API tools faq
paste
Advertisement
jonstond2

/his/ books on portugal

jonstond2
Aug 5th, 2017
63
0
Never
Add comment
Not a member of Pastebin yet? Sign Up, it unlocks many cool features!
text 231.51 KB | None | 0 0
raw download clone embed print report
  1. https://pastebin.com/Z39rL3dy
  2. https://pastebin.com/NxG1HN1R
  3. https://pastebin.com/Badq1Fq6
  4.  
  5.  
  6.  
  7. Soyer, François. The Persecution of the Jews and Muslims of Portugal: King Manuel I and the End of Religious Tolerance (1496–7). Medieval Mediterranean 69. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill, 2007. A good study of the more overlooked persecution of Portuguese Jews and Muslims. Soyer argues that King Manuel agreed, after some pressure from Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain, to expel the Jews in order to secure “a long-lasting settlement with his powerful Castilian neighbours which would assure the King of peace at home and freedom to devote his attention abroad.”
  8. Bodian, Miriam. Hebrews of the Portuguese Nation: Conversos and Community in Early Modern Amsterdam. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1997. The best introduction to the history of the Portuguese Jews who migrated to Amsterdam during the 17th century and turned it into a center of Judaic culture and learning, “the Jerusalem of the West.”
  9. Costa, Rita Gomes. The Making of a Court Society: Kings and Nobles in Late Medieval Portugal. Translated by Alison Aiken. Cambridge, UK and New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003. DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511523137 Shows how a handful of noble families used their networks and patronage to gain supremacy at court.
  10. Dutra, Francis A. Military Orders in the Early Modern Portuguese World: The Orders of Christ, Santiago and Avis. Aldershot, UK: Ashgate, 2006. A selection of Dutra’s important essays, based on archival research. By 1551 the military orders were integrated into the Portuguese Crown, making the king the most important landowner in the kingdom, while also providing him with a resource of loyal knights.
  11. Gonçalo Monteiro, Nuno. “Aristocratic Succession in Portugal (from the Sixteenth to the Nineteenth Centuries).” In Elites: Choice, Leadership and Succession. Edited by Joao de Pina Cabral and António Pedroso de Lima, 133–148. New York: Berg, 2000. Statistical analysis by a leading scholar of the remarkable dynastic stability among Portuguese elites, despite endogamy, and this in contrast to other European nobilities.
  12. Disney, Anthony. A History of Portugal and the Portuguese Empire: From Beginnings to 1807. 2 vols. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2009. Updated two-volume survey of the history of Portugal, providing coverage of the Portuguese “golden age” in both volumes. Volume 2, The Portuguese Empire, organized by geographical areas outside Europe, is also relevant to the study of cultural and social transformations of the kingdom of Portugal. Useful glossaries of Portuguese terms.
  13. Livermore, Harold V., ed. Portugal and Brazil: An Introduction. Oxford: Clarendon, 1970. Collection of essays including useful bibliographies of writings by Aubrey Bell and Edgar Prestage, early-20th-century British pioneers of Portuguese Studies and major protagonists of a revival of interest in the country and its culture among English-speaking publics.
  14. Bell, Aubrey F. G. Portuguese Bibliography. Oxford: Clarendon, 1970. General presentation and short introduction to the major works of Portuguese literature and history, first published in 1922. A classic work of Portuguese Studies.
  15. Moraes, Rubens Borba de. Bibliographia Brasiliana: Rare Books about Brazil Published from 1504 to 1900 and Works by Brazilian Authors of the Colonial Period. 2 vols. Los Angeles: UCLA Latin American Center, 1983. Repertory including many texts from the Renaissance with abundant annotation about the content, biography of authors, and careful bibliographical description of each work.
  16. West, George. A List of the Writings of Charles Ralph Boxer Published between 1926 and 1984: Compiled for His Eightieth Birthday. London: Tamesis, 1984. Comprehensive bibliography of the most influential English-speaking historian (also an important book collector) of the Portuguese empire and the Luso-Brazilian world between 1500 and 1800. As a prolific writer of book reviews, herein listed, Boxer produced a well-informed, episodic chronicle of the field. See also Boxer 2002 (cited under History Writing and Study of Languages).
  17. Abreu-Ferreira, Darlene. “Fishmongers and Shipowners: Women in Maritime Communities of Early Modern Portugal.” In Special Issue: Gender in Early Modern Europe. Sixteenth Century Journal 31.1 (2000): 7–23. DOI: 10.2307/2671287 Detailed study of the economic role of women in maritime and fishing communities of the North of Portugal. Based on archival sources, it includes a discussion of gendered division of labor and the dynamics of common people’s family relations in Renaissance Portugal. Available online for purchase or by subscription.
  18. Marques, António H. de Oliveira. Daily Life in Portugal in the Late Middle Ages. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1971. Reconstruction of the daily life of the Portuguese based on literary, visual, and archival sources dating mostly from the 1300s and 1400s. Includes critical bibliography and quotes numerous texts relevant to the study of work, food, dress, domesticity and courtship, popular culture, religious practices, and leisure.
  19. Rogers, Francis M. The Travels of the Infante Dom Pedro of Portugal. Harvard Studies in Romance Languages 26. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1961. By reconstructing the European travels of Pedro (b. 1392–d. 1449), second surviving son of the king of Portugal, this detailed study also evokes the cultural and social atmosphere of Portugal in the first half of the 15th century.
  20. Russell, Peter. Prince Henry “the Navigator”: A Life. New Haven, CT, and London: Yale University Press, 2001. Taking full advantage of the abundant archival materials related to the Duke of Viseu Henry (b. 1394–d. 1460) published in the wake of the official commemorations of 1960, this excellent biography proposes a new, balanced vision of a familiar protagonist and legendary figure of Portuguese culture.
  21. Saunders, A. C. de. A Social History of Black Slaves and Freedmen in Portugal, 1441–1555. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1982. Indispensable monograph for the study of the experience of black slaves in Portugal and the impact of slavery on society. Discusses the onset of the Portuguese slave trade and traces the origins of the debate surrounding the treatment of blacks in Portugal.
  22. Subrahmanyam, Sanjay. The Career and Legend of Vasco da Gama. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1997. Detailed study of the public career of Vasco da Gama with an emphasis on political factors, such as messianic imperial ideologies and elite factionalism at the Portuguese court; it evokes Portuguese society mostly through the lens of high politics and the overseas expansion.
  23. Bethencourt, Francisco. The Inquisition: A Global History, 1478–1834. Rev. ed. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2009. Comparative study that situates the Portuguese Inquisition within a larger framework of early modern religious transformation and the Catholic Reformation, contrasting the Inquisition’s activities in Portugal, Spain, Italy, and the overseas Iberian colonies. The internal evolution of the institution is also explained, and specific practices such as the auto-da-fé are analyzed in detail.
  24. Herculano, Alexandre. History of the Origin and Establishment of the Inquisition in Portugal. Translated by John C. Branner. New York: KTAV, 1972. Narrative of the protracted negotiations and political context of the initiative of King John III to obtain support from the papal curia to the establishment of the Inquisition in Portugal as a royal and ecclesiastical tribunal (bull of institution dates from 1536). A prologue by Yosef Hayim Yerushalmi provides critical appreciation of the work, first published in 1854–1859.
  25. Saraiva, António José. The Marrano Factory: The Portuguese Inquisition and Its New Christians, 1536–1765. Translated, revised, and augmented by Herman P. Salomon and Isaac S. D. Sassoon. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill, 2001. Essay using Marxist sociological theory to argue that the activity of the Portuguese Inquisition not only contributed to the reproduction of social distinctions based on ethnic and religious categories, but was also aimed, under the guise of persecuting New Christians, at repressing rising merchant groups and undermining their status and influence within Portuguese society. See also Révah 1975.
  26. Berbara, Maria, and Karl A. E. Enenkel, eds. Portuguese Humanism and the Republic of Letters. Intersections 21. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill, 2011. Interdisciplinary volume providing early-21st-century essays on intellectual and literary history, art, printing and book collecting, antiquarianism, and university culture, with a general introduction by the editors.
  27. Bethencourt, Francisco, and Diogo Ramada Curto, eds. Portuguese Oceanic Expansion, 1400–1800. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2007. This updated, multiauthored collection of essays about Portuguese expansion includes a section about cultural change discussing the arts, science and navigation, and language and literature, providing selected bibliographies about these themes.
  28. Gil, Fernando, and Helder Macedo. The Traveling Eye: Retrospection, Vision, and Prophecy in the Portuguese Renaissance. Adamastor Book Series 4. Dartmouth: University of Massachusetts, Center for Portuguese Studies, 2009. Innovative study of the literary, philosophical, and cultural aspects of Renaissance literature, focusing mostly on Camões’s epic and connecting it to the study of other domains such as cartography and the Renaissance historiography of empire. Includes essay by Luís Sousa Rebelo about 16th-century history writing.
  29. Parkinson, Stephen, Cláudia Pazos Alonso, and Thomas F. Earle, eds. A Companion to Portuguese Literature. Rochester, NY: Tamesis, 2009. Overview of Portuguese literature organized chronologically; includes several essays about Renaissance literature (Gil Vicente, António Ferreira, Camões, and other authors) with selected updated bibliographies and a review of Portuguese literary texts available in English.
  30. Keates, Laurence. The Court Theater of Gil Vicente. Lisbon: Livraria Escolar Editora, 1962. Essay on the major playwright Gil Vicente, integrating his works into the context of professional activity involving the organization of festivities and ceremonies as well as theater spectacles at the Portuguese royal court.
  31. Preto-Rodas, Richard A. Francisco Rodrigues Lobo: Dialogue and Courtly Lore in Renaissance Portugal. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1971. Detailed study of work written in 1619 by poet Rodrigues Lobo within the Renaissance tradition of dialogues about the courtier and the importance of civility; study discusses and compares the work with Castiglione’s and Guazzo’s texts highlighting Lobo’s originality and humorist traits.
  32. Hirsch, Elisabeth Feist. Damião de Góis: The Life and Thought of a Portuguese Humanist, 1502–1574. Archives internationales d’histoires des idées 19. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1967. Influential study of a main figure of Portuguese humanism, reconstructing his wide European travels and intellectual circles, and arguing that Góis’s Inquisitorial trial as Erasmian was symptomatic of a larger cultural transformation in the second half of a century marked by Catholic zeal and disciplinarian enforcement.
  33. Earle, Thomas F. The Muse Reborn: The Poetry of António Ferreira. Oxford: Clarendon, 1988. Monograph on the poetry of Ferreira (b. 1528–d. 1569), covering in separate chapters the principal genres he cultivated and arguing for the importance and originality of his work while comparing his poetry to that of Camões and other Renaissance authors.
  34. Hart, Henry H. Luis de Camoëns and the Epic of The Lusiads. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1962. A conjectural account, based mostly on legend, of the scarcely documented life of the poet. Provides some excellent translations of Camões’s poetry and a bibliography including publications in English up to the 1960s. See also Sena 1980.
  35. Stathatos, Constantine C. A Gil Vicente Bibliography (1995–2000). Kassel, Germany: Reichenberger, 2001. To be read with A Gil Vicente Bibliography (2000–2005) (Kassel, Germany: Reichenberger, 2007). Comprehensive and annotated bibliography including editions and translations of Vicente’s works and providing summaries of secondary literature, with excellent indexes. Part of a series including two previous volumes covering the period between 1940 and 1995.
  36. Boxer, Charles R. João de Barros: Portuguese Humanist and Historian of Asia. New Delhi: Concept, 1981. Study of the life and work of João de Barros (b. 1496?–d. 1570), the most important historian of Portuguese Asia who also wrote numerous other works on pedagogy, geography, language, religion, and ethics.
  37. Boxer, Charles R. “Three Historians of Portuguese Asia (Barros, Couto and Bocarro).” In Opera Minora. Vol. 2, Orientalismo. Edited by Diogo Ramada Curto, 13–38. Lisbon: Fundação Oriente, 2002. Brief introduction to the study of three major Renaissance writers who focused on Asia, comparing their works and placing them within the context of the general evolution of the Portuguese Asian experiences and imperial project.
  38. Cardozo, Manuel. “The Idea of History in the Portuguese Chroniclers of the Age of the Discovery.” Catholic Historical Review 49 (1963): 1–19. Useful overview in English of the main texts and ideas of 16th-century Portuguese historiography. See also the text by Rebelo in Gil and Macedo 2009 (cited under Culture). Available online for purchase or by subscription.
  39. Curto, Diogo Ramada. “European Historiography on the East.” In The Oxford History of Historical Writing. Vol. 3, 1400–1800. Edited by José Rabasa, Masayuki Sato, Edoardo Tortarolo, and Daniel Woolf, 536–555. New York: Oxford University Press, 2012. Essay discussing the circulation and reception of Portuguese writings about Asia within European and Iberian contexts from the 16th to the 18th century.
  40. Alegria, Maria Fernanda, Suzanne Daveau, João Carlos Garcia, and Francesc Relaño. “Portuguese Cartography in the Renaissance.” In The History of Cartography. Vol 3, Part 1: Cartography in the European Renaissance. Edited by David Woodward, 975–1068. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2007. Synthesis of the current research on Portuguese Renaissance cartography; provides the most complete and updated references to both primary sources and secondary literature. Indispensable complement to Cortesão and Mota 1987.
  41. Hooykaas, Reijer. Humanism and the Voyages of Discovery in 16th Century Portuguese Science and Letters. Amsterdam and New York: North-Holland, 1979. Essay proposing a nuanced interpretation of the intellectual impact on the humanists of the Portuguese navigations and trading activities, with abundant use of the relevant Portuguese sources.
  42. Martyn, John R. C. Pedro Nunes (1502–1578): His Lost Algebra and Other Discoveries. American University Studies 182. New York: Peter Lang, 1996. Translation and commentary of manuscript versions of an algebra treatise attributed to mathematician Pedro Nunes (b. 1502–d. 1578), with valuable description of the cultural context of Nunes’s work and significance of his work.
  43. Kubler, George. Portuguese Plain Architecture: Between Spices and Diamonds, 1521–1706. Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press, 1972. Pathbreaking interpretation of the development of architectural Portuguese vernacular style during the 16th and 17th centuries as the result of an interplay of European, colonial, and indigenous traditions and experiences. Abundant illustrations and visual documentation.
  44. Lowe, Kate J. P., ed. Cultural Links between Portugal and Italy in the Renaissance. New York: Oxford University Press, 2000. Important interdisciplinary collection of fourteen essays exploring the cultural exchanges between Portugal and Italy in politics and diplomacy, art (notably painting and architecture), literature, book production, and royal collections. Abundant annotated visual documentation.
  45. Smith, Robert C. The Art of Portugal, 1500–1800. New York: Meredith, 1968. Descriptive coverage in English of major works in architecture, painting, and sculpture, with special attention given to decorative arts, in particular ceramics. Abundant and valuable visual documentation.
  46. Weissberger, Barbara F., ed. Queen Isabel I of Castile: Power, Patronage, Persona. Woodbridge, UK: Tamesis, 2008. Essay collection divided into three parts on Aragon, Portugal, and northern Europe; patronage and reciprocal relationships; and questions of periodization (medieval or modern). Includes essays on Isabel’s musical interests, book and artistic patronage, Hernando de Talavera, Juan de Anchieta, conflictive subjectivity, and politics of truth and justice.
  47. Chinchilla, Rosa Helena. “Juana of Austria: Courtly Spain and Devotional Expression.” Renaissance and Reformation / Renaissance et Réforme 28.1 (2004): 21–33. A succinct but densely informative introduction to an understudied figure. The sister of King Philip II, Juana of Austria served as regent of Spain from 1554 to 1559. From her court in Portugal she patronized such important figures as Montemayor, Borgia, and Luis de Granada. Later she founded the Monasterio de Descalzas Reales in Madrid.
  48. Kallendorf, Hilaire, ed. A New Companion to Hispanic Mysticism. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill, 2010. Essay collection offered within an ideological framework of expanding the mystical canon to include non-Spanish, nonmale, and otherwise marginal mystical experience. Divided into three sections on larger trends, specific figures, and interdisciplinary applications. Ranges from music to gardens and from Portugal to Colombia. According to the book’s prologue, penned by Colin Thompson, this book “sets a new agenda for the study of the Spanish and Portuguese mystics, in the Old World and the New” (p. xxii).
  49. Benbassa, Esther, and Aron Rodrigue. Sephardi Jewry: A History of the Judeo-Spanish Community, 14th–20th Centuries. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2000. Delineates the distinctively Spanish cultural self-identification of Jewish exiles from Spain and Portugal who fled to Asia Minor and the Balkans. There they flourished under the Ottoman Empire for over four hundred years. Only with the disintegration of this empire did the community disperse further. This valuable book traces their destiny through the time of the Holocaust and beyond. Originally published as The Jews of the Balkans: The Judeo-Spanish Community, 15th to 20th Centuries (Oxford: Blackwell, 1995).
  50. Melammed, Renée Levine. A Question of Identity: Iberian Conversos in Historical Perspective. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004. This crucial book contrasts the fate of conversos who decided to flee the Spanish Empire with that of those who remained. Concentrates on questions of identity. Compares different possible destinations for the exiles in terms of the religious and cultural options afforded by each. Ends with a look at three converso communities in Majorca (Spain), Belmonte (Portugal), and the US Southwest.
  51. Macaulay, Neill. Dom Pedro: The Struggle for Liberty in Brazil and Portugal, 1798–1834. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1986. Straightforward narrative biography of Brazil’s first monarch.
  52. MacLachlan, Colin. “The Indian Directorate: Forced Acculturation in Portuguese America (1757–1799).” The Americas 28.4 (1972): 357–387. DOI: 10.2307/980202 Study of Pombal’s effort to centralize royal control over an institution known as the Diretorio dos Indios and thus take some power from the religious authorities who had previously controlled Indian labor.
  53. Maxwell, Kenneth R. “Pombal and the Nationalization of the Luso-Brazilian Economy.” Hispanic American Historical Review 48.4 (1968): 608–631. DOI: 10.2307/2510901 Older article traces the Marquis de Pombal’s mostly successful efforts to reassert Portuguese control over maritime trade, which had been slowly usurped by the British navy.
  54. Barbosa, Rosana. Immigration and Xenophobia: Portuguese Immigrants in Early 19th Century Rio de Janeiro. Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 2009. Study complements the work of Kristen Schultz by focusing on the nonelite immigrants who accompanied the Portuguese court to Rio de Janeiro in 1808 and the resentment they faced from both locals and the enslaved population.
  55. Schultz, Kirsten. Tropical Versailles: Empire, Monarchy, and the Portuguese Royal Court in Rio de Janeiro, 1808–1821. New York: Routledge, 2001. Intensively researched study of the period in which the Portuguese court resided in the New World. Includes a discussion of the era’s diplomacy, life at court and among the elite, the physical transformation of Rio de Janeiro from a sleepy village to an imperial metropolis, the constitutional wrangling that accompanied the relocation of the monarchy and attempts to keep it unified, and the role of slaves and slavery as an institution in the modern age.
  56. Earle, Thomas Foster, and Kate J. P. Lowe, eds. Black Africans in Renaissance Europe. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2005. Case studies from England, Spain, Portugal, Italy, France, and Austria. Includes a useful introductory essay by Lowe summarizing the generally negative images of Africans in this era.
  57. Kubler, George, and Martin Soria. Art and Architecture in Spain and Portugal and Their American Dominions, 1500–1800. Harmondsworth, UK: Penguin, 1959. Rich overview of art and architecture in Spain and Portugal and their New World possessions. Includes an interesting discussion on how Spain and Latin American artists were able to absorb influences from Italy and northern Europe without losing their own native identity and traditions.
  58. Russell, Edward. The English Intervention in Spain and Portugal in the Time of Edward III and Richard II. Oxford: Clarendon, 1955. An impressive work based on Spanish documentary material, though the author notes that he did not fully exploit the archives of Aragon. Especially good on diplomacy.
  59. Gavroglu, Kostas. The Sciences in the European Periphery during the Enlightenment. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic, 1999. This treats science in Spain, Portugal, Greece, and Scandinavia, thereby refocusing attention away from the dominant literature on the European “core” of the Enlightenment.
  60. Scott, Hamish M., ed. Enlightened Absolutism: Reform and Reformers in Later Eighteenth-Century Europe. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1990. A useful text for students because it makes available in English commentaries on non-Anglophone societies such as Portugal, Spain, Denmark, Russia, Austria, and Italy, providing accessible summaries for each.
  61. McAlister, Lyle N. Spain and Portugal in the New World, 1492–1700. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1984. Elegantly written survey that covers institutional and social history of both Iberian nations and their New World colonies.
  62. Sweet, James H. Recreating Africa: Culture, Kinship, and Religion in the African-Portuguese World, 1441–1770. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2003. One of the first works in English to connect African cultural patterns to those found in Portugal and Brazil. Based on archival research in the Inquisition records of Lisbon as well as secondary works on Africa, Portugal, and Brazil.
  63. Novais, Fernando A. “Brazil in the Old Colonial System.” In Brazil and the World System. Edited by Richard Graham, 11–56. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1991. English synthesis of Novais’s important work Portugal e Brasil na crise do antigo sistema colonial (1777–1808) (Sao Paulo,
  64. Schwartz, Stuart B. Sugar Plantations in the Formation of Brazilian Society: Bahia, 1550–1835. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1985. Exhaustive archival research by one of the foremost scholars of colonial Brazil. Covers the rise and decline of Brazil’s plantation economy and how it shaped society. Includes valuable tables, a glossary, and an essay on sources.
  65. Studnicki-Gizbert, Daviken. A Nation upon the Ocean Sea: Portugal’s Atlantic Diaspora and the Crisis of the Spanish Empire, 1492–1640. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 2007. An important study of Portuguese transatlantic mercantile networks, focused primarily on Mexico City, Cartagena (Colombia), and Lima. Argues for the early formation of a Portuguese “Nation.”
  66. Maxwell, Kenneth. Pombal, Paradox of Enlightenment. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1995. Important and well-written work on Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo, the Marquis of Pombal and Portuguese Minister of the Kingdom, who was responsible for major enlightened reforms in Brazil while also strengthening absolutism in Portugal.
