update table_A
set column_A = case when      column_A>table_B.balance  then value else column_A end,
    column_B = case when not (column_A>table_B.balance)
                     and     (column_B>table_B.balance) then value else column_B end,
    column_C = case when not (column_A>table_B.balance)
                     and not (column_A>table_B.balance)
                     and     (column_C>table_B.balance) then value else column_C end
from table_B
on table_A.Id=table_B.id