latex 2025

\ex \label{ex:IndReality}
\begingl[belowglpreambleskip=0pt]
\glpreamble kalau\footnotemark kamu mau masak, kamu perlu kompor//
\gla kalau kamu mau masak kamu perlu kompor//
\glb \textsc{cond} \textsc{2sg} want eat \textsc{2sg} need stove//
\glft "If you want to cook, you need a stove." \\ Spoken Indonesian (own knowledge)//
\endgl
\xe
\footnotetext{I have opted for a closer orthographic correspondence with Standard Indonesian due to the fact that pronunciations thereof may vary from [kalaw]$\sim$[kalo]. The same can generally be said for other structures, though aberrancies from the standard orthography is expected; cf. the
shortening of me\textsc{n}- to a sole nasal \textsc{n-}.}
\par Counterfactual conditionals are characterized by conditional constructions whereby affairs denoted by the sentence did not happen or could not happen.
\ex \label{ex:IndCounterfactual}
\begingl[belowglpreambleskip=0pt]
\glpreamble kalau aku mbawa payung, bukunya gak akan basah//
\gla kalau aku \textsc{n}-bawa payung buku-nya gak akan basah//
\glb \textsc{cond} \textsc{1sg} \textsc{av-}bring umbrella book-\textsc{def} \textsc{neg} will wet//
\glft "If I had brought an umbrella the books wouldn't be wet." \\ Spoken Indonesian (own knowledge)//
\endgl
\xe
\par Interestingly, however, \textit{kalau} may also display topic-marking tendencies, such as in
(\ref{ex:IndTopic}), where the protasis and apodosis do not bear any conditional semantics.
As forementioned, Haiman (1978)'s account provides for a strong typological link between these two constructions.
\ex \label{ex:IndTopic}
\begingl[belowglpreambleskip=0pt]
\glpreamble kalau kemarin, aku belum nulis apapun//
\gla kalau kemarin aku belum \textsc{n}-tulis apapun//
\glb \textsc{cond} yesterday \textsc{1sg} not.yet \textsc{av}-write anything//
\glft "If yesterday, I haven't written anything." \\ ($\approx$ as for yesterday, I haven't written anything) \\ Spoken Indonesian (own knowledge)//
\endgl
\xe
\par While the morpheme \textsc{kalau} and its topic-marking extensions has hitherto been lightly discussed in the grammatical descriptions
of Malay(ic) languages; see examples in Wu 2023 with regards to Terengganu and Kelantan Malay isolects, as can be demonstrated in (\ref{ex:TerengganuCond}) and Sneddon 2006 in Colloquial Jakartan
Indonesian, as can be seen in (\ref{ex:AnakJaksel}).
\ex \label{ex:TerengganuCond}
\begingl[belowglpreambleskip=0pt]
\glpreamble kalu ikɛ poŋ, hɔʔ diyɔ bɛsɔ makɛ jə lah//
\gla \textbf{kalu} ikɛ poŋ hɔʔ diyɔ bɛsɔ makɛ=jə=lah//
\glb \textsc{cond\footnotemark} fish even \textsc{rel} \textsc{3} usual eat=just=\textsc{sfp}//
\glft "As for fish, only the kinds that she usually eats" \\ Kelantan Malay (Wu 2023)//
\endgl
\xe
\footnotetext{In Wu 2023, this is glossed as \textsc{top}, distinguished from \textit{kalu} in conditional clauses, where it is glossed as \textsc{cond}. However, for the sake of consistency, all \textsc{kalau} will be glossed as \textsc{cond}}