  67. Langfur, Hal. The Forbidden Lands: Colonial Identity, Frontier Violence, and the Persistence of Brazil’s Eastern Indians, 1750–1830. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2006. Innovative study of the frontier violence that occurred when the Portuguese Crown attempted to curtail gold smuggling and tax evasion in eastern Minas Gerais by making indigenous lands off-limits to settlers. Langfur finds a “cult of terror” created by the interethnic violence.
  68. Eltis, David, and David Richardson, eds. Extending the Frontiers: Essays on the New Transatlantic Slave Trade Voyages Database. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2008. Includes essays on: the earliest Iberian Atlantic slave trade into the Caribbean by Antonio de Almeida Mendes; Africans in Cuba by Oscar Grandío Moráguez; and the slave trade to various Brazilian ports by Daniel Barros Domingues da Silva, David Eltis, Alexandre Vieira Ribeiro, and Manolo Florentino. One should also consult Voyages: The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade Database, which is frequently updated.
  69. Esdaile, Charles J., ed. Popular Resistance in the French Wars: Patriots, Partisans and Land Pirates. Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005. A collection of essays dealing with armed civilian resistance to the French in Spain, Portugal, Italy, Germany, and Russia.
  70. Esdaile, Charles. The Peninsular War: A New History. London: Allen Lane, 2002. The best account in English of the involvement of the French in the Peninsular War. For a more detailed examination, see the classic account in Oman 1902–1930.
  71. Oman, Charles. A History of the Peninsular War. 7 vols. Oxford: Clarendon, 1902–1930. One of the most complete military histories of the war in the Peninsular, only vol. 1, 1807–1809: From the Treaty of Fontainebleau to the Battle of Corunna, deals with Napoleon’s brief intervention.
  72. Bishko, Charles. “The Spanish and Portuguese Reconquest, 1093–1492.” In A History of the Crusades, vol. 3: The Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries. Edited by Harry W. Hazard and Kenneth Setton, 396–436. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1975. For an overall view of the Reconquista in the larger context of the Crusades.
  73. Kennedy, Hugh. Muslim Spain and Portugal. A Political History of al-Andalus, London: Longman, 1996. Another excellent survey of the era, with an emphasis on politics. As announced, chiefly political in focus.
  74. Saunders, A. C. de C. M. A Social History of Black Slaves and Freedmen in Portugal, 1441–1555. Cambridge Iberian and Latin American Studies. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1982. Practically the only study on slavery in metropolitan Portugal, this book shows that Lisbon was one of the main destinations for African slaves during the first century of the trade and also home to some of the first Atlantic Creoles. A new paperback edition came out in 2010.
  75. Sweet, James H. Recreating Africa: Culture, Kinship, and Religion in the African-Portuguese World, 1441–1770. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2003. Based on archival research in the Inquisition records of Lisbon as well as in secondary works on Africa, Portugal, and Brazil, this work traces cultural connections between Portugal, Lusophone Africa, and Brazil and highlights a number of Atlantic Creoles.
  76. Sweet, James H. Domingos Álvares, African Healing, and the Intellectual History of the Atlantic World. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2011. This is a biographical study of an 18th-century African healer and vodun priest who was transported as a slave to Brasil, where he gained modest fame as a healer, only to be prosecuted by the Inquisition and shipped to Portugal. There he ended his days in obscurity.
  77. Wheat, John David. “The Afro-Portuguese Maritime World and the Foundations of Spanish Caribbean Society, 1570–1640.” PhD diss., Vanderbilt University, 2009. Based on extensive archival research in 16th- and 17th-century records in Spain, Portugal, Cuba, and Colombia, this path-breaking dissertation demonstrates the unrecognized influence of Luso-African and Portuguese slave traders in shaping the contours of Spanish Caribbean society.
  78. Brooks, George E. Eurafricans in Western Africa: Commerce, Social Status, Gender, and Religious Observance from the Sixteenth to the Eighteenth Century. Western African Studies. Athens, OH: Ohio University Press, 2003. Based on Portuguese, Dutch, French, and English accounts, this work illustrates the influential role played by multilingual and multicultural Luso-Africans in creating Atlantic networks of commerce and culture. Shows how these early interactions established patterns that were followed by other groups of mixed-race Atlantic Creoles.
  79. Havik, Philip, and Malyn Newitt, eds. Creole Societies in the Portuguese Colonial Empire. Lusophone Studies 6. Bristol, UK: University of Bristol, 2007. An edited collection honoring the eminent historian of the Portuguese empire, C. R. Boxer (1904–2000). Includes essays on Luso-African families and peoples in West and West-Central Africa.
  80. Hawthorne, Walter. Planting Rice, Harvesting Slaves: Transformations along the Guinea-Bissau Coast, 1400–1900. Social History of Africa. London: Heinemann, 2003. Based on archival and ethnographic research, this work examines how nonstate societies, such as the Balanta of Guinea-Bissau, adapted to the disruption and violence of the slave trade and to the presence of Portuguese and Luso-African traders.
  81. Heywood, Linda M., and John K. Thornton. Central Africans, Atlantic Creoles and the Foundation of the Americas, 1585–1660. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2007. Tracks the development of creole cultures in Central Africa and in the Americas within the context of the transatlantic slave trade and colonial rivalries. Argues for African agency, an early conversion to Catholicism, and Central African cultural continuities in Portuguese, Dutch, and English colonies.
  82. Mark, Peter. “Portuguese” Style and Luso-African Identity: Precolonial Senegambia, Sixteenth–Nineteenth Centuries. Bloomington: University of Indiana Press, 2002. Arguing that architecture is an important marker of identity, this work examines the transformation of domestic architectural styles in West Africa, with the rise of Luso-African traders who claimed Portuguese identity.
  83. Rodney, Walter. A History of the Upper Guinea Coast, 1545–1800. Oxford Studies in African Affairs. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1970. This study, dating from 1970, was one of the first to examine Portuguese–African relations from the perspective of West African peoples, with important insights on the long-term impact of the small numbers of Portuguese and mestiço traders on the region’s history.
  84. Reis, João José. Slave Rebellion in Brazil: The Muslim Uprising of 1835 in Bahia. Johns Hopkins Studies in Atlantic History and Culture. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1993. This is a detailed study of an urban revolt led by literate Muslims who were enslaved in a Nigerian jihad and deported to Brazil. Includes information on the multilingual leaders of the revolt and the repression that followed the failure of the revolt.
  85. Portocarrero, Gustavo. 2009. The Portuguese city of Braga during the modern era: Landscape and identity from the late Middle Ages to the Enlightenment. Oxford: Archaeopress. The author explains his historical and archaeological research on the city of Braga, northern Portugal, from the 15th through the 18th centuries.
  86. Matthee, Rudi, and Jorge Flores. Portugal, the Persian Gulf and Safavid Persia. Papers presented at a conference in marking the quincentennial anniversary of the arrival of the Portuguese in the Persian Gulf in 1507, Paris, 2008. Leuven, Belgium: Peeters, 2011. A selection of papers from a conference in 2007 marking the quincentennial anniversary of the arrival of the Portuguese in the Persian Gulf in 1507. The table of contents is available online.
  87. Matthee, Rudi. “Distant Allies: Diplomatic Contacts between Portugal and Iran in the Reign of Shah Tahmasp, 1524–1576.” In Portugal, the Persian Gulf and Safavid Persia. Edited by Rudi Matthee and Jorge Flores, 219–247. Leuven, Belgium: Peeters, 2011. Notes the limited nature of Safavid interest in the Persian Gulf and its trade during this period and suggests that the Portuguese also had limited goals in the Gulf, mainly an anti-Ottoman alliance in the aftermath of the Ottoman capture of Constantinople in 1453.
  88. Matthee, Rudi. “The Politics of Protection: Iberian Missionaries in Safavid Iran under Shah ʿAbbas I (1587–1629).” In Contacts and Controversies between Muslims, Jews and Christians in the Ottoman Empire and Pre-Modern Iran. Edited by Camilla Adang and Sabine Schmidtke, 245–271. Würzburg, Germany: Ergon Verlag, 2010. Notes that the missionaries “served as political intermediaries with the outside world . . . and their presence and activities created serious tensions among various religious groups with ties to the royal court—most notably the Shi`i clerics and the members of the Armenian community” (p. 245). There was also bitter conflict between the various missionary groups, often reflective of clashing agendas of the different European powers with which each was identified.
  89. Bleichmar, Daniela, Paula De Vos, Kristin Huffine, and Kevin Sheehan. Science in the Spanish and Portuguese Empires, 1500–1800. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2009. Fifteen collected essays covering the Iberian empires across three centuries, along with an introduction and afterword that effectively summarize current trends in the history of early modern Iberian science. Arranges essays loosely in four thematic sections: historiographical overviews, the disruptive role of the New World, the local and the global in geographies of knowledge production, and the circulation of natural commodities and scientific knowledge.
  90. Cañizares-Esguerra, Jorge. Nature, Empire, and Nation: Explorations of the History of Science in the Iberian World. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2006. This collection of seven essays (six previously available as journal articles) spans areas of current interest to historians of science in early modern Spain and Spanish America. Common threads include the revision of history of science narratives that privilege the “hard sciences” over natural and mechanical sciences, and the intellectual independence of Creole scientific circles.
  91. Contente Domingues, Francisco. “Science and Technology in Portuguese Navigation: The Idea of Experience in the Sixteenth Century.” In Portuguese Oceanic Expansion, 1400–1800. Edited by Francisco Bethencourt and Diogo Ramada Curto. Translated by Neil Safier, 460–479. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2007. A succinct analysis of the complicated role appeals to “experience” played in the context of the geographical revolution resulting from Portuguese explorations in West Africa. Identifies the transformative effects that the practical requirements of navigation had over representations of space and the authority of empirical observers.
  92. Cortesão, Armando. History of Portuguese Cartography. Lisbon, Portugal: Junta de Investigações do Ultramar, 1969–1971. English translation of the definitive work on Portuguese innovations in cartography in the period of their global expansion. Along with Luís de Albuquerque, Cortesão is responsible for leading the growth of interest in Portuguese and Spanish contributions to the early modern nautical sciences, including cartography, a field previously restricted to the later English, French, and Dutch age of sail.
  93. Simon, William Joel. Scientific Expeditions in the Portuguese Overseas Territories (1783–1808): And the Role of Lisbon in the Intellectual-Scientific Community of the Late Eighteenth Century. Centro de Estudos de Cartografía Antiga, Série Memórias No. 22. Lisbon, Portugal: Instituto de Investigação Científica Tropical, 1983. Investigates the colonial appointments and naturalist expeditions (of divergent success) of four Luso-Brazilian University of Coimbra graduates sent to Brazil, Mozambique, Angola, and Cabo Verde. Provides helpful insight into the quotidian operations of such postings, but also traces the growing Portuguese focus on Brazil, at the expense of African and Indian Ocean possessions, upon scientific investigation of its commercial and strategic potential.
  94. Beltrão Marques, Vera Regina. Natureza em Boiões: Medicinas e boticários no Brasil setecentista. Campinas, Brazil: Editora da Unicamp, 1999. Overview of medical knowledge and practice in colonial Brazil. Focuses on the role of apothecaries and other medical practitioners in creating a social space around curing and a hierarchy of medical authority in the hybrid, competitive colonial environment for curative solutions. Also covers the production of scholarly texts on materia medica in Brazil and Portuguese. Identifies indigenous Brazilians and Africans as sources, but without exploring their contributions.
  95. Walker, Timothy. “Acquisition and Circulation of Medical Knowledge within the Early Modern Portuguese Colonial Empire.” In Science in the Spanish and Portuguese Empires, 1500–1800. Edited by Daniela Bleichmar, Paula De Vos, Kristin Huffine, and Kevin Sheehan, 247–270. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2009. Analysis of the central role medicinal plants and knowledge from Africa, Asia, and the Americas played in the Portuguese empires. Explores the collaborative relationship between indigenous healers and European physicians while tracing the influences of these interactions not just from the colony to the metropole, but between colonial zones as well.
  96. Delbourgo, James, and Nicholas Dew, eds. Science and Empire in the Atlantic World. New York: Routledge, 2008. This collected volume organizes twelve essays by specialists working with the Spanish, Portuguese, British, Dutch, and French empires into sections covering knowledge networks, the natural world of the Americas, collecting, and imperial competition. Provides an excellent overview of contemporary questions in the relationship of science and imperial power.
  97. Raminelli, Ronald. Viagens ultramarinas: Monarcas, vassalos e governo à distância. São Paulo, Brazil: Alameda, 2008. Identifies the importance of the patronage relationships between the Portuguese Crown in Lisbon and the Luso-Brazilian intellectual elite in securing loyalty to the Crown throughout the empire. Aside from the patronage itself, its delivery in the form of support for voyages of discovery and other projects in the interior of Brazil, and Portuguese possessions in Africa and Asia as well, served to define these large hinterlands as Portuguese colonial spaces.
  98. Furtado, Júnia Ferreira. “Tropical Empiricism: Making Medical Knowledge in Colonial Brazil.” In Science and Empire in the Atlantic World. Edited by James Delbourgo and Nicholas Dew, 127–152. New York: Routledge, 2008. Treats the development of natural histories of Brazil, particularly in terms of materia medica, from the more traditionally scholarly productions of the Dutch period to the publications of 18th-century barber-surgeons. Identifies the common threads of the incorporation of local knowledge, direct observation, global movement of people and books, and Luso-Brazilian participation in a European community of scholars.
  99. Boxer, Charles. Salvador Correa de Sa and the Struggle for Brazil and Angola, 1602–1686. London: Greenwood, 1976. The author examines the career of Correa and the longstanding political and economic influence exerted by the Correia de Sa family through participation in the imperial administration as well as in mercantile and entrepreneurial endeavors. Special attention is given to the expedition to expel the Dutch from Angola, emphasizing the leading role of Luso-Brazilians in organizing and financing the enterprise, practically without much say from Lisbon.
  100. Hanson, Carl A. “Monopoly and Contraband in the Portuguese Tobacco Trade, 1625–1702.” Luso-Brazilian Review 19 (Winter 1982): 149–168. This article examines tobacco production, distribution, and regulation in Brazil. The author pays special attention to mercantilist policies regarding the tobacco trade and emphasizes the prevalence of smuggling within and beyond the realms of the Portuguese Empire. Available online for purchase or by subscription.
  101. Schwartz, Stuart, ed. Tropical Babylons: Sugar and the Making of the Atlantic World. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2004. In this compilation of essays, the authors examine the economic, social, technological, and commercial significance of sugar production in the making of the Atlantic world. The essays are based on original research, and some of them present revisionist perspectives on the development of sugar industry in the Caribbean and slavery in Atlantic.
  102. Topik, Steven, Carlos Marichal, and Zephyr L. Frank. From Silver to Cocaine: Latin American Commodity Chains and the Building of the World Economy, 1500–2000. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2006. From Silver to Cocaine is a well-crafted compilation of articles examining main commodity chains that have marked the economic history of Latin America. The authors examined different commodity chains, paying attention to the regional context as well as the transatlantic scenario. Articles of special interest for the period between c. 1500 and c. 1750 focus on the commodity chains of silver, cacao, indigo, cochineal, and tobacco.
  103. Phillips, Carla Rahn. “The Growth and Composition of Trade in the Iberian Empires, 1450–1750.” In The Rise of Merchant Empires: Long-Distance Trade in the Early Modern World, 1350–1750. Edited by James D. Tracy, 34–101. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1990. DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511563089 This study examines the commercial expansion of the Iberian empires in the Atlantic, primarily. The author discusses commercial circuits, commodity production and circulation.
  104. Fisher, John R. The Economic Aspects of Spanish Imperialism in America, 1492–1810. Liverpool, UK: Liverpool University Press, 1998. This work is a general overview of the main socioeconomic, political, and military imperial system in the Early Modern period. The limitations imposed by the fleet system, inefficient bureaucracy, and poor transportation routes undermined Spanish imperial development. The author pays attention to commodity exports to Spain, and the metropolitan dependence on American bullion. The author draws mostly on official Spanish records deposited in Spain and Latin America.
  105. Bethencourt, Francisco, and Diogo Curto, eds. Portuguese Oceanic Expansion, 1400–1800. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2007. In this magisterial work, acclaimed historians of the Portuguese Empire examine the economic, social, and political aspects of the Portuguese global expansion over three centuries. The authors emphasize significance of merchant capital and interests as part of the Portuguese mercantilist project, specifically after the 1600s. Of special interest for scholars of commerce and networks are the chapters by Schwartz, Pearson, and Alecanstro.
  106. Boxer, Charles R. The Portuguese Seaborne Empire, 1415–1825. 2d ed. London: Carcanet, 1991. Professor Boxer’s magisterial analysis of the Portuguese Empire in a global context emphasizes the crucial role of commerce in the Portuguese imperial project. Special attention is given to South Atlantic commercial circuits and the role of colonial merchants. The book also points out the significance of intercolonial trade circuits. First published in 1973.
  107. Russell-Wood, Anthony John R. A World On the Move: The Portuguese in Africa, Asia, and America, 1415–1808. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1998. The author examines the global networks of the Portuguese Empire. Drawing on extensive secondary literature, the author argues that the Portuguese commercial empire developed on the basis of producing movement, circulation, and geographical expanse. The author examines routes, commercial methods, naval technology, and the web of networks that supported the Portuguese mercantile expansion.
  108. Duncan, T. Bentley. Atlantic Islands: Madeira, the Azores, and the Cape Verdes in Seventeenth-Century Commerce and Navigation. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1972. This book examines in detail the role of the Atlantic islands in Portuguese commerce. The author convincingly demonstrates the importance of commodity production in the islands, the existence of interisland trade circuits, and the strong commercial connections linking the Portuguese Atlantic islands to West Africa, the Caribbean, Brazil, and above all to Portugal. The book contains a wealth of data presented in tables and maps.
  109. Hanson, Carl A. Economy and Society in Baroque Portugal, 1668–1703. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1981. This work analyzes in detail the changes in the Portuguese mercantilist system, and the political and economic tensions between merchants and nobles and the clergy. The author emphasizes the significant role of the commercial groups in Portuguese society, specifically the role of New Christians. Hanson examines the Crown attempts to stimulate colonial trade between Asia, Africa, and Brazil. The author draws on Portuguese sources.
  110. Flory, Rae, and David Smith. “Bahian Merchants and Planters in the Seventeenth and Early Eighteenth Centuries.” Hispanic American Historical Review 58.4 (November 1978): 571–594. DOI: 10.2307/2513341 This article examines the social and economic role of merchants in the city of Salvador. The authors compare the elites of Salvador, specifically merchants and planters, considering origins, marriage patterns, political participation in institutions, and patterns of association. The authors argue that there is no rigid division between groups in the upper Bahian elites. Available online for purchase or by subscription.
  111. Lugar, Catherine. “Merchants.” In Cities and Society in Colonial Latin America. Edited by Susan Socolow and Louise Hoberman, 47–76. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1986. Catherine Lugar presents an overview of mercantile communities in different cities of Iberian America from the 16th to the 18th century. The author draws on her own research on colonial merchants of Bahia, as well as on research of other scholars on the field for the cases of Buenos Aires, Mexico City, and Lima. This article is well suited for undergraduate reading assignments.
  112. Russell-Wood, A. J. R. Fidalgos and Philantropists: The Santa Casa de Misericordia of Bahia, 1550–1755. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1968. This book examines the role of the Santa Casa de Misericordia in the Portuguese Empire. Santa casas were philanthropic institutions that provided health care and other services to the communities. The Misericordia provided credit for planters and other colonial entrepreneurs. During the 18th century, the participation of merchants in the Misericordia increased as involvement in the Misericordia granted social status.
  113. Smith, David Grant. “Old Christian Merchants and the Foundation of the Brazil Company, 1649.” Hispanic American Historical Review 54.2 (May 1974): 233–259. DOI: 10.2307/2512568 This article examines in detail the board members and officers of the Brazil Company. The author argues that the New Christian merchants were crucial in providing capital for the company. The author suggests that in the mid-17th century, the Portuguese Crown turned to the New Christian merchant-bankers to finance the colonial enterprise in Brazil. The author uses sources primarily deposited in Portuguese archives. Available online for purchase or by subscription.
  114. Alden, Dauril. “Vicissitudes of Trade in the Portuguese Atlantic Empire during the First Half of the Eighteenth Century.” Americas 32.2 (October 1975): 282–291. DOI: 10.2307/980663 In his analysis of the papers of Portuguese merchant Francisco Pineiro, Dauril Alden examines the strategies, difficulties, and characteristics of trade between Portugal, Africa, Asia, Brazil, and Rio de la Plata during the apex of gold production in Brazil. The author emphasizes the importance of intercolonial trade circuits, credit, and information networks, as well as transimperial trade as integral part of colonial commercial enterprises. Available online for purchase or by subscription.
  115. Curtin, Philip D. The Atlantic Slave Trade: A Census. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1969. This seminal work was the first academic attempt to survey dimensions of the Atlantic slave trade considering the slave trade activities of all Atlantic empires. This work is also a foundational work in the scholarship of the Atlantic world, since the author argues for the significant role of Europeans, American colonists, and Africans in shaping the Atlantic slave trade.
  116. Lovejoy, Paul E. “The Volume of the Atlantic Slave Trade: A Synthesis.” Journal of African History 2.3 (1982): 473–501. DOI: 10.1017/S0021853700021319 This article updates the work of Philip Curtin. The author pays significant attention to African participation in the slave trade and updates the estimates of the volume of the slave trade in the Atlantic basin, drawing on secondary sources. Available online for purchase or by subscription.
  117. Miller, Joseph C. Way of Death: Merchant Capitalism and the Angolan Slave Trade, 1730–1830. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1988. This classic book examines the commercial connections between Angola, Brazil, and Portugal during the 18th century. The author examines the significance of commercial capitalism in Luanda and its hinterland, as well as the role of prominence of Brazilian merchants in conducting trade in slaves and in other goods. The author emphasizes the role of mercantile networks and the violence involved in the trade with slaves.
  118. Newson, Linda A., and Susie Minchin. From Capture to Sale: The Portuguese Slave Trade to Spanish South America in the Early Seventeenth Century. The Atlantic World. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill, 2007. DOI: 10.1163/ej.9789004156791.i-373 This work examines the mechanics of different phases of the slave trade, from the purchase of captives in Africa, to the costs involved in transportation and the Middle Passage, to the disembarkment and selling of the slaves in Lima. This draws primarily on the journal papers of a Portuguese merchant, a rare type of source for this period.
