)
geo (geography, geology, geocentric) = Earth
graph (autograph, graphite, seismograph) = draw/write / communicate
grat (gratify, gratuity, grateful) = please (v)
helio (heliocentric, heliograph, helium) = Sun
hemo (hemophilia, hemorrhage, hemoglobin) = blood
hetero (heterogeneous, heteronym) = different
homo (homogeneous, homonym) = same
hydro (hydrate, hydraulic, hydrophobia) = water/fluid
hyper (hyperextend, hyperactive, hypertension) = over/excessive
hypo (hypodermic, hypothermia, hypotension) = under/insufficient
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Sometimes the roots suggest that words should be synonyms, but they have very different connotations:
These three words all mean “before”+“say”
prediction = the normal speculation everyone does about the future
foretelling = a supernatural prediction (like what a fortune teller might give you)
prophecy = a divine prediction
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Reading Question Types:
- vocabulary (The highlighted word in the text is most similar to which word below?)
- fact (According to the text, which of the following is true?)
- negative fact (According to the text, all of the following are true EXCEPT:)
- purpose (Why does the author mention ______?)
- inference (What can be inferred about ______?)
- reference (What does the word “this” refer to in paragraph 3?)
	(Rare or discontinued question type, but the skill is still important.)
- paraphrase (Which sentence best expresses the essential information of the highlighted sentence?)
- sentence insertion (Where in the text should this new sentence go?)
- summary (Choose the three (out of 6) sentences that express the most important ideas.)
- organize/categorize (Put the information into the correct categories.)
	(Rare or discontinued, especially now that every passage has the same number of questions.)
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Vocabulary Questions
p. 2 of the Oxford book gives steps for answering vocabulary questions.
You can often eliminate one or more wrong answers by following these steps, even if you don’t know all the answer choices.
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BREAK
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Cengage p. 50 exercise 2.1 - Explain what the words mean in your own words.
Passage 1 - Take 5 minutes
2 steady, continuous
3 sunset (and the time around it)
4 basic
5 dim, not bright
6 garbage (the noun “refuse” has the stress on the first syllable)
7 walk around (very common together with words like “free” or “freely”)
Passage 2 - take 3 minutes
8 take control of
9 course of studies
10 choosable (elective courses are courses students can choose to take), NOT required
11 emphasize
Passage 3 - 4 minutes
12 group (close together)
13 fog or cloud, haze
14 bright
15 pieces left over after something happens (often after something is built or destroyed)
16 several (not a specific number, but it’s more than “a few” and less than “many”)
17 grieving for someone who has died
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exercise 2.2 - Choose the best answers for each question. Then compare with your partner.
passage 1 - 8 minutes
1 B
2 C
3 C
4 D
5 A
6 D
	“nothing if not _____” = It was definitely _______.
7 B
8 B
9 A
10 A
11 A
passage 2 - 5 minutes
12 D
13 C
14 A
15 B
16 D
17 B
18 A
passage 3 - 5 minutes
Compare your answers and convince your partner of your answer if you disagree.
19 C
20 B
21 D
22 A
23 B
24 D
25 D
	“by no means _____” = “definitely not _____”
26 B
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Homework: finish exercise 2.2 on the handout