  119. Verger, Pierre. Bahia and the West Coast Trade (1549–1851). Ibadan, Nigeria: Institute of African Studies, Ibadan University Press, 1964. Pierre Verger’s monumental work documents the trade in slaves between Bahia, Lagos, and Dahomey. The book draws from primary sources deposited in African, European, and South American archives. Verger contends that after the 17th century, Portuguese merchants were not allowed in the area, but Brazilian traders could operate under specific conditions (only using tobacco for buying slaves and paying fees).
  120. Wheat, David. “The Afro-Portuguese Maritime World and the Foundations of Spanish Caribbean Society, 1570–1640.” PhD diss., Vanderbilt University, 2009. This study focuses on importance of commercial circuits linking Portuguese and Spanish Empires and its social and economic consequences. The author presents an overview of the connections between the Portuguese maritime world and the development of Caribbean society. The African slave trade to the Caribbean is the focal point of the work. The author argues for the interconnectedness of societies in the Atlantic world.
  121. Davis, Ralph. “English Foreign Trade, 1660–1700.” Economic History Review 7.2 (1954): 150–166. This article examines the composition of English foreign trade in the last half of the 17th century. Davis pays special attention to the imports and reexports from India (which comprised 30 percent of London exports by 1699), as well as the imports of sugar, wine, and tobacco from Portugal (and Brazil). Available online for purchase or by subscription.
  122. Davis, Ralph. “English Foreign Trade, 1700–1774.” Economic History Review 15.2 (1962): 295–303. The author analyzes the commercial exchanges with Europe and the Americas during the 18th century, as well as the impact of the Industrial Revolution on Atlantic trade routes. In the 18th century, the growth in British exports was related to the increase in demand from British America and from continental Europe. The author emphasizes the relationship between British merchants and Iberian empires, specifically Portugal. Available online for purchase or by subscription.
  123. Lane, Kris. Pillaging the Empire: Piracy in the Americas, 1500–1750. Armonk, NY, and London: M. E. Sharpe, 1998. In this book, Professor Lane examines the different periods of piracy in the Early Modern period. The main focus of the author is the effects of piracy on empire building, specifically the effects of high commercial risk and defense cost.
  124. Fisher, H. E. S. “Anglo-Portuguese Trade, 1700–1770.” Economic History Review 16.2 (1962): 219–233. The author suggests that in the 18th century the growth of British exports (and re-exports) was connected with the growing demand from the Americas. Specifically, the author suggests between the Treaties of Utrecht (1713–1715) and the Seven Years’ War, British trade with Portuguese America became a leading sector of English transimperial trade. Available online for purchase or by subscription.
  125. Pijnig, Ernst. “Controlling Contraband: Mentality, Economy and Society in 18th Century Rio de Janeiro.” PhD diss., Johns Hopkins University, 1997. This study examines the mechanics, participants, and dispute over regulation regarding trade, in relation to the social values of Rio de Janeiro colonial society. Controlling contraband was a complex process of negotiation between social groups and interests. The author presents detailed information on the goods, methods, and the routes of contraband trade in the South Atlantic.
  126. Benton, Lauren. A Search for Sovereignty: Law and Geography in European Empires, 1400–1900. Cambridge, UK, and New York: Cambridge University Press, 2010. In this book, Professor Benton questions the legal discourses and practices in the Atlantic Ocean, specifically regarding the subjects of sovereignty, natural law, jurisdiction, and competing legal systems in the Atlantic Ocean, and other areas in the periphery of empires. The author argues that law, empire building, and commerce were inseparable dimensions of the Atlantic world.
  127. Coclanis, Peter A., ed. The Atlantic Economy during the 17th and 18th Centuries: Organization, Operation, Practice, and Personnel. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 2005. This collection of essays on the rise and consolidation of the Atlantic world brings together specialists of different empires utilizing the Atlantic world framework. Although many articles compiled in this edition focus primarily on the North Atlantic, early modern Spanish and Portuguese Atlantics are the central focus of several articles, specially regarding Madeira, Cuba, and tobacco smuggling in Spanish America.
  128. Davis, Ralph. “Merchant Shipping in the Economy of the Late 17th Century.” Economic History Review 9.1 (1956): 59–73. DOI: 10.2307/2591531 In this article, Professor Davis examines the primary factors determining freight costs in the 17th-century Atlantic. Although the article pays special attention to English and Dutch ships, there is abundant information about costs and logistics regarding trade with Portugal and Spain, specifically regarding the transportation of gold, silver, sugar, and other colonial commodities. Available online for purchase or by subscription.
  129. Davis, Ralph. The Rise of the Atlantic Economies. World Economic History, Vol. 1. New York: Cornell University Press, 1973. The author examines the significance of colonial economies and trade with Spanish America for European countries in the 17th century, as well as the growing importance of British American and South American commercial circuits in the 18th century. This work is an excellent introduction to the economic history of the Atlantic basin.
  130. Flynn, Dennis, and Arturo Giraldez. “Born Again: Globalization’s Sixteenth Century Origins.” Pacific Economic Review 13.3 (2008): 359–387. DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-0106.2008.00403.x The authors contend that current globalization started with the Spanish conquest and colonization of the Philippines and the creation of links of commercial, cultural, and ecological interdependence between the societies inhabiting the heavily populated lands masses of the globe. The authors contend that silver was a key economic factor in shaping an emerging global market that connected Asia to the Americas, Europe, and Africa. Available online for purchase or by subscription.
  131. Liss, Peggy K. Atlantic Empires: The Network of Trade and Revolution, 1713–1826. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1982. This work provides a comprehensive analysis of the significance of social networks in empire building and projects of sovereignty and revolution. More specifically, the author argues the importance of trade networks in connecting different regions and social groups, emphasizing the circulation of goods and information in the Atlantic.
  132. Liss, Peggy K., and Franklin Knight, eds. Atlantic Port Cities: Economy, Culture, and Society. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1991. This well-crafted compilation examines different port cities in the colonial Americas, considering the role of trade in the development of colonial societies. Authors emphasize the increasing significance of intercolonial trade and trade with foreigners during the 17th century. The works present demographic and commercial data and methodological and theoretical considerations regarding the role of ports, trade, ship lanes, and imperial regulations.
  133. Hanson, Carl A. “Monopoly and Contraband in the Portuguese Tobacco Trade, 1625–1702.” Luso-Brazilian Review 19 (Winter 1982): 149–168. This article examines tobacco production, distribution, and regulation in Brazil. The author pays special attention to mercantilist policies regarding the tobacco trade and emphasizes the prevalence of smuggling within and beyond the realms of the Portuguese Empire. Available online for purchase or by subscription.
  134. Schwartz, Stuart, ed. Tropical Babylons: Sugar and the Making of the Atlantic World. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2004. In this compilation of essays, the authors examine the economic, social, technological, and commercial significance of sugar production in the making of the Atlantic world. The essays are based on original research, and some of them present revisionist perspectives on the development of sugar industry in the Caribbean and slavery in Atlantic.
  135. Topik, Steven, Carlos Marichal, and Zephyr L. Frank. From Silver to Cocaine: Latin American Commodity Chains and the Building of the World Economy, 1500–2000. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2006. From Silver to Cocaine is a well-crafted compilation of articles examining main commodity chains that have marked the economic history of Latin America. The authors examined different commodity chains, paying attention to the regional context as well as the transatlantic scenario. Articles of special interest for the period between c. 1500 and c. 1750 focus on the commodity chains of silver, cacao, indigo, cochineal, and tobacco.
  136. Needell, Jeffrey. A Tropical Belle Époque: Elite, Culture and Society in Turn-of-the-Century Rio de Janeiro. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1987. A well-documented study of the architectural and Haussmann-like renewal of the Brazilian capital between 1898 and 1914, combined with literary tastes, cultural institutions, and mores of the emerging bourgeoisie. Publications in Portuguese in 1993 and in Spanish in 2013 have secured the book’s influence on Latin America’s urban cultural history.
  137. Cross, Harry E. “Commerce and Orthodoxy: A Spanish Response to Portuguese Commercial Penetration in the Viceroyalty of Peru, 1580–1640.” The Americas 35.2 (1978): 151–167. DOI: 10.2307/980901 Describes the legal and illegal movements of Portuguese into colonial Peru during the peak of its silver boom, the degree to which they and their descendants came to dominate colonial trade, the efforts by Spanish merchants to have the imperial government expel their competition, and the resulting involvement of the Inquisition in the process.
  138. Studnicki-Gizbert, Daviken. A Nation upon the Ocean Sea: Portugal’s Atlantic Diaspora and the Crisis of the Spanish Empire, 1492–1640. New York: Oxford University Press, 2006. Richly textured study of the Portuguese mercantile diaspora in the Spanish Empire from Columbus’s first trip to the Americas to the end of the Iberian Union in 1640. It examines the economic activity, family life, residential enclaves, and wide-ranging trade and kin networks of this expatriate maritime community of mixed Christian and Jewish origins.
  139. Schalkwijk, Frans L. The Reformed Church in Dutch Brazil, 1630–1654. Zoetermeer, The Netherlands: Boekencentrum, 1998. Translation from the Portuguese of an exhaustive study of the Dutch Reformed Church in Brazil, including its internal structure and relations with the Dutch West Indies Company and local authorities. Schalkwijk argues that the church’s missionary efforts were limited and that the secular authorities, with the support of many within the church, permitted a remarkable degree of freedom of practice for Catholics and Jews.
  140. Wadsworth, James E. “In the Name of the Inquisition: The Portuguese Inquisition and Delegated Authority in Colonial Pernambuco, Brazil.” The Americas 61.1 (2004): 19–52. DOI: 10.1353/tam.2004.0118 Explores the role of the Inquisition in policing religious and moral orthodoxy, and the institutional mechanisms it used to do so, including its reliance on existing colonial political establishments. Contains information on those Brazilians tried in Portugal as crypto-Jews.
  141. Wiznitzer, Arnold. Jews in Colonial Brazil. New York: Columbia University Press, 1960. Describes how Jews were expelled to or found refuge in Brazil in the early 1500s after the forced conversions in Portugal, their role in the early establishment of the sugar industry, trade connections with coreligionists who had fled to Amsterdam, life during the Dutch occupation, and the continuity of secret religious practices after the return of the Portuguese.
  142. Donovan, Bill M. “Changing Perceptions of Social Deviance: Gypsies in Early Modern Portugal and Brazil.” Journal of Social History 26.1 (1992): 33–53. DOI: 10.1353/jsh/26.1.33 Examines the early arrival of gypsies to Brazil in the 17th century; the deportation of gypsy communities to the colony by the Portuguese Crown after 1718; their continued existence as an identifiable cultural group in the face of local prejudice; and how the slave/free, black/white divide afforded gypsies a higher level of integration into local society than in Europe.
  143. Marchant, Alexander. From Barter to Slavery: The Economic Relations of Portuguese and Indians in the Settlement of Brazil, 1500–1580. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1942. Identifies three distinct periods: 1500–1533, when Portuguese merchants bartered Brazilwood with natives while fighting the French, a struggle that would continue during the rest of the century; 1533–1549, when the first colonist arrived, making a living by cultivating sugar, cotton, and manioc and bartering these for indigenous labor; and 1549–1580, when growing exports and demands for labor led to the emergence of Indian slavery.
  144. Baily, Samuel L., and Eduardo J. Míguez, eds. Mass Migration to Modern Latin America. Wilmington, DE: Scholarly Resources, 2003. The first part of this book deals with transnational/comparative cases: Spanish emigration to Cuba and Argentina, South Europeans to South Atlantic regions, Portuguese to the Americas, Italians to New York and Buenos Aires, Europeans in the latter city and Montevideo, and Japanese in Peru and Brazil. The other two parts deal with specific cases in Argentina and Brazil.
  145. Barbosa, Rosana. Immigration and Xenophobia: Portuguese Immigrants in Early 19th Century Rio de Janeiro. Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 2009. Deals with Portuguese immigration to Rio de Janeiro between Brazilian independence in 1822 and the middle of the 19th century, the social characteristics of the arrivals, their efforts to adapt to the new environment, the local elite’s views, and popular Lusophobia.
  146. Borges, Marcelo J. Chains of Gold: Portuguese Migration to Argentina in Transatlantic Perspective. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill, 2009. DOI: 10.1163/ej.9789004176485.i-353 A masterful study that combines microhistory and an Atlantic perspective. It analyses the local sending context in the Portuguese Algarve, particularly in two rural parishes, the formation of village-based but transnational networks of information and support, what determines who departs and who stays behind, and the long-term adaptation of those who leave, based on a close study of the Portuguese community in two Argentine towns.
  147. Hahner, June E. “Jacobinos versus Galegos: Urban Radicals versus Portuguese Immigrants in Rio de Janeiro in the 1890s.” Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs 18.2 (1976): 125–154. DOI: 10.2307/174772 Focuses on the activities of a radical ultranationalistic group that styled itself as Jacobins against Portuguese immigrants, disdainfully referred to as Galegos, who made up more than one-fifth of the city’s 523,000 inhabitants in 1890 and controlled much of its commerce.
  148. Klein, Herb. “The Social and Economic Integration of Portuguese Immigrants in Brazil in the Late Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries.” Journal of Latin American Studies 23.2 (1991): 309–337. DOI: 10.1017/S0022216X00014012 Empirically rich study of the Portuguese background, regional origins, regional distribution in Brazil, the social traits (sex, marital status, occupation, literacy, etc.) of the Portuguese compared to other immigrants at arrival, and measures of adaptation (land and business-ownership, and rates of exogamy, illegitimacy, criminality, and savings), also in comparison to other groups.
  149. Mosher, Jeffrey C. “Political Mobilization, Party Ideology, and Lusophobia in Nineteenth-Century Brazil: Pernambuco, 1822–1850.” Hispanic American Historical Review 80.4 (2000): 881–912. DOI: 10.1215/00182168-80-4-881 Shows how the Praieiros, a political group in Pernambuco allied with the Liberal Party, appealed to nationalist and class resentment among the native-born middle and lower classes in the decades following independence by denouncing Portuguese immigrants, who continued to control much of the local commerce, as clannish, imperialist, and exploiters.
  150. Pescatello, Anne Marie. “Both Ends of the Journey: An Historical Study of Migration and Change in Brazil and Portugal, 1889–1914.” PhD diss., University of California, Los Angeles, 1970. A transnational study avant la lettre. Explores the connections between the society of origin and that of destination during the peak period of emigration, and how the flow affected both ends. Pays careful attention to local specificities, particularly in Portugal, and to socioeconomic structures and trends.
  151. Vieira, Nelson H. “The Luso-Brazilian Joke.” Western Folklore 39.1 (1980): 51–56. DOI: 10.2307/1499764 Article focuses on popular jokes in Brazil that ridicule Portuguese immigrants as greedy, gluttons, and dense. It attempts to connect this type of ethnic humor with Brazilian nationalism.
  152. Arbell, Mordehay. The Jewish Nation of the Caribbean: The Spanish-Portuguese Jewish Settlements in the Caribbean and the Guianas. Jerusalem: Gefen, 2002. Detailed description of Sephardic settlement in the French Caribbean (Martinique and Guadalupe, Haiti, Cayenne), Dutch (Curacao, Suriname, St. Eustatius, Pomeroon), British (Jamaica, Barbados, St. Nevis, Tobago), and Danish (Virgin Islands) colonies, on the liberated Spanish colonies, and on the Venezuelan coastal town of Tucacas.
  153. McPhee, Kit. “‘Immigrants with Money Are No Use to Us’: Race and Ethnicity in the Zona Portuária of Rio de Janeiro, 1903–1912.” The Americas 62.4 (2006): 623–650. DOI: 10.1353/tam.2006.0085 Examines the relations of European immigrants, particularly Portuguese, with their Afro-Brazilian neighbors in the port district of Rio de Janeiro, and the latter’s use of racial (blackness) and national (Brazilian citizenship and patriotism) discursive strategies in their responses to the newcomers.
  154. Rollemberg, Denise. “The Brazilian Exile Experience: Remaking Identities.” Latin American Perspectives 34.4 (2007): 81–105. DOI: 10.1177/0094582X07302948 Rollemberg presents an account of the Brazilian diaspora through testimonies, looking at how day-to-day life in exile prompted a redefinition of individual and collective identities. Studying the exile condition and its implications—fear, loss of roots and references, distress—the author also illuminates how beyond survival, exile opened new opportunities for reflection, free thought, and change.
  155. Bleichmar, Daniela. “A Visible and Useful Empire: Visual Culture and Colonial Natural History in the Eighteenth-Century Spanish World.” In Science in the Spanish and Portuguese Empires, 1500–1800. Edited by Daniela Bleichmar, Paula DeVos, Kristin Huffine, and Kevin Sheehan, 290–310. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2009. Introduces the Spanish Enlightenment scientific expeditions in terms of two interrelated pursuits: utility—particularly in economic and industrial terms—and visibility.
  156. Rishel, Joseph, ed. The Arts in Latin America, 1492–1820. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2006. Spectacular publication connected to the largest and most ambitious exhibition of Latin American colonial art to date (2011), including Brazil. Contains more than three hundred entries and seventeen essays by international scholars. Seeks to expand the canon in terms of media that are included and of attention to the presence and interaction of European, American, Asian, and African traditions.
  157. Postma, Johannes, and Victor Enthoven, eds. Riches from Atlantic Commerce: Dutch Transatlantic Trade and Shipping, 1585–1817. Atlantic World 1. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill, 2003. This collection of fourteen essays covers various areas of Dutch Atlantic engagement, including Brazil, the Caribbean, and the Guinea coast. There are also two survey essays that address the entire length of a Dutch imperial presence in the Atlantic, from the 16th century through the early 19th century.
  158. Encompassing the Globe. An excellent Google Earth application was developed in tandem with a Smithsonian Institution exhibit on the early modern Portuguese world. This clever program offers charts of key voyages as well as numerous embedded photographs of material artifacts with significance for the emerging global Portuguese world. A lavishly illustrated 2007 catalogue offers additional images of art and objects.
  159. Adelman, Jeremy. Sovereignty and Revolution in the Iberian Atlantic. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2006. Adelman examines the paths by which residents of Spanish and Portuguese America began to question their need for and responsibilities to the empire and replace them with a shared nationalism. Places an emphasis on the contingency and complexity of the path to independence.
  160. Bethencourt, Francisco, and Diogo Ramada Curto. Portuguese Oceanic Expansion, 1400–1800. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2007. A geographically and topically wide-ranging collection of essays on the Portuguese Empire that examines settlement patterns, local and imperial power structures, cultural production, scientific and technological practices, and ecclesiastic and political structures across the global stage of the Portuguese world.
  161. Newitt, M. D. D. A History of Portuguese Overseas Expansion, 1400–1668. London: Routledge, 2005. A study of the rise of Portugal as a maritime empire with special attention to the influence of Portugal’s medieval legacy and the factors that allowed Portuguese explorers and traders to establish far-flung settlements around the globe and fend off European rivals for more than two centuries.
  162. Russell-Wood, A. J. R. The Portuguese Empire, 1415–1808: A World on the Move. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1998. A comprehensive general treatment of the Portuguese Atlantic world by one of the field’s leading scholars, emphasizing the diversity and complexity of the empire’s component parts, places, and people.
  163. Studnicki-Gizbert, Daviken. A Nation upon the Ocean Sea: Portugal’s Atlantic Diaspora and the Crisis of the Spanish Empire, 1492–1640. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007. A history of Portuguese Jews and their descendents (a nação portuguesa) throughout the Iberian empires. This engaging study emphasizes the cultural, familiar, and religious ties that bound this diasporic community together throughout the Atlantic world and beyond. It also emphasizes the nação’s role in trying (unsuccessfully) to reform Spanish imperial economic policy in the early 17th century.
  164. Postma, Johannes, and Victor Enthoven, eds. Riches from Atlantic Commerce: Dutch Transatlantic Trade and Shipping, 1585–1817. Atlantic World 1. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill, 2003. This collection of fourteen essays covers various areas of Dutch Atlantic engagement, including Brazil, the Caribbean, and the Guinea coast. There are also two survey essays that address the entire length of a Dutch imperial presence in the Atlantic, from the 16th century through the early 19th century.
  165. Boxer, C. R. Salvador de Sá and the Struggle for Brazil and Angola 1602–1686. London: University of London, 1952. Based on a magnificent biography, Boxer analyzes the interconnection between Rio de Janeiro, Buenos Aires, and Luanda. He also shows how Rio de Janeiro gained strength in the political game of the Empire when the Dutch were expelled from Angola and gradually became a core part of the trading network in the southern Atlantic.
  166. Alden, Dauril. Royal Government in Colonial Brazil: With Special Reference to the Administration of the Marquis of Lavradio, Viceroy, 1769–1779. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1968. Although this work does not address the city directly, it does offer an acute analysis of the government of the Marquis of Lavradio, an important viceroy of the State of Brazil. Rio was the capital from where economic reforms were set in motion, wars architected against the Spanish, and measures introduced to restore finances. The geography of the administration deserves special mention.
  167. Boxer, C. R. The Golden Age of Brazil, 1695–1750: Growing Pains of a Colonial Society. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1962. A panorama of the discovery of gold mines and the consequent immigration of Portuguese, Portuguese-Brazilians, and slaves to Brazil’s Center-South. Such events led to the political and economic axis shifting from Bahia and Pernambuco to Rio de Janeiro and Minas Gerais.
  168. Bauss, Rudolph. “Rio de Janeiro: The Rise of Colonial Brazil´s Dominant Emporium, 1777–1808.” PhD diss., Tulane University, 1977. This thesis sets out to analyze the economic expansion of Brazil’s Center-South in order to understand the predominance of Rio de Janeiro as the main political and commercial center between 1777 and 1808. To this end, the work resorts to an analysis of trade balances and the correspondence of the viceroys.
  169. Brown, Larissa Virginia. “Internal Commerce in a Colonial Economy: Rio de Janeiro and Its Hinterland, 1790–1822.” PhD diss., University of Virginia, 1986. This work shows the importance of the domestic market in Rio de Janeiro and surroundings in the period prior to independence. Not only was the city a large hub for consumers, but it also acted as a metropolis for Brazil and for peripheral ports on the map of overseas trading.
  170. Florentino, Manolo. “The Slave Trade, Colonial Markets, and Slave Families in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, ca. 1790–ca. 1830.” In Extending The Frontiers: Essays on the New Transatlantic Slave Trade Database. Edited by David Eltis and David Richardson, 275–312. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2008. From 1808 onward, there was a notable increase in the number of African slaves in Rio de Janeiro. Dependence on the slave trade had its origins in the significant entry of adult men, rather than women and children. In spite of the inability of this population to reproduce, the predominance of Africans threatened the crioulos in the slave communities.
  171. Klein, Herbert S. “The Trade in African Slaves to Rio de Janeiro, 1795–1811.” Journal of African History 10.4 (1969): 533–549 DOI: 10.1017/S0021853700009695 This pioneer study on the slave trade points to the appalling conditions and high mortality rate resulting from transportation of slaves from Angola and Benguela to the port of Rio de Janeiro. Available online for purchase or by subscription.
  172. Gomes, Flávio dos Santos. “Africans and Slave Marriages in Eighteenth-Century Rio de Janeiro.” The Americas 67.2 (2010): 153–184. DOI: 10.1353/tam.2010.0022 This article addresses the polemical theme of matrimony and godparent relations between Negroes and mulattos and between slaves and free men. Such alliances could act as strategies for social ascension and bring together people of different status. The study also proves that whole families of slaves were actually not so rare in slave-owning society. Available online by subscription.
  173. Karash, Mary C. Slave Life in Rio de Janeiro (1808–1850). Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1987. The most in-depth study of slavery in Rio de Janeiro, this book places emphasis on daily life, ethnic and social diversity, and forms and conditions of work in place at the time. It also shows the rise of a rich Afro-carioca culture different from that of the other localities of Brazil.
  174. Soares, Mariza de Carvalho. People of Faith: Slavery and African Catholics in Eighteenth-Century Rio de Janeiro. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2011. This study on African ethnicities, slavery and brotherhoods of free Negroes, and slaves in Rio de Janeiro analyzes the norms and sociability of the brotherhood of Saint Elesbão and Saint Iphigenia, underscoring the religiosity and identity of the Maki ethnic group.
  175. Schultz, Kirsten. Tropical Versailles: Empire, Monarchy, and the Portuguese Royal Court in Rio de Janeiro, 1808–1821. New York: Routledge, 2001. This is a study of the Portuguese Court in exile and the reconstruction of the monarchy in exceptional conditions, immersed in slave-owner society in the old colony and pressed by revolutions. Also emphasized is the adoption of the new political discourse and protocol adapted to the challenges of the era.
  176. Graham, Maria. Journal of a Voyage to Brazil and Residence There during Part of the Years 1821, 1822, 1823. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2010. The daily life and architecture of several cities along the coast are described. As far as Rio de Janeiro is concerned, not only its inhabitants and its urban and natural landscape, but also political facts of importance for the independence of Brazil, are described. Excellent drawings accompany the text.
  177. Luccock, John. Notes on Rio de Janeiro, and the Southern Parts of Brazil: Taken during a Residence of Ten Years in That Country, from 1808 to 1818. London: S. Leigh, 1820. This merchant registered the daily life of the city and the functioning of religious and civil institutions. He witnessed the profound changes in politics and customs as a result of the transferring of the Portuguese Court. As regards the southern regions, he also dwells on trading and the presence of the English following the opening of the ports. Also available online.
  178. Barman, Roderick. Brazil: The Forging of a Nation, 1798–1852. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1988. An analysis of the mechanisms responsible for the political unity of Brazil based on the plans proposed by Souza Coutinho and the installing of the Portuguese Court in Rio. The book investigates the construction of Brazilian identity, the institutions created by the Portuguese government, and how they served to keep the state national.
  179. Subrahmanyam, Sanjay. The Portuguese Empire in Asia, 1500–1700: A Political and Economic History. 2d ed. Chichester, UK: Wiley-Blackwell, 2012. Wide-ranging survey of Portuguese expansion in the Indian Ocean, situated in both European and Asian history. Also includes extensive bibliography as well as historiographical, methodological, and theoretical reflections.
  180. Hancock, David. “‘An Undiscovered Ocean of Commerce Laid Open’: India, Wine and the Emerging Atlantic Economy, 1703–1813.” In Worlds of the East India Company. Edited by H. V. Bowen, Margarette Lincoln, and Nigel Rigby, 153–168. Woodbridge, UK: Boydell, 2002. Anticipating Hancock’s later extensive book-length study of the Atlantic Madeira trade, Oceans of Wine, this essay explores the ways in which commerce in wine connected India and the Atlantic in the 18th century.
  181. Aulden, Dauril. The Making of an Enterprise: The Society of Jesus in Portugal, Its Empire, and Beyond, 1540–1750. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1996. Survey of the global history of the Society of Jesus in the Portuguese world from the 16th to the 18th centuries. Traces this history from its beginnings in Portugal to the establishment of a vast network of monks and missionaries from Goa to Brazil.
  182. Boxer, Charles R. The Portuguese Seaborne Empire 1415–1825. London: Hutchinson, 1969. Breathless and engaging survey of Portuguese global expansion that has stood the test of time, deeply sensitive to the relationships among various zones of Portuguese influence, from Goa to Brazil. Reprinted in 1991 (Manchester, UK: Carcanet).
  183. Brockey, Liam Matthew, ed. Portuguese Colonial Cities in the Modern World. Farnham, UK; and Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2008. Studies of various urban histories in Portuguese colonial world, including Goa, Mozambique, Luanda, Macau, and others.
  184. Disney, A. R. A History of Portugal and the Portuguese Empire. Vol. 2, The Portuguese Empire. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2009. A sweeping history of Portuguese global expansion in Africa, the Atlantic, and Asia, organized by geographic region.
  185. Newitt, M. D. D. A History of Portuguese Overseas Expansion 1400–1688. London and New York: Routledge, 2005. A survey of exploration, expansion, and colonization that integrates Portuguese domestic history, global trade and settlement, and interimperial rivalry with Spain, England, and the Dutch particularly. Organized chronologically and intended for broad audiences.
  186. Russell-Wood, A. J. R. A World on the Move: The Portuguese in Africa, Asia, and America, 1415–1808. Manchester, UK: Carcanet, 1992. A thematic approach to global Portuguese expansion in the early modern period, which draws crucial connections among colonial activity in the Americas, Africa, and Asia.
  187. Subrahmanyam, Sanjay. “Holding the World in Balance: The Connected Histories of the Iberian Overseas Empires, 1500–1640.” American Historical Review 112.5 (2007): 1359–1385. DOI: 10.1086/ahr.112.5.1359 Explores the surprisingly overlooked shared history of Iberian overseas expansion, particularly but not exclusively during the period of the union of the Spanish and Portuguese Crowns.
  188. Subrahmanyam, Sanjay. The Career and Legend of Vasco da Gama. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1997. Part biography, part history, part historiography, this book traces both the experience and afterlife of Vasco da Gama’s “discovery” of the sea route to India around the Cape of Good Hope in the late 15th century, quite literally linking the Atlantic to India. Subrahmanyam also puts da Gama’s accomplishments, failures, and legacy in context, including the experiences of contemporaries in the Atlantic world.
  189. Benton, Lauren. “Legal Regime of the South Atlantic World, 1400–1750: Jurisdictional Complexity as Institutional Order.” Journal of World History 11.1 (2000): 27–56. Important study that explores the similarities between Portuguese legislation and legal codes in Africa regarding crimes and enslavement.
  190. Boxer, C. R. Salvador de Sá and the Struggle for Brazil and Angola, 1602–1682. London: Athlone, 1952. A classic on the Portuguese Atlantic Empire. Through the life of the official Salvador de Sá, Boxer explores the competition between Portugal and Holland and the Angolan-Brazilian slave trade in the 17th century.
  191. Heywood, Linda M., and John K. Thornton. Central Africans, Atlantic Creoles, and the Foundations of the Americas, 1585–1660. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press 2007. Recent addition to the scholarship on the Atlantic world that stresses the role of Africans as central agents in the 16th and 17th centuries. Discusses the establishing of slavery in the Americas, emphasizing the large presence of central Africans.
  192. Russell-Wood, A. J. R. A World on the Move: The Portuguese in Africa, Asia, and America, 1415–1808. Manchester, NH: Carcanet, 1992. Influential study on the constant movement of people and commodities within the Portuguese empire. Places the Portuguese as the early agents in a globalized world.
  193. Peabody, Sue, and Keila Grinberg, eds. Slavery, Freedom, and the Law in the Atlantic World: A Brief History with Documents. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2007. Short volume on the legal debate over freedom and slavery in the North and South Atlantic. Includes transcription and translation of important legal codes on the French Caribbean, Spain and its colonies, and Portugal and Brazil.
  194. E-cyclopaedia of Portuguese Expansion. Created by the Centro de História de Além-Mar (Center for Overseas History) at the New University of Lisbon, this site includes brief informative articles by specialists, chronologies, lists of colonial administrators, maps, illustrations, and other useful information on the history of Portuguese overseas expansion. Part of the site is available in English, with plans for translation of all the material.
  195. Colonial Voyage. On the web since 1998 and constantly updated, includes useful information, photographs, and bibliography on Portuguese and Dutch colonial forts and settlements in America, Africa, and Asia.
  196. Atlantic Slave Trade and Slave Life in the Americas: A Visual Record. Website that contains approximately 1,235 images regarding the capture, trade, and transportation of slaves in the African continent as well as their life experiences in the Americas. An important number of its collections deal with the slave trade in the South Atlantic.
  197. ASDFASDFASDF?????Digital collection collected by a team led by historian Jane Landers, from Vanderbilt University. Contains parish records from Cuba, Brazil, and Colombia. Original documents are available online for consultation.
  198. Law, Robin, and Paul Lovejoy, eds. The Biography of Mahommah Gardo Baquaqua. His Passage from Slavery to Freedom in Africa and America. Princeton, NJ: Markus Wiener, 2007. Revised and commented edition of the biography of the African Baquaqua, who traveled around the South Atlantic. Offers the perspective of an enslaved African from Central Sudan, shipped out of Ouidah to Brazil. After living in different coastal towns in Brazil, he went to New York City, where he regained his freedom. Baquaqua also traveled to Haiti before settling down in Chatham, Canada West (Ontario).
  199. Worger, William, Nancy L. Clark, and Edward Alpers. Africa and the West: A Documentary History. Vol. 1, From the Slave Trade to Conquest, 1441–1905. New York: Oxford University Press, 2010. Selection of short-accounts, most originally published in Portuguese, Spanish, or French and translated into English, relating to the early contacts between Europeans and Africans.
  200. Zurara, Gomes E. The Chronicle of the Discovery and Conquest of Guinea. London, Hakluyt Society, 1896–1899. Originally written in Portuguese, the account describes the early exploratory voyages off the coast of West Africa. A valuable source to understand the formation of the Atlantic world in the early modern period when Portuguese and Spanish led the Atlantic economy.
  201. Adelman, Jeremy. Sovereignty and Revolution in the Iberian Atlantic. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2006. Analyzes the dissolution of the Spanish and Portuguese empires in conjunction, focusing on the River Plate, Gran Colombia, and Brazil. Explores the role of the commercial elites in the colonies and their links to the transatlantic slave trade.
  202. Bailyn, Bernard. Atlantic History: Concept and Contours. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2005. One of the leading books, in English, that proposes an Atlantic history that encompasses the whole ocean basin. Yet, this study mainly focuses on British North America, neglecting the South Atlantic.
  203. Curtin, Philip. The Rise and Fall of the Plantation Complex: Essays in Atlantic History. Cambridge, UK, and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1990. Another classic study that shifted the paradigm of Atlantic history by including Africa and Africans in its analysis.
  204. Heywood, Linda, and John Thornton. Central Africans, Atlantic Creoles, and the Foundation of the Americas, 1585–1660. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2007. Influential study that traces the role of West Central Africans in the English and Dutch colonies in mainland North America, without exploring the South Atlantic connections to Brazil and Spanish America. The book explores the role of warfare and African elites in the transatlantic slave trade.
  205. Schwartz, Stuart, ed. Tropical Babylons: Sugar and the Making of the Atlantic World, 1450–1680. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2004. This collection of studies shows the importance of Portuguese capital and connections to the expansion of sugar production before 1650. Most studies stress the importance and role played by African slaves in different New World societies.
  206. Sweet, James H. Recreating Africa: Culture, Kinship, and Religion in the African Portuguese World, 1441–1770. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2003. One of the first studies, written in English, to focus on the South Atlantic. The important study links African influence to cultural expression in colonial Brazil. Sweet explores how religious beliefs and rituals allowed Central African slaves to resist slavery in Brazil and maintain strong links with their homelands.
  207. Miller, Joseph C. Way of Death: Merchant Capitalism and the Angolan Slave Trade, 1730–1830. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1988. Massive study that places Angola in the Atlantic world, exploring the establishment of slaving business along the coast of West Central Africa. Innovative and still important study in its link between Angola and Brazil.
  208. Newson, Linda A., and Susie Minchin. From Capture to Sale. The Portuguese Slave Trade to Spanish South America in the Early Seventeenth Century. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill, 2007. Important study that discusses the early slave trade to Spanish Americas, emphasizing its link to West Central Africa. A significant contribution to a scholarship dominated by studies on the slave trade in the 18th and 19th century.
  209. Boxer, Charles R. The Portuguese Seaborne Empire, 1414–1825. Manchester, UK: Carcanet, 1991. Published originally in 1969, this is a classic, valuable, and important study. Explores Portuguese expansion into Africa, the Americas, and Asia and has influenced the historiography for the past four decades. Emphasizes the role of the overseas territories in the consolidation of the Portuguese state.
  210. Curto, José C. “Luso-Brazilian Alcohol and the Legal Slave Trade at Benguela and its Hinterland, c. 1617–1830.” In Négoce Blanc en Afrique Noire: L‘évolution du commerce à longue distance en Afrique noire du 18e au 20e siècles. Edited by H. Bonin and M. Cahen, 351–369. Paris: Publications de la Société française d’histoire d’outre-mer, 2001. Explores the role of the Brazilian produced cachaça, sugarcane- distilled alcohol, in the expansion of slave trade in Benguela, in West Central Africa. Demonstrates the South Atlantic connections between the two Portuguese colonies and how slave labor became fundamental in the production of alcohol used in exchange for more captives on the coast of Africa.
  211. Herlin, Susan. “Brazil and the Commercialization of Kongo, 1840–1870.” In Enslaving Connections: Changing Cultures of Africa and Brazil During the Era of Slavery. Edited by José Curto and Paul Lovejoy, 261–283. Amherst, NY: Humanity Books, 2004. Shows the expansion of Brazilian traders and capital on the Kingdom of Kongo in West Central Africa, during the era of illegal slave exports, and its importance in the transition to legitimate trade.
  212. Verger, Pierre. Trade Relations between the Bight of Benin and Bahia from the 17th to the 19th Century. Ibadan, Nigeria: University of Ibadan, 1976. Pioneer study on West Africa links to Bahia, in Brazil, and Brazilian presence in West Africa. Published originally in French in 1968, it was later published in English and Portuguese. Innovative research shaped the way scholars understood trade and personal relations in the South Atlantic world.
  213. Bethencourt, Francisco, and Diogo Ramada Curto, eds. Portuguese Oceanic Expansion, 1400–1800. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2007. A collection of essays on different parts of the Portuguese empire. Although the edited volume contains chapters dealing with regions outside of the South Atlantic world, the volume shows the interconnections between colonial spaces. An important collection available in English.
  214. Candido, Mariana P. “Merchants and the Business of the Slave Trade at Benguela, 1750–1850.” African Economic History 35.1 (2007): 1–30. Using wills of traders, travelers’ accounts, and official correspondence available in Angola, this work discusses the slave trade operation in Benguela and the role of merchants based in Brazil.
  215. Curto, José C. Enslaving Spirits: The Portuguese Brazilian Alcohol Trade at Luanda and Its Hinterland, c. 1550–1830. Leiden, The Netherlands, and Boston: Brill, 2004. This important study draws attention to the trade in alcohol in Angola. The approach stresses the role of Brazilian traders in the slave trade in the South Atlantic.
  216. Ebert, Christopher. Between Empires: Brazilian Sugar in the Early Atlantic Economy, 1550–1630. Leiden, The Netherlands, and Boston: Brill, 2008. Argues that sugar produced in Brazil was traded in the wide Atlantic world in the late 16th and early 17th centuries. Portuguese, Dutch, and Spanish merchants transported sugar and connected Brazilian ports to the Atlantic islands of Madeira and São Tomé.
  217. Studnicki-Gizbert, Daviken. A Nation upon the Ocean Sea. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007. Valuable study of the Portuguese maritime merchant community across the Atlantic. Argues that, unlike other empires, the Portuguese state was not bound to a territorial space. It was dispersed across the seas and maritime traders brought people and bureaucracy together. The Portuguese trade network integrated the early Atlantic markets by acting from different centers, not necessarily from a single trade hub in Europe, which favored their Atlantic connections.
  218. Araujo, Ana Lucia. Public Memory of Slavery: Victims and Perpetrators in the South Atlantic. Amherst, NY: Cambria Press, 2010. Addresses the uniqueness of the South Atlantic. Compares public memory of the slave trade and slavery in Brazil and Benin and examines the role of both communities of Afro-Brazilians.
  219. Assunção, Matthias Rohrig. Capoeira: A History of an Afro-Brazilian Martial Art. New York: Routledge, 2005. Innovative study on martial arts that takes the Atlantic as a unit, exploring the influence of Central African combat games and competitive dances in the Afro-Brazilian martial arts. Shows how the practice of capoeira changed in the early 20th century, incorporating new elements as a result of new dynamics in the Atlantic world.
  220. Hawthorne, Walter. From Africa to Brazil: Culture, Identity, and an Atlantic Slave Trade, 1600–1830. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2010. Contribution to the debate on the role of Africans in the societies in the New World. Focuses on rice cultivation in Maranhão, Brazil, and the knowledge brought from Upper Guinea. Through a careful analysis of historical evidence, Hawthorne demonstrates that Africans and Amerindians influenced agriculture in colonial Brazil.
  221. Heywood, Linda. “The Angolan–Afro-Brazilian Cultural Connections.” Slavery and Abolition 20.1 (1999): 9–23. Explores the religious continuities and recreations between the Kingdom of Kongo, Angola, and Brazil. Brings the discussion of African influences in Afro-Brazilian religions into the South Atlantic, challenging the idea of a Yoruba predominance.
  222. Heywood, Linda, ed. Central Africans and Cultural Transformations in the American Diaspora. Cambridge, UK, and New York: Cambridge University Press, 2002. Influential collection of essays written by specialists of Africa, Latin America, and the Caribbean. Traces connections between Africa and the Americas, stressing religious and cultural links.
  223. Matory, J. Lorand. Black Atlantic Religion. Tradition, Transnationalism, and Matriarchy in the Afro-Brazilian Candomblé. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2005. Study on the modern “Black Atlantic.” Yet, unlike Heywood 1999, stresses the Yoruba influence in Brazilian Candomblé and denies any West Central African contribution. Emphasizes transnational links and cultural exchanges between Brazil and West Africa.
  224. Thornton, John K. “On the Trail of Voodoo: African Christianity in Africa and the Americas.” The Americas 44 (1988): 261–278. Argues for Christianity continuities across the Atlantic, showing how people maintain old cosmologies and adapted them to the New World. Proposes a transatlantic analysis of interaction between European and African religions in the 16th and 17th centuries.
  225. Candido, Mariana. “Different Slave Journeys: Enslaved African Seamen on Board of Portuguese Ship, c. 1760–1820s.” Slavery and Abolition 31.3 (2010): 395–409. Explores the role of enslaved Africans who worked as sailors, soldiers, and translators on transatlantic voyages. Discusses the importance of African crew members on Portuguese ships connecting the coast of Africa and Brazil.
  226. Ferreira, Roquinaldo. “Atlantic Microhistories: Mobility, Personal Ties, and Slaving in the Black Atlantic World (Angola and Brazil).” In Cultures of the Lusophone Black Atlantic. Edited by Nancy Priscilla Naro, Roger Sansi-Roca, and David H. Treece, 99–128. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007. Focuses on different slave traders based in Benguela. Explores circulation of people and connections between Benguela and Rio de Janeiro.
  227. Hawthorne, Walter. “Being now, as it were, one family”: Shipmate Bonding on the Slave Vessel Emilia, in Rio de Janeiro, and Throughout the Atlantic World.” Luso-Brazilian Review 45.1 (2008): 53–77. Explores shipmate ties developed among African slaves across the Atlantic, which overshadow previous identities. Argues that the Atlantic is the stage for the creation of new social ties, rather than a space of social death.
  228. Mattos, Hebe. “Black Troops” and Hierarchies of Color in the Portuguese Atlantic World: The Case of Henrique Dias and His Black Regiment.” Luso-Brazilian Review 45.1 (2008): 6–29. An important article that follows the establishment of hiearchies of color classification in military order in the Portuguese empire during the 17th century. Explores notions of racial exclusion and social mobility within the empire by comparing similarities and differences between Angola and Brazil.
  229. Sweet, James. “Mistaken Identities? Olaudah Equiano, Domingos Álvares, and the Methodological Challenges of Studying the African Diaspora.” American Historical Review 114 (2009): 279–306. Important study that focuses on the life of a person to discuss circulation of people, ideas, and old/new identities. Explores the enslavement of Álvares and his life in Brazil and Portugal.
  230. Andrews, George R. Afro-Latin America, 1800–2000. New York: Oxford University Press, 2004. Important study that discusses the history of Afro–Latin American population during the 19th and 20th centuries. It covers slavery, abolition, and transition to freedom, new ideas of citizenship, whitening policies, the growing black movements, and the current situations. Comprehensive in its coverage of Latin America, focuses on the countries with largest black population (Brazil, Cuba, Colombia, and Panama).
  231. Karasch, Mary. Slave Life in Rio de Janeiro, 1808–1850. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1987. Pioneering study on slavery in Rio de Janeiro and the role of ethnic bonding in the Americas. Based on careful and exhaustive archival work, stresses the role of West Central Africa–born slaves in Brazil. Chapters deal with religious life, cultural practices, resistance, and manumission.
  232. Landers, Jane, and Barry M. Robinson, eds. Slaves, Subjects, and Subversives: Blacks in Colonial Latin America. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2006. Contains important articles on slave protests and revolts in New Granada and Brazil; citizenship discussions in Argentina; and African identity in Cuba. Essays are accompanied with primary sources translated into English.
  233. Lovejoy, Paul E. “The Urban Background of Enslaved Muslims in the Americas.” Slavery and Abolition 26.3 (2005): 349–376. Explores the urban background of Muslim slaves and how it affected experiences and expectations in the Americas. Shows how skills such as craft specialization, literacy, and political and social consciousness made it easy to adjust to life in the New World.
  234. Mamigonian, Beatriz. “In the Name of Freedom: Slave Trade Abolition, the Law and the Brazilian Branch of the African Emigration Scheme (Brazil–British West Indies), 1830s–1850s.” Slavery and Abolition 30.1 (2009): 41–66. Important study on Africans liberated by the British government in the 19th century. Mamigonian reveals the scheme linking the British patrols to the plantations in the British West Indies. With the excuse of curtailing slavery in Brazil, British officials transported “freed” Africans as indentured laborers to the colonies in the Caribbean.
  235. Oliveira, Luís Filipe, Luís Adão da Fonseca, Maria Cristina Pimenta, and Paula Pinto Costa. “Military Orders.” In The Historiography of Medieval Portugal (c. 1950–2010). Edited by José Mattoso, Maria de Lurdes Rosa, Bernardo Vasconcelos e Sousa, and Maria João Branco, 425–457. Lisbon, Portugal: Institute of Medieval Studies of the New University of Lisbon, 2011. This is the product of an active group of Portuguese historians.
  236. Fonseca, Luís Adão da. “The Portuguese Military Orders and the Oceanic Navigations: From Piracy to Empire (Fifteenth to Early Sixteenth Centuries).” In The Military Orders. Vol. 4, On Land and by Sea. Edited by Judi Upton-Ward, 63–76. Aldershot, UK: Ashgate, 2008. A short introduction in English making the subject available to non-Portuguese speakers.
  237. Davis, Ralph. The Rise of the Atlantic Economies. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1973. Discusses European economic expansion in the Atlantic world between the Iberian voyages of exploration in the 16th century and the eve of British industrialization. Covers Britain, the Netherlands, France, Spain, Portugal, and the Americas but has only limited reference to Africa.
  238. Disney, A. R. A History of Portugal and the Portuguese Empire: From Beginnings to 1807. 2 vols. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2009. Reinterprets the history of Portugal and its empire up to the beginning of the 19th century. Written by an expert on Portuguese trade with India, these volumes trace the growth of the first global empire in world history. Vol. 2 includes detailed material on the Portuguese in Africa, the Atlantic islands, Brazil, and maritime Asia.
  239. Quinn, David Beers, ed. New American World: A Documentary History of North America to 1612. 5 vols. New York: Arno, 1979. Includes major original documents relating to European maritime expansion and colonization of North America. English sources are combined with material translated from works in Spanish, French, and Portuguese. Includes reproductions of 147 maps, placed at the end of each volume.
  240. Pieper, Renate. “The Impact of the Atlantic on European Self-Perception: European World-Maps of the 16th Century.” In Atlantic History: History of the Atlantic System 1580–1830. Edited by Horst Pietschmann, 97–117. Göttingen, Germany: Vandenhoeck and Ruprecht, 2002. Shows that the formation of a European Atlantic world had a significant impact on European cartography. New geographic discoveries challenged Ptolemaic cosmographic concepts, and so world maps and images were adjusted regularly. Explains why Spain and Portugal took the lead in the creation and dissemination of world maps in the 16th century.
  241. Scammell, G. V. The World Encompassed: The First European Maritime Empires c. 800–1650. London: Methuen, 1981. Explains the emergence of early modern European maritime expansion in relation to its medieval roots. Chapters 5 through 9 deal respectively with Portugal, Spain, the Netherlands, France, and England. No footnotes are provided, but each chapter is followed by a bibliographical note.
  242. Winius, George D., ed. Portugal the Pathfinder: Journeys from the Medieval toward the Modern World, 1300–1600. Madison, WI: Hispanic Seminary of Medieval Studies, 1995. A useful compendium of eighteen essays on Portuguese oceanic expansion, including five chapters by the editor. Covers scientific, imperial, and maritime themes.
  243. Quinn, David Beers. North America from Earliest Discovery to First Settlements: The Norse Voyages to 1612. New York: HarperCollins, 1977. A solid, clear overview of the earliest European contacts with eastern Canada, Newfoundland, and Florida. Covers English, French, Spanish, and Portuguese attempts to colonize these American regions and the search for a Northwest Passage around America to Asia.
  244. Barrett, Ward. “World Bullion Flows, 1450–1800.” In The Rise of Merchant Empires: Long-Distance Trade in the Early Modern World, 1350–1750. Edited by James D. Tracy, 224–254. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1990. DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511563089.010 A helpful study of estimates of the flow of gold and silver from Spanish and Portuguese America to Europe in the early modern era. Includes a careful discussion of the problems arising from making reliable statistical estimates on the production and export of precious metals.
  245. Phillips, Carla Rahn. “The Growth and Composition of Trade in the Iberian Empires, 1450–1750.” In The Rise of Merchant Empires: Long-Distance Trade in the Early Modern World, 1350–1750. Edited by James D. Tracy, 34–101. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1990. DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511563089.005 Detailed discussion of the shipping and trade of the early modern Iberian empires, with tabulation of the volumes of sugar, tobacco, hides, cochineal, and cacao sent from the Americas to Portugal and Spain.
  246. Metcalf, Alida C. Go-betweens and the Colonization of Brazil, 1500–1600. Austin: University of Texas Press, 2005. Examines interactions among sailors, traders, slaves, interpreters, negotiators, writers, and cartographers in connection with relations between indigenous people and Europeans in the Portuguese colonization of Brazil.
  247. McCusker, John J., and Kenneth Morgan, eds. The Early Modern Atlantic Economy. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2000. An edited collection focused primarily on the British Atlantic economy (with some attention to France and Brazil). Networks feature prominently in the chapters by Peter Mathias (chapter 1), Kenneth Morgan (chapter 2), and David Hancock (chapter 5). Mathias, in particular, explores the operations of kinship networks.
  248. Mulvey, Patricia A. “Slave Confraternities in Brazil: Their Role in Colonial Society.” The Americas 39.1 (July 1982): 39–68. DOI: 10.2307/981269 Explores the wide range of religious, social, and economic functions performed by slave confraternities in colonial Brazil. Argues that they functioned as conservative mutual aid societies. Confraternities facilitated the upward mobility of slaves by providing legal advice to slaves involved in disputes over their freedom and loans to members so that they could purchase their freedom. Available online for purchase or by subscription.
  249. Alden, Dauril. The Making of an Enterprise: The Society of Jesus in Portugal, Its Empire, and Beyond, 1540–1750. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1996. Lengthy exploration of the Society of Jesus from its establishment in Portugal through the mid-18th century. Does not fully deploy the concept of the network, but chapter 9 focuses on the Atlantic World; chapter 21 discusses the Jesuit trading network.
  250. Borges, Marcelo J. Chains of Gold: Portuguese Migration to Argentina in Transatlantic Perspective. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill, 2009. DOI: 10.1163/ej.9789004176485.i-353 Explores the circuit of transatlantic labor migration taking Europeans from rural southern Portugal to Argentina. Emphasizes the role of social networks in facilitating migration and adaptation. Social networks created migratory chains that influenced the migration’s destination selection and experience in Argentina.
  251. Studnicki-Gizbert, Daviken. A Nation upon the Ocean Sea: Portugal’s Atlantic Diaspora and the Crisis of the Spanish Empire, 1492–1640. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 2007. Traces the creation and operation of the Atlantic trading network of the Portuguese Nation (a religiously diverse diasporic community of traders, sea captains, mariners, servants, artisans, and migrants). See especially chapter 4, “A Vast Machine” (pp. 91–121), which describes various characteristics of the Nation’s trading networks, including their international reach, multilateral organization, interconnection, and vertical integration.
  252. Russell-Wood, A. J. R. A World on the Move: The Portuguese in Africa, Asia and America, 1415–1808. Manchester, UK: Carcanet, 1992. Movement of vessels, people, goods, flora and fauna, and ideas is the central theme of this exploration of the early modern Portuguese empire. Global in scope but with significant attention to the Atlantic world throughout. See chapter 3, “Flux and Reflux of People,” pp. 58–122, for an overview of Portuguese migration and a discussion of the mobility of civil servants, religious men, and merchants.
  253. Alden, Dauril. The Making of an Enterprise: The Society of Jesus in Portugal, Its Empire, and Beyond, 1540–1750. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1996. Comprehensive study of the rise of the Jesuit order and its expansion in Portugal and beyond. Chapter 9 deals with Jesuit enterprises in Brazil, and chapter 20 with migrations within the Portuguese Atlantic motivated or forced by the Society of Jesus.
  254. Heywood, Linda M., and John K. Thornton. Central Africans, Atlantic Creoles, and the Foundation of the Americas, 1585–1660. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2007. Focusing on the African side of the Black Atlantic, this book strengthens the idea of an early Creole culture as a product of intense contacts with the Portuguese and Dutch in Africa.
  255. Brettell, Caroline. Anthropology and Migration. Essays on Transnationalism, Ethnicity, and Identity. Walnut Creek, CA, and Oxford: AltaMira, 2003. Anthropological study of Portuguese migration to North America in 19th and 20th centuries. Includes chapters on Portuguese politics and migration, individual migration stories, return migration and transmigrants, ethnic identities of the Portuguese in North America, and gender and migration.
  256. Studnicki-Gizbert, Daviken. A Nation upon the Ocean Sea: Portugal’s Atlantic Diaspora and the Crisis of the Spanish Empire, 1492–1640. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 2007. Excellent analysis of converso and Sephardi Jewish merchant empires in the Atlantic world. Emphasizes the interconnectedness of internal and external networks and the entangledness of trade and religious diasporas.
  257. Scammell, Geoffrey V. The World Encompassed: The First European Maritime Empires c. 800–1650. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1981. Each chapter in this very wide-ranging book focuses on a different maritime culture or empire: the Vikings, the Hanse, Venice, Genoa, Portugal, Spain, Holland, France, and England. The material covered includes everything from maritime technology and trade to ideology and literature.
  258. Barker, Richard. “Shipshape for Discoveries, and Return.” Mariner’s Mirror 78.4 (1992): 433–437. A study of the ships used in the 15th- and 16th-century Portuguese voyages of exploration, looking not only at their construction and rig, but also at the techniques used to help the ships and their crews survive these voyages.
  259. Smith, Roger C. Vanguard of Empire: Ships of Exploration in the Age of Columbus. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993. Spanish and Portuguese shipbuilding and ships of the 15th and early 16th centuries are the subject of Smith’s work, which brings together evidence from documents, wrecks, and images to look at all aspects of their design, rig, equipment, and armament.
  260. Waters, David W. “Columbus’s Portuguese Inheritance.” Mariner’s Mirror 78.4 (1992): 385–405. A review of Portuguese navigational knowledge and its role in the early transoceanic voyages of exploration, written by a major scholar of the subject.
  261. Documents on the Portuguese in Mozambique and Central Africa, 1497–1840. 8 vols. Lisbon, Portugal: National Archives of Rhodesia and Nyasaland Centro de Estudos Historicos Ultramarinos. Translated into English, these volumes contain 16th-century Portuguese references to Madagascar. Although brief, they suggest that even more information about Madagascar is held in the Portuguese archives, largely unstudied by scholars.
  262. Vernet, Thomas. “Slave Trade and Slavery on the Swahili Coast, 1500–1750.” In Slavery, Islam and Diaspora. Edited by Behnaz A. Mirzai, Ismael M. Montana, and Paul E. Lovejoy, 37–76. Trenton, NJ: Africa World, 2009. Vernet uses Portuguese sources to reveal the extent of the slave trade from Madagascar’s northern ports to the East African coast and the ports of the northern Indian Ocean, although some argue these numbers are a bit inflated. An earlier French version of this article was published: “Le commerce des esclaves sur la côte swahili, 1500–1750.” Azania 38 (2003): 69–97.
  263. Cook, Weston F., Jr. The Hundred Years War for Morocco, 1465–1580: Gunpowder and the Military Revolution in the Early Modern Muslim World. Boulder, CO: Westview, 1994. Applies the Military Revolution/state formation nexus to an extra-European case study. Argues that institutionalized war, shaped by the need to adapt to Portuguese, Spanish, and Ottoman gunpowder weaponry, drove political and social change in early modern Morocco, including creation of a stronger, military-based central state, followed by collapse in a “gunpowder counter-revolution” by gun-wielding substate actors.
  264. Pereira, José. Suárez: Between Scholasticism and Modernity. Milwaukee, WI: Marquette University Press, 2006. Pereira explores the philosophical dimension of Suárez and his existential integralism. It is an important book on Suarezian ideas on international law. Pereira analyzes Suárez as philosopher of international law and studies him as inspirer of freedom of movements. He calls Suárez a champion of democracy. He shows the impact of Suárez thought in the main revolutions: Portugal, France, the United States, and Mexico.
  265. Modelski, George. Long Cycles in World Politics. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1987. DOI: 10.1007/978-1-349-09151-5 Modelski argues that modern international relations move in predictable long cycles of roughly seventy to one hundred years. Each cycle is associated with the dominance of a hegemonic state—Portugal, the Netherlands, Great Britain, and the United States have enjoyed that position. Hegemonic war does not reflect the breakdown of international order; rather, it is a natural part of the global cycle.
  266. Alarcão, Jorge de. 1988. Roman Portugal. 4 vols. Warminster, UK: Aris & Phillips. A thorough treatment of the Romans in Portugal; the first volume contains an overview of the Roman presence, while Vols. 2–4 provide a detailed gazetteer and bibliography of Roman archaeological sites, with many useful maps and plans. Still useful despite its age.
  267. Collins, Roger. 1998. Spain: An Oxford archaeological guide. Oxford Archaeological Guides. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press. Although somewhat dated, this handbook offers brief summaries of important archaeological sites in Spain from the Paleolithic through the Islamic periods. Often accompanied by plans, the entries discuss what is visible to the visitor today, summarizing their scholarly importance.
  268. Keay, Simon J. 1988. Roman Spain. Exploring the Roman World. Berkeley: Univ. of California Press. Has a strong focus on the material culture of Spain and provides a good introduction to the material evidence relating to issues such as urbanism, infrastructure, villas, pottery production, mining, the army, and religion.
  269. Boxer, Charles R., ed. and trans. South China in the Sixteenth Century, Being the Narratives of Galeote Pereira, Fr. Gaspar da Cruz, O.P. [and] Fr. Martín de Rada, O.E.S.A. (1550–1575). Bibliotheca Orientalis. Bangkok: Orchid, 2004. Originally published in 1953 (London: Hakluyt Society). Firsthand accounts of southeastern China by merchants and missionaries (two Portuguese and one Spanish) who traveled in the Ming Empire during the third quarter of the 16th century. Boxer’s introduction provides useful information about the individual authors, the transmission of their texts, and the general background of Portuguese and Spanish interactions with China during the 16th century.
  270. Ferguson, Donald. “Letters from Portuguese Captives in Canton, Written in 1534 and 1536: With an Introduction on Portuguese Intercourse with China in the First Half of the Sixteenth Century.” Indian Antiquary 30 (1901): 421–451, 467–491. Letters written home from a group of Portuguese adventurers who were arrested and imprisoned in Canton. Published in book form in 1902 (Bombay: Education Society’s Steam Press).
  271. Wills, John E., Jr. “Relations with Maritime Europeans, 1514–1662.” In The Cambridge History of China. Vol. 8, The Ming Dynasty, 1368–1644, Part 2. Edited by Frederick W. Mote and Denis Twitchett, 333–375. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1998. Concise overview of relations with the Portuguese, Spanish, and the Dutch, with attention to how rivalries among the European powers shaped ties with the Ming government and coastal communities. Wills is a leading scholar of China’s relations with maritime Europe and provides an excellent set of bibliographic references to further reading.
  272. Bethencourt, Francisco, and Diogo Ramada Curto, eds. Portuguese Oceanic Expansion, 1400–1800. Cambridge, UK, and New York: Cambridge University Press, 2007. Collection of essays, the first part of which, in particular, is devoted to the economic aspects of the Portuguese Empire. Parts 2 and 3 are concerned with institutional and cultural issues, whereas the last part attempts to build up a comparative dimension.
  273. Diffie, Bailey W., and George D. Winius. Foundations of the Portuguese Empire, 1415–1580. Europe and the World in the Age of Expansion. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1977. A clear history of the Portuguese Empire, from the first explorations along the African coast to the fall of Portugal under the Spanish Crown. Also explains all the phases of the shaping of the empire in the 16th century.
  274. Russell-Wood, A. J. R. A World on the Move: The Portuguese in Africa, Asia, and America, 1415–1808. Manchester, UK: Carcanet, 1992. Those Portuguese who went abroad often settled in more than one area of the empire throughout their career, but the “move” of the title also refers to products and ideas. These movements helped connect three continents. The book is organized thematically and aims at highlighting these aspects rather than providing a history of the empire.
  275. Parry, John H., and Robert G. Keith, eds. The New Iberian World: A Documentary History of the Discovery and Settlement of Latin America to the Early 17th Century. Vol. 1, The Conquerors and the Conquered. New York: Times Books, 1984. This is a comprehensive English-language edition of the relevant documents of the period, including translations of the texts of the Treaty of Alcáçovas, the papal bulls Inter Caetera and Dudum Siguidem, and the Treaty of Tordesillas. All of these determined the boundaries between Portuguese and Spanish claims in the non-European world.
  276. Catz, Rebecca. Christopher Columbus and the Portuguese, 1476–1498. Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1993. Examines what can be known of Columbus’s life and actions in Portugal.
  277. Marques, Alfredo Pinheiro. Portugal and the European Discovery of America: Christopher Columbus and the Portuguese. Lisbon: Portuguese State Mint, 1992. A Portuguese government-sponsored publication reviewing the Portuguese discoveries in the late 15th century and Columbus’s knowledge of and participation in them.
  278. Treen, María de Freitas. The Admiral and His Lady: Columbus and Filipa of Portugal. New York: R. Speller and Sons, 1989. An account of Columbus and his wife, Filipa Perestrello e Moniz, who was connected with the Portuguese court and, through her late father, with Portuguese exploration and colonization in the Atlantic.
  279. Wey Gómez, Nicolás. The Tropics of Empire: Why Columbus Sailed South to the Indies. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2008. A recent work showing that Columbus viewed the tropics as a habitable zone—as the Portuguese were demonstrating in his time—and as a zone ripe for European colonization.
  280. Brooks, George. Landlords and Strangers: Ecology, Society, and Trade in Western Africa, 1000–1630. Boulder, CO: Westview, 1993. For a previously largely neglected period, the author brings together and masterfully integrates ecological, linguistic, oral, and Portuguese archival evidence. He recounts the historical development of trade in the context of climate shifts favoring the development of trade routes and providing impetus for the southward movement of Mande traders and Mandekan-speaking horse warriors.
  281. Duerloo, Luc. Dynasty and Piety: Archduke Albert (1598–1621) and Habsburg Political Culture in an Age of Religious Wars. Farnsworth, UK: Ashgate, 2012. Excellent study of Philip II’s favorite nephew, whom he named regent of both Portugal (1583–1593) and then the Habsburg Netherlands (1595–1598) before promoting to joint sovereign on his deathbed
  282. Birmingham, David. Trade and Empire in the Atlantic, 1400–1600. Introductions to History. New York: Routledge, 2000. A concise introduction to the colonial systems developed by Portugal and Spain during the 15th and 16th centuries.
  283. Alden, Dauril. The Making of an Enterprise: The Society of Jesus in Portugal, Its Empire, and Beyond, 1540–1750. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1996. The organization, finances, and policies of the Jesuits from Brazil to Angola, India to Japan.
  284. Disney, A. R. A History of Portugal and the Portuguese Empire: From Beginnings to 1807. 2 vols. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2009. A national history of the Portuguese as both hammer and nail in European and world history.
  285. Russell-Wood, A. J. R. The Portuguese Empire, 1415–1808: A World on the Move. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1998. Unified analysis of Portugal’s contribution to world history, trade routes centering on Lisbon carrying everything from spices to slaves.
  286. Subrahmanyam, Sanjay. The Portuguese Empire in Asia, 1500–1700: A Political and Economic History. London: Longman, 1993. European and Asian history, the interaction of the local and the international, political and economic.
  287. Boxer, C. R. Portuguese Merchants and Missionaries in Feudal Japan, 1543–1640. Aldershot, UK: Variorum, 1986. Selective collection of Boxer’s major essays on political, religious, cultural, and individual aspects of the period. Reprinted in 1990.
  288. Carneiro, Roberto, and A. Teodoro de Matos, eds. O Século Cristão do Japão: Actas do Colóquio Internacional Comemorativo dos 450 anos de Amizade Portugal-Japão (1543–1993). Braga, Portugal: Barbpsa & Xavier, 1994. Large conference volume on various aspects of the period, conveying social historical, gender, race, and postcolonial critical perspectives. In Portuguese with English abstracts.
  289. Cooper, Michael, ed. The Southern Barbarians: The First Europeans in Japan. Tokyo: Kodansha International, 1971. Southern Barbarian is Cooper’s translation of nambanjin 南蛮 人, which the Japanese dubbed the Iberians at their first encounter. Collection of essays by Doi Tadao (literature), Micahel Cooper (culture), Diego Pacheco (church), Ebisawa Arimichi (Christianity), and Fernando G. Gutiérrez (art).
  290. Milward, Peter, ed. Portuguese Voyages to Asia and Japan in the Renaissance Period. Renaissance Monographs 20. Tokyo: Renaissance Institute, Sophia University, 1994. Collection of essays on Renaissance travel literature, Shakespeare, and comparative literature and cultures.
  291. Boxer, C. R. The Christian Century in Japan, 1549–1650. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1951. Definitive and influential narrative history of the period. Coined the term “The Christian Century.” Useful data in the appendix.
  292. Boxer, C. R. The Great Ship from Amacon: Annals of Macau and the Old Japan Trade, 1555–1640. Lisbon: Centro de Estudos Históricos Ultramarinos, 1959. Another comprehensive narrative history, focused on the maritime mercantile world. Includes English translations as well as Portuguese transcriptions of archival materials. Especially useful for economic historians.
  293. Cooper, Michael. They Came to Japan: An Anthology of European Reports on Japan, 1543–1640. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1965. Cooper’s introductions and modern English translations of selective short passages on Japan by various Europeans.
  294. Elison, George. Deus Destroyed: The Image of Christianity in Early Modern Japan. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1973. The first two parts pursue historical inquiries into the incompatability of Western Christianity and the Japanese worldview, and the Japanese rejection of Christianity apparent in anti-Christian literature and Fabian Fucan’s apostasy. The last part consists of English translations of four anti-Christian propaganda tracts.
  295. Higashibaba, Ikuo. Christianity in Early Modern Japan: Kirishitan Belief and Practice. Leiden, The Netherlands; Boston: Brill, 2001. Focuses on liturgical doctrine and practices of the sacraments such as baptism. Utilizes published Japanese translations of the original sources in European langauges.
  296. Ross, Andrew C. A Vision Betrayed: The Jesuits in Japan and China 1542–1742. Maryknoll, NY: Orbis, 1994. Despite the lack of consultation of archival sources and its negative title, this work by a Protestant missiologist provides a compelling argument for the contributions of the Jesuit mission in Japan and its influence in China.
  297. Alden, Dauril. The Making of an Enterprise: The Society of Jesus in Portugal, Its Empire, and Beyond, 1540–1750. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1996. Thorough examination of economic activities of the Jesuits under the Portuguese padroado connecting the trade routes between Lisbon, the East Indies, and Brazil.
  298. Boxer, C. R. The Church Militant and Iberian Expansion, 1440–1770. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1978. Discussion of the Iberian Catholic imperial worldviews and their global consequences, including such problems as (non)ordination of native clergy and the slave trade.
  299. Levenson, Jay A., Diogo Ramada Curto, and Jack Turner, ed. Encompassing the Globe: Portugal and the World in the 16th & 17th Centuries. Washington, DC: Arthur M. Sackler Gallery, Smithsonian Institution, 2007. Exhibition volume with numerous reproductions. Excellent visual presentation of the Portuguese padroado enterprise including Japan. Its companion website is helpful for teachers.
  300. Witek, John W. “From India to Japan: European Missionary Expansion, 1500–1650.” In Catholicism in Early Modern History: A Guide to Research. Edited by John W. O’Malley, 193–210. St. Louis, MO: Center for Reformation Research, 1988. Bibliographical essay on the Portuguese padroado, ecclesiastical jurisdiction, and missionary activities.
  301. Schurhammer, Georg. Francis Xavier: His Life and Times. 4 vols. Translated M. Joseph Costelloe. Rome: Jesuit Historical Institute, 1973–1982. Thoroughly researched biography, with detailed notes, illustrations, list of major political and ecclesiastical figures, and bibliography. See especially volume 3, Indonesia and India, 1545–1549 and volume 4, Japan, 1549–1552. But also consult volume 1, Europe, 1506–1541 and volume 2, India, 1541–1544.
  302. Xavier, Francis. The Letters and Instructions of Francis Xavier. Edited and Translated M Joseph Costelloe. Jesuit Primary Sources in English Translations 10. St. Louis, MO: Institute of Jesuit Sources, 1992. English translation of Xavier’s letters in the identical order of Xavier 1944–1945, with a succinct introduction and useful notes.
  303. Gill, Robin, and Fróis, Luís. Topsy-turvy 1585: A Translation and Explication of Luis Frois S. J.’s Tratado (Treatise) Listing 611 Ways Europeans & Japanese Are Contrary. Edited and Translated Robin Gill. Key Biscayne, FL: Paraverse, 2004. An English translation of Fróis’s Tratado.
  304. Cooper, Michael, ed. This Island of Japon: João Rodrigues’ Account of 16th-century Japan. Tokyo; New York: Kodansha International, 1973. Cooper edited, annotated and translated the incomplete draft of Historia da Igreja do Japao (history of the church of Japan), which Rodrigues complied in Portuguese c. 1620–1633 after his expulsion to Macau in 1610. Despite its title, it only contains introductory treatises on geography, architecture, ceremonies, language, arts and culture.
  305. Cooper, Michael. Rodrigues, the Interpreter: An Early Jesuit in Japan and China. New York: Wetherhill, 1974. Definitive biography of João Rodrigues Tçuzu.
  306. Cooper, Michael, ed. João Rodrigues’s Account of Sixteenth-Century Japan. London: Hakluyt Society, 2001. A revision of Cooper 1973. Contains valuable cultural observations of Japan between 1577 and 1610 when Rodrigues resided there.
  307. Lamers, Jeroen Pieter. Treatise on Epistolary Style: João Rodriguez on the Noble Art of Writing Japanese Letters. Michigan monograph series in Japanese studies 39. Ann Arbor: Center for Japanese Studies, University of Michigan, 2002. Translation and analysis of the chapters on letter writing in Arte da lingoa de Iapam (Rodrigues 1976).
  308. Giram, João Rodrigues. The Palme of Christian Fortitude or the Glorious Combats of Christians in Iaponia. Vol. 21. St. Omar, 1630. Edited and Translated by Edmund Neville. English Recusant Literature 1558–1640. Edited by D. M. Rogers. Facsimile. London: Scolar, 1970. Edmund Neville (b. 1605–d. 1647) translated the annual letter (1624) of João Rodrigues Giram (b. 1558–d. 1629) as The Palme for his persecuted English Catholic readers. Bound with Francis Arias’ A Treatise of Patience. Giram’s letters, many of which were almost immediately published in Europe, remain major sources on the Japanese church under persecution.
  309. Murase, Miyeko, and Mutsuko Amemiya, ed. Turning Point: Oribe and the Arts of Sixteenth-century Japan. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art; New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2003. Exhibition catalogue of ceramics for tea ceremony, held at The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, in 2003–2004, in collaboration with The Museum of Fine Arts, Gifu, Japan, reflecting Portuguese influences of multicolor decoration and Christian symbols. The origin is attributed to Lord Furuta Oribe (b. c. 1543–d. 1615). Includes maps and essays on aspects of Namban visual arts.
  310. Pinto, Maria Hellena Mendes. Biombos Namban: Namban Screens. Lisbon: Museu Nacional de Arte Antiga, 1986. Japanese influence on the Portuguese concept of screen paintings (byōbu as biombo), produced mostly by the Kanō School, depicting the exotic and curious.
  311. Alden, Dauril. The Making of an Enterprise: The Society of Jesus in Portugal, Its Empire, and Beyond, 1540–1750. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1996. The most comprehensive study of the history of the Jesuits in Portugal and her dominions.
  312. Boxer, Charles. The Church Militant and Iberian Expansion, 1440–1770. Johns Hopkins Symposia in Comparative History 10. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1978. A succinct and general introduction to the relationship between Catholic missions and the Iberian maritime empires.
  313. Brockey, Liam Matthew. Journey to the East. The Jesuit Mission to China, 1579–1724. Cambridge, MA: Belknap, 2007. A good general overview of the Jesuit Mission under Portuguese patronage; relies on the papers in the Ajuda Library in Lisbon.
  314. Gernet, Jacques. China and the Christian Impact: A Conflict of Cultures. Translated by Janet Lloyd. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1985. A controversial book that argues for the fundamental incompatibility between Christian and Chinese cultures. Originally published in English in 1981.
  315. Boxer, C. R., ed. South China in the Sixteenth Century. Works Issued by the Hakluyt Society 2.106. London: Hakluyt Society, 1953. Translation from the Spanish of the narratives of three visitors to China: the soldier Galeote Pereira and the Dominican Gaspar da Cruz, both Portuguese, and the Spanish Augustinian friar Martín de Rada.
  316. Gallagher, Louis J. The China That Was: China as Discovered by the Jesuits at the Close of the Sixteenth Century. Milwaukee, WI: Bruce, 1942. This English translation of the Latin translation by Trigault contains no critical apparatus and makes it impossible to identify Ricci’s Chinese interlocutors.
  317. Pavur, Claude, ed. and trans. The Ratio Studiorum: The Official Plan for Jesuit Education. Jesuit Primary Sources in English Translations 22. St. Louis, MO: Institute of Jesuit Sources, 2005. English translation of the Plan of Studies for Jesuit Colleges.
  318. Ricci, Matteo. Tianzhu Shiyi: The True Meaning of the Lord of Heaven. Edited by Edward J. Malatesta and translated by Douglas Lancashire and Peter Hu Guozhen. Jesuit Primary Sources in English Translations 6. St. Louis, MO: Institute of Jesuit Sources, 1985. Bilingual edition of Ricci’s best-known work.
  319. Ricci, Matteo. On Friendship: One Hundred Maxims for a Chinese Prince. Translated by Timothy Billings. New York: Columbia University Press, 2009. Translation of Ricci’s first successful Chinese work, published in 1595 in Nanchang and dedicated to a Ming prince.
  320. Ricci, Matteo, and Nicolas Trigault. China in the Sixteenth Century: The Journals of Matthew Ricci, 1583–1610. Translated by Louis J. Gallagher. New York: Random House, 1953. A reprint of Gallagher’s 1942 translation of Trigault.
  321. Criveller, Gianni, and César Guillén-Nuñez. Portrait of a Jesuit: Matteo Ricci. Macau, China: Macau Ricci Institute, 2010. A short book that contains four essays by Gianni Criveller and César Guillén-Nuñez on Ricci’s life, his achievements, and the art and architecture associated with him.
  322. Cronin, Vincent. The Wise Man from the West. Harvill Press Editions 7. London: Harvill, 1999. A lively book that is essentially an amplification of Ricci’s Dell’entrata. First published in 1955 (London: Rupert Hart-Davis).
  323. Laven, Mary. Mission to China: Matteo Ricci and the Jesuit Encounter with the East. London: Faber & Faber, 2011. Good on giving Ruggieri his place in history; relies otherwise on Ricci’s Western-language writings.
  324. Spence, Jonathan D. The Memory Palace of Matteo Ricci. New York: Viking Penguin, 1984. A classic that tries to reconstruct the mental world of Ricci, by calling on the mnemonic techniques described in one of Ricci’s Chinese books.
  325. Malatesta, Edward, and Gao Zhiyu, eds. Departed, Yet Present: Zhalan, the Oldest Christian Cemetery in Beijing. San Francisco: Ricci Institute, 1995. Photos and inscriptions of the old Catholic cemetery in Beijing, where Ricci’s tombstone stands.
  326. Needham, Joseph. Chinese Astronomy and the Jesuit Mission: An Encounter of Cultures. China Society Occasional Papers 10. London: China Society, 1958. The leading expert on Chinese science objectively discusses the contributions of Jesuit science to Chinese astronomy.
  327. Jami, Catherine, Peter Engelfriet, and Gregory Blue, eds. Statecraft and Intellectual Renewal in Late Ming China: The Cross-Cultural Synthesis of Xu Guangqi (1562–1633). Sinica Leidensia 50. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill, 2001. These essays on Xu Guangqi focus on his mathematical and religious collaboration with Ricci.
  328. Alpert, Michael. Crypto-Judaism and the Spanish Inquisition. Basingstoke, UK, and New York: Palgrave, 2001. DOI: 10.1057/9780333985267 A useful introduction for concentrating primarily on the Portuguese converso immigrants to Spain.
  329. Bodian, Miriam. Dying in the Law of Moses: Crypto-Jewish Martyrdom in the Iberian World. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2007. An in-depth study of the trials of four crypto-Jews from Spain and Portugal showing how some individuals came to choose martyrdom over reconciliation to Catholicism.
  330. Graizbord, David L. Souls in Dispute: Converso Identities in Iberia and the Jewish Diaspora, 1580–1700. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2004. Although some individuals chose death over compromise, Graizbord shows how others came to question their Jewish religious identity and returned to Catholicism by turning themselves in to the inquisitors.
  331. Pollen, John Hungerford. “History of the Jesuits before the 1773 Suppression.” In The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 14. Edited by Charles Herbermann, Edward Pace, Conde B. Pallen, et al. Transcribed by Michal Donahue. New York: Robert Appleton, 1912. Encyclopedic account of the Jesuit history by countries: from Italy, Spain, Portugal, France, Germany, Poland, Belgium, England, Ireland, and Scotland to the missionary regions of India, Japan, China, Central and South America, Paraguay, Mexico, the United States, and the French missions. Provides a basic yet useful survey of primary and secondary sources. Available online
  332. Villalon, L. J. Andrew, and Donald J. Kagay, eds. The Hundred Years War: A Wider Focus. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill, 2005. Seeks to expand the scope of scholarly discussion by examining not only the areas of the war proper (England and France), but also Spain, Italy, Portugal, and Brabant. Also includes essays on the urban experience during the war and the role of women.
  333. Monteiro, João G. “The Battle of Aljubarrota: A Reassessment.” Journal of Medieval Military History 7 (2009): 75–103. A thorough revision of this battle between the kings of Portugal and Castile in 1385; the former’s victory opened the way for a joint Anglo-Portuguese invasion of Castile in 1387. Includes a study of documentary sources as well as battlefield archaeology techniques.
  334. White, Lorraine. “Strategic Geography and the Spanish Habsburg Monarchy’s Failure to Recover Portugal, 1640–1668.” The Journal of Military History 71.2 (April 2007): 373–409. DOI: 10.1353/jmh.2007.0166 White’s excellent short study addresses the failure of Spain to conquer and absorb Portugal in the mid-17th century. Of importance to students of irregular warfare is the continual guerrilla war fought against Spanish supply lines, outposts, and detachments by Portuguese guerrillas. Compare this work with those focused on Napoleonic Spain for an interesting view on how irregular warfare began in modern-age Iberia.
  335. Fraser, Ronald. Napoleon’s Cursed War: Popular Resistance in the Spanish Peninsular War, 1808–1814. London: Verso, 2008. Fraser’s work is a good general introduction to the issues and conflicts in Napoleonic Spain and Portugal, with a heavy emphasis on both the conventional Franco-British conflict and the French war against the Spanish guerrillas. Recommended as an overview of the topic; scholars looking for more detailed information would be better served by focusing on specific works on the subject.
  336. Horward, Donald D. The French Campaign in Portugal, 1810–1811: An Account by Jean Jacques Pelet. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1973. Horward translated and edited Pelet’s unpublished manuscript describing his experience as an aide-de-camp to Marshal Masséna of the French army. His seventh chapter discusses the Lines of Torres Vedras and offers a great look at the French perspective.
  337. Moon, Joshua. Wellington’s Two-Front War: The Peninsular Campaigns, at Home and Abroad, 1808–1814. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2011. Moon examines Wellington’s operations in Portugal and how the Lines of Torres Vedras fit into his planning. He describes how Masséna discovered and lay siege to the lines. However, their impregnability, coupled with Wellington’s scorched earth policy, made any attempt on them impractical.
  338. Oman, Charles. A History of the Peninsular War. Vol. 3. Oxford: Clarendon, 1908. In Volume 3 of his seven-volume work on the Peninsular Campaign, Oman evaluates what he terms “the central crisis of the whole war,” which was when the French encountered of the Lines of Torres Vedras and the end of their offensive capabilities in Portugal.
  339. Esdaile, Charles. The Peninsular War: A New History. London: Penguin, 2002. In a chapter of this work, Esdaile examines the actions around Torres Vedras. He details the composition of both armies and how this influenced planning, including Wellington’s reasoning for the Lines of Torres Vedras.
  340. Gates, David. The Spanish Ulcer: A History of the Peninsular War. New York: W. W. Norton, 1986. Gates refers to the Lines of Torres Vedras as the “Maginot Line of the Napoleonic era.” Though he does not offer extensive detail into the lines, he offers a short description of its length and variety. Gates evaluates the Peninsular campaigns and examines how the Lines contributed to Masséna’s failure.
  341. Glover, Michael. The Peninsular War, 1807–1814: A Concise Military History. Hamdon, CT: Archon, 1974. Glover offers a good description of the Lines of Torres Vedras, their construction, the possibilities for Wellington and Masséna, as well as a decent map.
  342. Black, Jeremy. “The British Expeditionary Force to Portugal in 1762.” British Historical Society of Portugal Annual Report and Review 16 (1989): 66–75. A concise overview of the expeditionary force drawn from the Loudoun Papers-Scottish held at the Huntington Library.
  343. Christelow, Allan. “Economic Background to the Anglo-Spanish War of 1762.” Journal of Modern History 18.1 (March 1946): 22–36. DOI: 10.1086/236979 Argues Spain’s entry into the war against Britain marked the culmination of Charles II’s assumptions about the menace posed by British monopolization of the trade of the French West Indies. Available online for purchase or by subscription.
  344. Francis, Alan David. “The Campaign in Portugal, 1762.” Journal of the Society for Army Historical Research 59.237 (1981): 25–43. The only detailed overview in English. Focuses on the British expeditionary force and is based on British archives.
  345. Speelman, Patrick J. “Strategic Illusions and the Iberian War of 1762.” In The Seven Years’ War: Global Views. Edited by Mark H. Danley and Patrick J. Speelman, 429–460. History of Warfare 80. Boston: Brill, 2012. An overview of the war and its strategic and cultural dimensions that uses British and Portuguese archival sources. The analysis focuses on the details of the British and Portuguese experience and less on the Spanish and French.
  346. Willis, Sam. “The Battle of Lagos, 1759.” Journal of Military History 73.3 (July 2009): 745–766. DOI: 10.1353/jmh.0.0366 A detailed examination of Admiral Boscawen’s preliminary encounter off Portugal, which aided in the later defeat of the French fleet at Quiberon Bay. Available online by subscription.
  347. Boxer, C. R. The Portuguese Seaborne Empire, 1415–1825. London: Hutchinson, 1969. This classic study of European overseas expansion explains how Portugal was the first and in some ways the most tenacious of the European powers to establish and maintain much of its “shoestring empire” in Asia, Africa, and South America.
  348. Disney, A. R. A History of Portugal and the Portuguese Empire: From Beginnings to 1807. 2 vols. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2009. Volume 1 focuses on Portugal and Volume 2 covers the Portuguese Empire. A scholarly study that examines how this small country developed such an extensive overseas empire, including its expansive padroado (royal patronage of, including considerable control over, the Church) in maritime Asia.
  349. Alden, Dauril. The Making of an Enterprise: The Society of Jesus in Portugal, Its Empire, and Beyond, 1540–1750. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1996. A good example of the significant increase, as well as newer trends, in the historiography of the Society during roughly its first two centuries. The Portuguese Assistancy played a major role in early Jesuit history, both in Portugal and overseas, where Xavier’s presence and policies interacted with those of Church and state.
  350. Bangert, William V. A History of the Society of Jesus. 2d ed. St. Louis, MO: Institute of Jesuit Sources, 1986. A detailed study of the international Jesuit order up to the late 20th century, this is the most comprehensive one-volume history of the Society in English. Xavier’s life and work are well highlighted within the context of the early, expanding Society.
  351. Brodrick, James. The Progress of the Jesuits, 1556–79. Chicago: Loyola University Press, 1986. Originally published in 1947 (New York: Longmans, Green). This continuation of the history of the early Society has numerous references to Xavier’s significant impact on the Jesuits and their missions long after his death, especially through his heroic example and impactful letters.
  352. Brodrick, James. The Origin of the Jesuits. Chicago: Loyola University Press, 1997. Originally published in 1940 (New York: Longmans, Green). This study by a skilled Jesuit historian, first published on the 4th centenary of the Society’s founding, covers the establishment and first years of the Jesuit order up to 1556, the year of Ignatius’s death. Within that context he gives extensive coverage to the far-flung missionary work of Xavier. In terms of historiographical developments and emphases, it is instructive to compare Brodrick’s approach with that of Bangert 1986 and, even more so, O’Malley 1993, O’Malley, et al. 1999, and O’Malley, et al. 2006.
  353. Correia-Afonso, John. The Jesuits in India, 1542–1773. Anand, India: Gujarat Sahitya Prakash, 1997. This survey of more than two hundred years of Jesuit missionary efforts in India begins with “The Xaverian Decade (1542–1552).” While acknowledging Xavier’s limitations of time and culture, the author presents the missionary as a “pathfinder” who opened many doors and who, due to his charity and sanctity, was widely lauded as “the Great Father.”
  354. Mendonça, Délio de. Conversions and Citizenry: Goa under Portugal, 1510–1610. New Delhi: Concept Publishing, 2002. A study of the first one hundred years of Portuguese rule in Goa, capital of the Estado da India, this analysis problematizes the issue of conversion. The interactions between Portuguese/Christian culture and Indian/Hindu culture were complex, sometimes fraught and sometimes cordial. Motives for conversion varied, and the author uses the insightful term “Historiography of Silence” to refer to conscious omissions in the historical record.
  355. Mendonça, Délio de. Jesuits in India: Vision and Challenges. Goa, India: Xavier Centre of Historical Research, 2003. This collection of seminar papers commemorating the 450th anniversary of the death of Xavier contains in its first section six essays on Xavier’s historical and contemporary significance. This is followed by twenty-one essays on the historical and contemporary impact of Jesuits in a multiplicity of areas of Indian life, spirituality, and culture.
  356. Schurhammer, Georg, S. J. Francis Xavier: His Life, His Times. Vol. 2, India, 1541–1545. Translated by M. Joseph Costelloe, S. J. Rome: Jesuit Historical Institute, 1977. Xavier left Europe in 1541 (permanently as it turned out), arrived in Goa in 1542, and spent the next ten years crisscrossing the Indian Ocean and the Far East. About half of his ten years in Asia found him evangelizing in India. This volume of the Schurhammer biography focuses on his year-long journey eastward and his first three years in India, primarily on the southwestern and southeastern coasts.
  357. Schurhammer, Georg, S. J. Francis Xavier: His Life, His Times. Vol. 3, Indonesia and India, 1545–1549. Translated by M. Joseph Costelloe, S. J. Rome: Jesuit Historical Institute, 1980. Schurhammer’s third volume on Xavier’s life focuses initially on the missionary’s two years of expansive travel and evangelization in many of the cities and islands of the East Indies. Xavier then returned to the important crossroads city of Malacca for six months in 1547 before returning to India, where he was active as the Jesuit superior as well as evangelist, healer, and preacher.
  358. Ditchfield, Simon. “‘Coping with the Beati Moderni’: Canonization Procedure in the Aftermath of the Council of Trent.” In Ite Inflammate Omnia: Selected Historical Papers from Conferences Held at Loyola and Rome in 2006. Edited by Thomas M. McCoog, S. J., 413–439. Rome: Institutum Historicum Societatis Iesu, 2010. To prevent the growth of local cults without Rome’s approval, the Tridentine Church instituted a more complex process for both beatifications and canonizations. Still, secular and religious influences could be significant, especially that of royal crowns and religious orders. John III of Portugal launched investigations into Xavier’s sanctity immediately after his death, and the Jesuits sought the dual canonizations of Ignatius and Xavier to strengthen and unify the Society.
  359. Mormando, Franco. “The Making of the Second Jesuit Saint: The Campaign for the Canonization of Francis Xavier, 1555–1622.” In Francis Xavier and the Jesuit Missions in the Far East. Edited by Franco Mormando and Jill G. Thomas, 9–23. Chestnut Hill, MA: Jesuit Institute of Boston College, 2006. A combination of forces of church and state pushed for Xavier’s canonization. These included the Portuguese and Spanish Crowns as well as the Society of Jesus, spearheaded by the Jesuit Curia in Rome. Several biographies/hagiographies, along with an array of visual representations, especially paintings and engravings, promoted Xavier’s sanctity and thereby his cause for sainthood.
  360. Brockey, Liam Matthew. “The Cruelest Honor: The Relics of Francis Xavier in Early-Modern Asia.” Catholic Historical Review 101.1 (2015): 41–64. DOI: 10.1353/cat.2015.0001 Using the increasingly popular and instructive lens of material history, Brockey examines the translation, examinations, and devotional traditions related to Xavier’s relics, especially his (relatively) incorrupt body. While his corpse has rested in Goa since 1554, parts of it were severed and sent elsewhere as desired and treasured relics, most famously the “cruelest honor,” that is, the removal of his right arm, which was sent to Rome in 1614. Through his relics, countless devotees of Xavier experienced both a physical and a spiritual connection to the missionary saint.
  361. Gupta, Pamila. The Relic State: St. Francis Xavier and the Politics of Ritual in Portuguese India. Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press, 2014. DOI: 10.7228/manchester/9780719090615.001.0001 This historical ethnography of Catholic and Portuguese culture and power in India (1510–1961) focuses on a series of religious feasts and “solemn expositions” centered on the biography and “incorrupt” corpse of Xavier in Goa, where the saint’s remains were brought in 1554 and where his shrine became the locus for these ritualized celebrations.
  362. Osswald, Maria Cristina. “The Iconography and Cult of Francis Xavier, 1552–1640.” Archivum Historicum Societatis Iesu 71.142 (July–December 2002): 259–277. As the cult of Xavier grew through the promotion of writings and relics related to the reputed saint, so too did the push for his canonization. His body (in Goa after 1554) was venerated, and his lower right arm attracted similar devotion—in the Church of the Gesù in Rome (after 1614). Paintings, engravings, and statues proliferated, and a lily, crucifix, halo, and angels were associated with his image. In life and in death, the iconography of Xavier and Ignatius were linked.
  363. Pinch, William R. “The Corpse and Cult of Francis Xavier, 1552–1623.” In Engaging South Asian Religions: Boundaries, Appropriations, and Resistances. Edited by Mathew N. Schmalz and Peter Gottschalk, 113–132. Albany: State University of New York Press, 2011. Both the hagiographic writings and the cultic veneration of Xavier were very much related to his supposed healing powers, including over death. In Hindu tradition he was seen as a holy man (swami). While humanist scholarship remained skeptical regarding many of his purported miracles, his incorrupt body was a testament to his sanctity. In all, Xavier reflects “the interpenetration of European and Indian religious imaginations.” (Note: Xavier was canonized in 1622, not 1623.)
  364. Rayanna, P. St. Francis Xavier and His Shrine. 2d ed. Goa, India: Rekha, 1989. Part 1 of this study is a basic survey of the life of Francis Xavier. Part 2 is an extensive account, among the best available, of the history and status of Xavier’s “Incorrupt Body and Bom Jesus Shrine.” Part 3 discusses his “Canonization and Other Honours,” including his role as “Patron of All Missions.” An appendix describes the origin and nature of the Novena of Grace.
  365. Zupanov, Ines G. Missionary Tropics: The Catholic Frontier in India, 16th–17th Centuries. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2005. DOI: 10.3998/mpub.93538 In chapter 1, “The Sacred Body: Francis Xavier, the Apostle, the Pilgrim, the Relic,” Zupanov discusses how Xavier, in life and in death, fulfilled various functions from the (often differing) perspectives of East and West. Thus the author employs the theme of tropicality in both a geographical and a metaphorical sense. Xavier was viewed variously as a Christian saint and an Indian deity, and his shrine incorporated aspects of both the social and the sacred body, and indigenous as well as Portuguese and Catholic Asia.
  366. Samuel, Edgar. “Oliver Cromwell and the Re-admission of the Jews to England in 1656.” In At the End of the Earth: Essays on the History of the Jews in England and Portugal. Edited by Edgar Samuel, 179–189. London: Jewish Historical Society of England, 2004. Samuel explores the religious and economic motivations that brought about the readmission of the Jews to England in 1656. Samuel describes Cromwell as proceeding with caution, the initiative coming from the Jews as well as secretary of state John Thurloe, who brought the readmittance policy “to fruition.”
  367. Roth, Cecil. A History of the Marranos. 5th ed. New York: Sepher-Hermon, 1992. A classic account of conversos, first published in 1932. It subscribes to a romanticized, heroic vision of crypto-Jews maintaining their beliefs in difficult circumstances. Not the best source on the Inquisition, and superseded in many respects, but it remains an engaging, readable introduction to the field.
  368. Saraiva, António José. The Marrano Factory: The Portuguese Inquisition and Its New Christians, 1536–1765. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill, 2001. Most recent edition and translation of Saraiva, notable for the author’s contention that the Portuguese Inquisition fabricated Judaizers rather than identifying them; he argues that the purpose of the Portuguese Holy Office was financial (taking the savings of a mercantile group labeled Jewish) rather than religious. Not widely accepted by scholars.
  369. Melammed, Renée Levine. A Question of Identity: Iberian Conversos in Historical Perspective. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004. DOI: 10.1093/0195170717.001.0001 Stretches from the initial wave of conversion and emigration in the 15th century, through the expulsions of the 1490s and early modern diaspora, up to the re-emergence of the phenomenon in the 20th century. Though it omits the Ottoman Empire and (more unfortunately) the Americas, it is an excellent starting point for undergraduates, given the author’s command of the secondary literature and the judicious presentation.
  370. Barnett, Richard, ed. The Sephardi Heritage. 2 vols. Grendon, UK: Gibraltar, 1989. Though most of the essays in these volumes address Jews, rather than conversos, the essays by Beinart and Révah are useful, as is the broader context this work provides. Volume 1, Essays on the Historical and Cultural Contribution of the Jews of Spain and Portugal, was originally published in 1971. Volume 2 is titled The Western Sephardim.
  371. Barros, Carlos, ed. Xudeus e Conversos na Historia. Acts of an International Conference on Jews and Christians in History, 14–17 October 1991, Ribadavia, Portugal. 2 vols. Santiago de Compostela, Spain: Editorial de la Historia, 1994. The proceedings of a 1991 conference, comprised largely of European authors. Essays are of uneven quality, but some strong contributions. Useful for its geographic range, taking into consideration conversos in various Iberian realms, including Portugal, Aragon, and the Canary Islands.
  372. Graizbord, David, and Claude B. Stuczynski, eds. “Portuguese New Christian Identities, 1516–1700.” Special Issue: Jewish History 25.2 (2011). Brings together some of the best scholars working on Portuguese conversos today, with the added advantage for English speakers that most of these authors had not previously been published in English. Showcases a variety of approaches to the subject. Available online by subscription.
  373. Bodian, Miriam. Hebrews of the Portuguese Nation: Conversos and Community in Early Modern Amsterdam. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1997. Justly award-winning book shows tension between collective identities of Jewishness and being part of the nation in the “New Jewish” community in Amsterdam, a tension played down by community leaders who wanted to represent the “return” to Judaism as unproblematic. Also shows centrality of exile and redemption in crypto-Jewish theology.
  374. Israel, Jonathan. Diasporas within a Diaspora: Jews, Crypto-Jews, and the World Maritime Empires, 1540–1740. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill, 2002. Brings together new and newly revised essays by this accomplished scholar, exploring trade networks in these communities and their broader context. Without the focus of a monograph but enormously useful for understanding the converso diaspora.
  375. Ray, Jonathan. After Expulsion: 1492 and the Making of Sephardic Jewry. New York: New York University Press, 2013. Focuses on the Mediterranean community of Sephardi Jews, conversos, and crypto-Jews before 1600, providing a useful explanation of the early and least studied period of the diaspora. Also examines corporate structure and the development of the concept of the “nation” (nação).
  376. Trivellato, Francesca. The Familiarity of Strangers: The Sephardic Diaspora, Livorno, and Cross-Cultural Trade in the Early Modern Period. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2009. A compelling study of the far-flung trade networks of a Sephardic merchant business, detailing strategic choices made in dealing with judicial, financial, familial, and political powers. Demonstrates the broad reach of these communities, stretching from the Mediterranean to India.
  377. Kagan, Richard L., and Philip D. Morgan, eds. Atlantic Diasporas: Jews, Conversos, and Crypto-Jews in the Age of Mercantilism, 1500–1800. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2009. A collection of essays by several important researchers in this field; the book showcases current understandings of converso and Sephardic Jewish communities from Europe to English, Dutch, and Portuguese colonies in the Americas.
  378. Studnicki-Gizbert, Daviken. A Nation upon the Ocean Sea: Portugal’s Atlantic Diaspora and the Crisis of the Spanish Empire, 1492–1640. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007. DOI: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195175691.001.0001 Examines Portuguese converso communities in the port cities of the Atlantic, emphasizing financial, mercantile, and political activities of Catholic conversos and conversos who had returned to Judaism, and providing a clear sense of how these trans-Atlantic networks operated.
  379. Garshowitz, Libby. “Gracia Mendes: Power, Influence, and Intrigue.” In Power of the Weak: Studies on Medieval Women. Edited by Jennifer Carpenter and Sally-Beth MacLean, 94–125. Champaign: University of Illinois Press, 1995. Particularly focuses on the ability of Gracia Mendes (1510–1569) ability to control her financial and personal life, in part through manipulation of the complex entanglements of Portuguese and Jewish marriage and inheritance law as she and her family moved across Europe.
  380. Martínez, María E., David Nirenberg, and Max-Sebastián Torres Hering. Race and Blood in the Iberian World. Zürich, Switzerland: Lit, 2012. Collection of essays addressing the topics of race and blood in the Spanish Atlantic world (and in Portuguese India), and asking whether it is historically appropriate to apply the concept of race to early modern Spanish and Spanish American contexts.
  381. Boxer, C. R. The Portuguese Seaborne Empire, 1415–1825. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1969. A chapter of this multi-edited monograph is specifically dedicated to “purity of blood” and “contaminated races,” which shows how the Portuguese empire focused on forms of racial hierarchy and racial prejudice.
  382. Dutra, Francis A. Military Orders in the Early Modern Portuguese World: The Orders of Christ, Santiago, and Avis. Aldershot, UK: Ashgate, 2006. Selection of essays on early modern Portuguese military orders (which expended also in India and Brazil), whose membership was highly prized as status symbols and because of their employment of purity-of-blood statutes.
  383. Figueirôa-Rêgo, Joao de. “Family Genealogical Records: Formation, Cleansing and Social Reception (Portugal—16th to 18th Century).” e-Journal of Portuguese History 6.1 (2008). Shows the significance of genealogical knowledge in early modern Portugal and how vital it was to prove purity of blood for the sake of social and economic preeminence.
  384. Mattos, Hebe. “‘Pretos’ and ‘Pardos’ between the Cross and the Sword: Racial Categories in Seventeenth Century Brazil.” Revista Europea de Estudios Latinoamericanos y del Caribe/European Review of Latin American and Caribbean Studies 80 (2006): 43–55. Discusses the meaning of “race” in the context of the Portuguese statutes of purity of blood, especially in relation to the peoples of African descent. Available online for purchase or by subscription.
  385. Mattos, Hebe. “‘Pretos’ and ‘Pardos’ between the Cross and the Sword: Racial Categories in Seventeenth Century Brazil.” Revista Europea de Estudios Latinoamericanos y del Caribe/European Review of Latin American and Caribbean Studies 80 (2006): 43–55. Discusses the meaning of “race” in the context of the Portuguese statutes of purity of blood, especially in relation to the peoples of African descent. Available online for purchase or by subscription.
  386. Wadsworth, James E. Agents of Orthodoxy: Honor, Status, and the Inquisition in Colonial Pernambuco, Brazil. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2007. Based on wide archival research, discusses the Inquisition in colonial Pernambuco as a powerful tool for exclusion and promotion in Brazilian society, which was deeply affected by the concept of purity of blood in association with honor and prestige.
  387. Anderson, Ruth Matila. Hispanic Costume 1480–1530. New York: Hispanic Society of America, 1979. Folio edition with illustrations covering both Spain and Portugal in their Golden Age.
  388. Coates, Timothy J. “Crime and Punishment in the Fifteenth-Century Portuguese World: The Transition from Internal to External Exile.” In The Final Argument: The Imprint of Violence on Society in Medieval and Early Modern Europe. Edited by Donald J. Kagay and L. J. Andrew Villalon, 119–139. Woodbridge, UK: Boydell, 1998. Considers the innovation of overseas exile (to North Africa and the Atlantic islands) as punishment in 15th-century Portugal.
  389. Sá, Isabella dos Guimarães. “Assistance to the Poor on a Royal Model: The Example of the Misericórdias in the Portuguese Empire from the Sixteenth to the Eighteenth Century.” Confraternitas 13.1 (2002): 3–14. One of the rare studies in English of the extensive activities of the Misericordia confraternities that operated under royal charter and patronage, organized lay devotions and charity, and exercised some judicial functions across Portugal and throughout the empire, serving as a model for parallel Spanish efforts.
  390. Sweet, James H. Recreating Africa: Culture, Kinship, and Religion in the African-Portuguese World, 1441–1770. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2003. An imaginative and innovative study of the degree to which Kongo and other Central Africans were able to maintain their cultures and influence emerging Brazilian culture. See also Thornton and Heywood 2007.
  391. Thornton, John K. The Kongolese Saint Anthony: Dona Beatriz Kimpa Vita and the Antonian Movement, 1684–1706. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1998. DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511572791 The riveting story of a Kongo woman possessed by the spirit of Saint Anthony, the patron saint of both Portugal and Kongo. Practiced in both Kongo and Catholic beliefs, she sought to restore peace and order to Kongo amid the social and political disruptions caused by the slave trade that sent tens of thousands of Kongo into slavery in Brazil, the Caribbean, and North America.
  392. Thornton, John K., and Linda M. Heywood. Central Africans, Atlantic Creoles, and the Foundation of the Americas, 1585–1660. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2007. Argues that Central Africans, and especially Kongo Christians, played influential roles in the early development of African-American cultures and religions throughout the New World. See Sweet 2003, though he argues that Kongo generally, not just Christians, were influential.
  393. Studnicki-Gizbert, Daviken. A Nation upon the Ocean Sea: Portugal’s Atlantic Diaspora and the Crisis of the Spanish Empire, 1492–1640. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007. DOI: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195175691.001.0001 Examines Portuguese converso communities in the port cities of the Atlantic, emphasizing financial, mercantile, and political activities of Catholic conversos and conversos who had returned to Judaism, and providing a clear sense of how these trans-Atlantic networks operated.
  394. Kagan, Richard L., and Philip D. Morgan, eds. Atlantic Diasporas: Jews, Conversos, and Crypto-Jews in the Age of Mercantilism, 1500–1800. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2009. A collection of essays by several important researchers in this field; the book showcases current understandings of converso and Sephardic Jewish communities from Europe to English, Dutch, and Portuguese colonies in the Americas
  395. Graizbord, David, and Claude B. Stuczynski, eds. “Portuguese New Christian Identities, 1516–1700.” Special Issue: Jewish History 25.2 (2011). Brings together some of the best scholars working on Portuguese conversos today, with the added advantage for English speakers that most of these authors had not previously been published in English. Showcases a variety of approaches to the subject. Available online by subscription.
  396. Peel, J. D. Y. Religious Encounter and the Making of the Yoruba. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2000. A seminal study of the critical roles that early Yoruba converts and missionaries, many of whom were freed slaves familiar with the Yoruba diaspora in Cuba, Brazil, and elsewhere, played in the development of Yoruba consciousness.
  397. Boone, James L. Lost Civilization: The Contested Past in Spain and Portugal. London: Duckworth, 2009. Includes substantial discussions of the archaeology of urban and rural contexts of the Islamic period.
  398. Redman, Charles. Qsar es-Saghir: An Archaeological View of Medieval Life. Orlando, FL: Academic Press, 1986. This preliminary study traces the evolution of the fortified town through phases of Islamic and Portuguese occupation and looks at changes in urban planning and material culture.
  399. Kennedy, Hugh. Muslim Spain and Portugal: A Political History of al-Andalus. London and New York: Longman, 1996. Following Rachel Arié’ s seminal works, this useful historical account allows one to contextualize the Alhambra in the history of the Islamic rule in the Iberian Peninsula.
  400. McPherson, Kenneth. The Indian Ocean: A History of People and the Sea. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1993. Written by an Australian specialist in the history of Southeast Asia and the Indian Ocean, each chapter is organized around the theme of trade without ignoring questions of cultural exchange and social formation. McPherson pays serious attention to Africa’s place in the history of the Indian Ocean.
  401. Pearson, Michael. The Indian Ocean. London: Routledge, 2003. DOI: 10.4324/9780203414132 Pearson is a specialist in the history of South Asia, Portuguese expansion, and the Indian Ocean who has also written intelligently about coastal East Africa during the early modern period. The book is noteworthy for taking the sea seriously and for its many vivid quotations from Indian Ocean travelers.
  402. Muir, Rory. Britain and the Defeat of Napoleon, 1807–1815. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1996. One of the best volumes on Britain in the Napoleonic Wars, this award-winning book explores the period covering the last third of Britain’s twenty-two-year struggle against Revolutionary and Napoleonic France. It traces the course of the war through the British campaigns in Portugal and Spain, the invasion of southern France, and the defeat of Napoleon at Waterloo. The author offers a detailed examination of the diplomatic, financial, military, and political considerations that influenced the policies and priorities of British decision makers.
  403. Robson, Martin. Britain, Portugal and South America in the Napoleonic Wars: Alliances and Diplomacy in Economic Maritime Conflict. London: I. B. Tauris, 2011. This book examines British involvement in the Peninsular War in the wider context, as well as British war aims and maritime strategy in South America.
  404. Wellesley, Arthur. Duke of Wellington. Supplementary Despatches and Memoranda of Field Marshal Arthur, Duke of Wellington, K. G. 15 vols. London: J. Murray, 1858–1872. One of the essential sources for the study of the Duke of Wellington’s military career, this compilation contains his letters, orders, and other documents. The first six volumes cover Wellesley’s service in India, Ireland, Denmark, and Portugal. Volumes 7 through 8 contain documents on the Peninsular War, Volume 9 covers the Congress of Vienna, Volume 10 treats the Waterloo campaign, and Volumes 11 and 12 deal with the occupation of France by the victorious allies.
  405. Esdaile, Charles J. The Peninsular War: A New History. New York: Palgrave MacMillan, 2003. One of the best reassessments of the war, offering a comprehensive analysis and rational conclusions that address not only military operations, but also political and social dimensions of the war.
  406. Gates, David. The Spanish Ulcer: A History of the Peninsular War. Cambridge, MA: Da Capo, 2001. An informative and concise one-volume history of the conflict that includes examination of the Spanish contribution to the war. First published in 1986 (London: Allen & Unwin).
  407. Horward, Donald. The Battle of Bussaco. Tallahassee: University Press of Florida, 1965. A detailed study of the battle that resulted in the defeat by Wellington’s Anglo-Portuguese Army of French forces led by Marshal André Masséna.
  408. Horward, Donald. Napoleon and Iberia: The Twin Sieges of Ciudad Rodrigo and Almeida, 1810. Tallahassee: University Press of Florida, 1984. Highlights the importance of the two border fortresses of Ciudad Rodrigo and Almeida to the conduct of war in the Iberian Peninsula.
  409. Muir, Rory. Salamanca 1812. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2001. A masterful examination of the battle that saw Anglo-Portuguese and Spanish armies under the Duke of Wellington defeat Marshal Auguste Marmont’s French forces.
  410. Napier, William. History of the War in the Peninsula and in the South of France, from the Year 1807 to the Year 1814. 4 vols. Philadelphia: Cary and Hart, 1834–1842. Published a generation after the war, Napier’s History of the War in the Peninsula was an influential and controversial work. The author had access to the papers of many of the participants, including French state and military documents, and he interviewed the aging Duke of Wellington and French generals. The book offers numerous details on operations but suffers from the author’s obvious lack of impartiality.
  411. Oman, Sir Charles. A History of the Peninsular War. 7 vols. Oxford: Clarendon, 1902–1930. Oman spent some thirty years working on this seven-volume narrative that remains a highly readable study of the war. Oman’s narrative is naturally focused on the British side, but he devotes much space and evenhanded treatment to the other side. Oman’s scholarship is inevitably dated by now, but it set the standard by which other works were judged and it is still the starting point for most English-language scholars.
  412. Summerville, Christopher. March of Death: Sir John Moore’s Retreat to Corunna, 1808–1809. London: Greenhill, 2003. A good survey of Sir John Moore’s invasion of Spain and subsequent retreat to Corunna that almost resulted in the complete destruction of the British army.
  413. Tomkinson, William. Diary of a Cavalry Officer in the Peninsular and Waterloo Campaign, 1809–1815. Edited by James Tomkinson. 2d ed. London: Frederick Muller, 1971. While most memoirs fail to rise above the descriptive, Tomkinson was an active and well-connected observer, and his analysis of the performance of the British cavalry and its leaders during the war is illustrative and a necessary starting point for discussions of the Anglo-Portuguese army.
  414. Mérida Jiménez, Rafael, and Barbara Weissberger. Women in Medieval Iberia: A Selected Bibliography. Eugene: University of Oregon, 2002. This short bibliography is very useful, but somewhat hard to find. Although Muslim and Jewish women are included, there is most coverage for women in Christian Spain and Portugal. The emphasis is strongly literary.
  415. Barendse, R. J. The Arabian Seas: The Indian Ocean World of the Seventeenth Century. Armonk, NY: Sharpe, 2002. This densely written volume pays serious and extensive attention to the place of East Africa in the larger history of the Indian Ocean during a major period of European company trade. The author specifically seeks to write a kind of world history that overcomes the boundaries of area studies.
  416. Barendse, R. J. Arabian Seas, 1700–1763. 4 vols. Leiden, The Netherlands, and Boston: Brill, 2009. DOI: 10.1163/ej.9789004176584.i-1404 A massive study running to almost two thousand pages in length, the most relevant sections for this bibliography appear in Volume 1 (on East Africa) and Volume 3 (on slavery and the slave trades), but there are many detailed references to Indian Ocean Africa throughout.
  417. Bose, Sugata. A Hundred Horizons: The Indian Ocean in the Age of Global Empire. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2006. Although Bose focuses on India and Indians in this short book, in chapter 3 on “Flows of Capitalists, Laborers, and Commodities” (pp. 72–121) he includes a useful discussion of the clove industry in East Africa (pp. 97–108).
  418. Campbell, Gwyn. “Africa, the Indian Ocean and the ‘Early Modern’: Historiographical Conventions and Problems.” In Africa, Empire and Globalization: Essays in Honor of Anthony Hopkins. Edited by Toyin Falola and Emily Brownell, 81–92. Durham, NC: Carolina Academic, 2011. In this characteristically feisty essay the author, director of the Indian Ocean World Centre at McGill University in Montreal and a historian of Madagascar, critically analyzes what he identifies as the Eurocentric tradition of employing the term “early modern” in studies of Africa and the Indian Ocean World.
  419. Chaudhuri, K. N. Trade and Civilisation in the Indian Ocean: An Economic History from the Rise of Islam to 1750. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1985. Trained as an economic historian, inspired by Fernand Braudel’s monumental history of the Mediterranean, the author’s treatment is especially strong for the early modern period of European intervention and commercial organization. Africa is significantly under-analyzed in this work.
  420. Risso, Patricia. Merchants and Faith: Muslim Commerce and Culture in the Indian Ocean. Boulder, CO: Westview, 1995. Short readable text that links the history of the maritime and continental histories of the Islamic Indian Ocean from the rise of Islam to the later 19th century. Raises important questions about the intersection of Islamic and Indian Ocean histories with special relevance for the merchants of coastal eastern Africa.
  421. Sheriff, Abdul. Dhow Cultures of the Indian Ocean: Cosmopolitanism, Commerce, and Islam. New York: Columbia University Press, 2010. This beautifully illustrated volume by the leading Zanzibari historian is noteworthy for its discussion of economic and cultural aspects of Indian Ocean societies. Organized around major moments and epochs in the history of the region, greater attention is paid to East Africa in this history than in previous studies.
  422. Documentos sobre os Portugueses em Moçambique e na África Central/Documents on the Portuguese in Mozambique and Central Africa. 9 vols. Lisbon, Portugal: National Archives of Rhodesia and Nyasaland/Centro de Estudos Históricos Ultramarinos, 1962–1989. Bilingual publication of critical documents on the Portuguese presence in East and central Africa, many of which include detailed economic information.
  423. Beaujard, Philippe. “East Africa, the Comoros Islands and Madagascar before the Sixteenth Century: On a Neglected Part of the World System.” Azania 42 (2007): 15–36. DOI: 10.1080/00672700709480448 The author seeks to locate the Indian Ocean trading system in which East Africa and its islands were involved in the theoretical context of world-systems analysis. While not all readers will agree with his perspective, the research on which he bases his analysis is thorough and the argument thought-provoking.
  424. Pouwels, Randall L. “Eastern Africa and the Indian Ocean to 1800: Reviewing Relations in Historical Perspective.” International Journal of African Historical Studies 35.2–3 (2002): 385–425. DOI: 10.2307/3097619 A broad-ranging essay that critically examines different interpretations of the dynamic relationships between the societies and cultures of the Indian Ocean and coastal and island East Africa. Trade is considered a central element in how these linkages developed over time.
  425. Whitehouse, David. “East Africa and the Maritime Trade of the Indian Ocean, A.D. 800–1500.” In Islam and East Africa: New Sources—Archives, Manuscripts and Written Historical Sources, Oral History, Archaeology; International Colloquium, Rome, 2–4 December 1999. Edited by Biancamaria Scarcia Amoretti, 411–424. Rome: Herder, 2001. Although short, this chapter effectively provides an overview of the factors promoting trade and its consequences during this critical period. It includes convenient sections on both imports and exports.
  426. Miran, Jonathan. “Space, Mobility, and Translocal Connections across the Red Sea Area since 1500.” Northeast African Studies, new ser., 12.1 (2012): 9–26. In addition to introducing the various articles included in this special issue of the journal, the author places the Red Sea in the wider context of emerging Indian Ocean studies.
  427. Pankhurst, Richard. An Introduction to the Economic History of Ethiopia, from Early Times to 1800. London: Lalibela, 1961. Full of valuable detail, this compendium covers much more than Indian Ocean trade, but is still essential for the trade of Ethiopia and Eritrea with the Indian Ocean World before the 19th century.
  428. Peacock, A. C. S. “Suakin: A Northeast African Port in the Ottoman Empire.” Northeast African Studies, new ser., 12.1 (2012): 29–50. DOI: 10.1353/nas.2012.0009 Covering more than trade, this essay draws upon previously unused Ottoman sources to reconstruct the history of this important Red Sea African port city. Ottoman conflicts with the Portuguese and Christian Abyssinia are discussed, as well as its role in the Red Sea–Indian Ocean trade.
  429. Tuchscherer, Michel. “Trade and Port Cities in the Red Sea: Gulf of Aden Region in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Century.” In Modernity and Culture: From the Mediterranean to the Indian Ocean. Edited by Leila Tarazi Fawaz and C. A. Bayly, 28–45. New York: Columbia University Press, 2002. In addition to its focus on matters commercial, this chapter includes two very helpful maps for the periods of 1510 and 1600 that clearly identify the Indian Ocean networks in operation in the Red Sea during these two centuries.
  430. Pearson, Michael N. Port Cities and Intruders: The Swahili Coast, India, and Portugal in the Early Modern Era. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1998. Building upon deep knowledge of multiple historiographies (South Asian, Portuguese expansion, and Indian Ocean), the author seeks to integrate the Swahili coast into the larger Indian Ocean World. Trade figures importantly as a running theme in this insightful book.
  431. Alpers, Edward A. Ivory and Slaves in East Central Africa: Changing Patterns of International Trade to the Later Nineteenth Century. London: Heinemann, 1975. Chapters 2 (pp. 39–69) and 3 (pp. 70–103) address the rise of both the ivory and slave trades from the ports of northern Mozambique into the Indian Ocean during the early modern era, as well the impact of both on the African societies of the coast and interior.
  432. Alpers, Edward A. “Gujarat and the Trade of East Africa, c. 1500–1800.” International Journal of African Historical Studies 9.1 (1976): 22–44. DOI: 10.2307/217389 Presents evidence for the growing importance of Gujarat, western India, in the trade of eastern Africa, with special emphasis on links between merchants based at Diu, and their correspondents at Mozambique Island. Republished in Alpers, East Africa and the Indian Ocean (Princeton, NJ: Markus Wiener, 2009), pp. 3–22.
  433. Machado, Pedro. “Awash in a Sea of Cloth: Gujarat, Africa, and the Western Indian Ocean, 1300–1800.” In The Spinning Worlds: A Global History of Cotton Textiles, 1200–1850. Edited by Giorgio Riello and Prasannan Parthasarathi, 161–179. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009. Drawing from data in his thesis on the Vāniyā community of Diu, the author builds a much broader argument that demonstrates clearly that Indian cotton textiles were the key exchange medium in the Indian Ocean trade of Africa during this period.
  434. Newitt, Malyn D. D. “The Comoro Islands in Indian Ocean Trade before the Nineteenth Century.” Cahiers d’Études Africaines 89–90 (1983): 139–165. A companion contribution to understanding the Indian Ocean trade of Africa during the early modern era, with recognition of the key linking role that the Comoros played between Madagascar and continental Africa.
  435. Newitt, Malyn D. D. “East Africa and Indian Ocean Trade.” In India and the Indian Ocean, 1500–1800. Edited by Ashin Das Gupta and M. N. Pearson, 201–223. Calcutta, India: Oxford University Press, 1987. This essay covers the entire coastline from Zeila and the Gulf of Aden down to southern Mozambique and locates the changes brought about by European presence along the coast and in the Indian Ocean on eastern Africa, both coast and interior. Includes a valuable bibliographical note.
  436. Vérin, Pierre. The History of Civilisation in North Madagascar. Translated by David Smith. Rotterdam, The Netherlands, and Boston: Balkema, 1986. This exhaustive thesis, originally published in French in 1975, based on archaeological and literary sources, shows convincingly how closely integrated certain coastal communities of northern Madagascar were integrated commercially and culturally with the Swahili coast and Indian Ocean, including during the early modern period.
  437. Vernet, Thomas. “Slave Trade and Slavery on the Swahili Coast, 1500–1750.” In Slavery, Islam and Diaspora. Edited by Behnaz A. Mirzai, Ismael Musah Montana, and Paul E. Lovejoy, 37–76. Trenton, NJ: Africa World, 2009. The author’s extensive research more effectively documents the pre-18th-century slave trade, including connections between the Swahili coast and Madagascar, than anything previously. Includes valuable commentary on the received scholarship.
  438. Alpers, Edward A. Ivory and Slaves in East Central Africa: Changing Patterns of International Trade to the Later Nineteenth Century. London: Heinemann, 1975. The later chapters of this book argue that the decline in ivory trading from Mozambique was paralleled by a rise in the slave trade from c. 1750 into the 19th century.
  439. Lovejoy, Paul E. Transformations in Slavery: A History of Slavery in Africa. 3d ed. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2011. DOI: 10.1017/CBO9781139014946 This is the standard treatment of this vast topic and comprehensively covers the entire continent, including the Indian Ocean slave trade of eastern Africa. The author’s quantification for the East African traffic should be regarded as the most authoritative available.
  440. Machado, Pedro Alberto da Silva Rupino. “Gujarati Indian Merchant Networks in Mozambique, 1777–c. 1830.” PhD diss., School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, 2005. Drawing upon rich archival sources in India, Portugal, Mozambique, and the United Kingdom, the author devotes a long chapter (pp. 157–211) plus four graphs (pp. 2–5) to a detailed analysis of the ivory trade between Mozambique and western India during the height of this commerce.
  441. Bishko, Charles Julian. “The Spanish and Portuguese Reconquest, 1095–1492.” In A History of the Crusades. Vol. 3, The Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries. Edited by Harry W. Hazard, 396–456. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1975. This essay provides a concise narrative introduction to the Spanish and Portuguese reconquest from the rise of the crusading era until the conquest of Granada in 1492. Bishko argues that the increase of Spanish Christian populations and resources in the late 11th century as well as the maturation of Spanish political institutions created a strong pressure to gain land and spoils from Spain’s Muslim neighbors to the south. These pressures, coupled with the rise of the crusading movement, allowed the papacy to take a leading role in the transformation of the Reconquista into a type of Iberian Crusade that was increasingly institutionalized until its completion in 1492.
  442. Upton-Ward, Judi, ed. The Military Orders. Vol. 4, On Land and by Sea. Aldershot, UK: Ashgate, 2008. This volume of twenty-seven essays deals with a wide range of topics beyond just military and naval matters, such as the architecture, archaeology, and spiritual lives of the orders. The focus of these essays is on the Hospitallers, but the book also includes essays on Portuguese military orders as well as the Knights Templar and the Teutonic Knights.
  443. Raphael, David. Expulsion 1492 Chronicles: An Anthology of Medieval Chronicles Relating to the Expulsion of the Jews from Spain and Portugal. North Hollywood, CA: Carmi, 1992. A rich collection of material, translated into English, that documents the Iberian expulsions from the authorities on down to the victims, and from the policy to its tragic implementation and consequences.
  444. Soyer, François. The Persecution of the Jews and Muslims of Portugal: King Manuel I and the End of Religious Tolerance (1496–7). Medieval Mediterranean 69. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill, 2007. A good study of the more overlooked persecution of Portuguese Jews and Muslims. Soyer argues that King Manuel agreed, after some pressure from Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain, to expel the Jews in order to secure “a long-lasting settlement with his powerful Castilian neighbours which would assure the King of peace at home and freedom to devote his attention abroad.”
  445. Casale, Giancarlo. The Ottoman Age of Exploration. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010. This important work examines the little-studied Ottoman expansion into the Indian Ocean during the 16th century, as well as the empire’s rivalry with the Portuguese. Casale places this new frontier into the broader context of the more familiar Mediterranean Ottoman experience.
  446. Brummett, Palmira. Ottoman Seapower and Levantine Diplomacy in the Age of Discovery. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1995. Uses Venetian sources, especially the diaries of Marino Sanudo (b. 1466–d. 1536), to relate the story of early 16th-century diplomatic and political conflict between Venice and the Ottoman Empire over commercial issues and trade alliances. Useful guide to the disruptions in the spice trade between Venice and Egypt after the Portuguese circumnavigation of Africa.
  447. Bishko, Charles. “The Spanish and Portuguese Reconquest, 1093–1492.” In A History of the Crusades, vol. 3: The Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries. Edited by Harry W. Hazard and Kenneth Setton, 396–436. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1975. For an overall view of the Reconquista in the larger context of the Crusades.
  448. Bleichmar, Daniela, Paula DeVos, Kristin Huffine, and Kevin Sheehan, eds. Science in the Spanish and Portuguese Empires, 1500–1800. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2009. Although this impressive collection surveys the practice of science in the Spanish and Portuguese empires from 1500 to 1800, it contains a number of essays on the Bourbon period, dealing with topics such as the literary-scientific press, geographical knowledge, medical knowledge, natural history curiosities, and visual culture.
  449. TePaske, John J. A New World of Gold and Silver. Edited by Kendall W. Brown. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill, 2010. DOI: 10.1163/ej.9789004188914.i-342 Meticulous quantitative analysis of official tax and mintage accounts to provide data on the amounts of gold and silver officially extracted and coined in the treasury districts of Spanish and Portuguese America, placing these data on bullion output within the context of global production in the rise of the early modern world economies.
  450. Greene, Jack P., and Philip D. Morgan. Atlantic History: A Critical Appraisal. New York: Oxford University Press, 2009. A collection of essays by noted authorities on the Spanish, Portuguese, French, British, and Dutch Atlantics, the Old World and the Atlantic, it provides both competing and complementary perspectives. The editors also assess the meaning of the Atlantic world and the present state of the field.
  451. Adelman, Jeremy. Sovereignty and Revolution in the Iberian Atlantic. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2006. Argues that the Spanish and Portuguese Empires responded to the pressures of war and merchant capitalism in the 18th century, which led to a transformation of the bonds of loyalty, leading to independence as empire was no longer a viable model of sovereignty.
  452. Levi Della Vida, Giorgio. “A Portuguese Pilgrim at Mecca in the Sixteenth Century.” The Muslim World 32, no. 4 (1942): 283–297. DOI: 10.1111/j.1478-1913.1942.tb02011.x Fascinating study of a brief anonymous pilgrimage itinerary to Mecca, written in code, possibly by a Christian Portuguese slave.
  453. Roper, L. H., and B. Van Ruymbeke, eds. Constructing Early Modern Empires: Proprietary Ventures in the Early Modern Atlantic World, 1500–1750. Atlantic World 11. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill, 2007. DOI: 10.1163/ej.9789004156760.i-425 A collection of thirteen essays devoted to the role of proprietorships, or private colonies, in the formation of the Spanish, French, English, Dutch, and Portuguese Atlantic worlds.
  454. Adelman, Jeremy. Sovereignty and Revolution in the Iberian Atlantic. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2006. Adelman examines the paths by which residents of Spanish and Portuguese America began to question their need for and responsibilities to the empire and replace them with a shared nationalism. Places an emphasis on the contingency and complexity of the path to independence.
  455. Bethencourt, Francisco, and Diogo Ramada Curto. Portuguese Oceanic Expansion, 1400–1800. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2007. A geographically and topically wide-ranging collection of essays on the Portuguese Empire that examines settlement patterns, local and imperial power structures, cultural production, scientific and technological practices, and ecclesiastic and political structures across the global stage of the Portuguese world.
  456. Newitt, M. D. D. A History of Portuguese Overseas Expansion, 1400–1668. London: Routledge, 2005. A study of the rise of Portugal as a maritime empire with special attention to the influence of Portugal’s medieval legacy and the factors that allowed Portuguese explorers and traders to establish far-flung settlements around the globe and fend off European rivals for more than two centuries.
  457. Russell-Wood, A. J. R. The Portuguese Empire, 1415–1808: A World on the Move. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1998. A comprehensive general treatment of the Portuguese Atlantic world by one of the field’s leading scholars, emphasizing the diversity and complexity of the empire’s component parts, places, and people.
  458. Schwartz, Stuart B. All Can Be Saved: Religious Tolerance and Salvation in the Iberian Atlantic World. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2008. Based largely on evidence from Inquisition tribunals, this provocative book takes aim at long-standing stereotypes of Iberian religious fanaticism and intolerance by arguing for a tradition of dissidence and tolerance in the Iberian Atlantic.
  459. Stein, Stanley J., and Barbara H. Stein. Silver, Trade, and War: Spain and America in the Making of Early Modern Europe. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2000. The first of three works linking European and American economic and political developments, this book explores the medieval economic structures that preceded the commercial tumult generated by the influx of American silver. It goes on to trace Spain’s fortunes through imperial rivalries, economic decline, and 18th-century attempts at reform.
  460. Studnicki-Gizbert, Daviken. A Nation upon the Ocean Sea: Portugal’s Atlantic Diaspora and the Crisis of the Spanish Empire, 1492–1640. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007. A history of Portuguese Jews and their descendents (a nação portuguesa) throughout the Iberian empires. This engaging study emphasizes the cultural, familiar, and religious ties that bound this diasporic community together throughout the Atlantic world and beyond. It also emphasizes the nação’s role in trying (unsuccessfully) to reform Spanish imperial economic policy in the early 17th century.
  461. Law, Robin. “The First Scottish Guinea Company, 1634–9.” Scottish Historical Review 76 (1997): 185–202. DOI: 10.3366/shr.1997.76.2.185 A Scottish chartered trading company to Africa in the 1630s and a competitor for the English Guinea Company. Despite the Scottish initiatives it turned out to be London-based. Traded goods with Africa, not slaves, until its second voyage was captured by Portuguese and the crew massacred.
  462. Russell-Wood, A. J. R. A World on the Move: The Portuguese in Africa, Asia and America, 1415–1808. Manchester, UK: Carcanet, 1992. Movement of vessels, people, goods, flora and fauna, and ideas is the central theme of this exploration of the early modern Portuguese empire. Global in scope but with significant attention to the Atlantic world throughout. See chapter 3, “Flux and Reflux of People,” pp. 58–122, for an overview of Portuguese migration and a discussion of the mobility of civil servants, religious men, and merchants.
  463. Studnicki-Gizbert, Daviken. A Nation upon the Ocean Sea: Portugal’s Atlantic Diaspora and the Crisis of the Spanish Empire, 1492–1640. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 2007. Traces the creation and operation of the Atlantic trading network of the Portuguese Nation (a religiously diverse diasporic community of traders, sea captains, mariners, servants, artisans, and migrants). See especially chapter 4, “A Vast Machine” (pp. 91–121), which describes various characteristics of the Nation’s trading networks, including their international reach, multilateral organization, interconnection, and vertical integration.
  464. Borges, Marcelo J. Chains of Gold: Portuguese Migration to Argentina in Transatlantic Perspective. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill, 2009. DOI: 10.1163/ej.9789004176485.i-353 Explores the circuit of transatlantic labor migration taking Europeans from rural southern Portugal to Argentina. Emphasizes the role of social networks in facilitating migration and adaptation. Social networks created migratory chains that influenced the migration’s destination selection and experience in Argentina. Trivellato, Francesca. The Familiarity of Strangers: The Sephardic Diaspora, Livorno, and Cross-Cultural Trade in the Early Modern Period. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2009. Although situated in the Mediterranean basin, this significant study for historians seeks to deploy social network analysis (SNA) in its investigations of the Atlantic world. Uses SNA to analyze the business practices of two Sephardic families based in Livorno, Tuscany. Successfully demonstrates how trust was established in cross-cultural economic exchanges.
  465. Alden, Dauril. The Making of an Enterprise: The Society of Jesus in Portugal, Its Empire, and Beyond, 1540–1750. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1996. Comprehensive study of the rise of the Jesuit order and its expansion in Portugal and beyond. Chapter 9 deals with Jesuit enterprises in Brazil, and chapter 20 with migrations within the Portuguese Atlantic motivated or forced by the Society of Jesus.
  466. Brettell, Caroline. Anthropology and Migration. Essays on Transnationalism, Ethnicity, and Identity. Walnut Creek, CA, and Oxford: AltaMira, 2003. Anthropological study of Portuguese migration to North America in 19th and 20th centuries. Includes chapters on Portuguese politics and migration, individual migration stories, return migration and transmigrants, ethnic identities of the Portuguese in North America, and gender and migration.
  467. Israel, Jonathan I. Diasporas within a Diaspora: Jews, Crypto-Jews and the World Maritime Empires (1540–1740). Leiden, The Netherlands, and Boston: Brill, 2002. Holistic analysis of Ashkenazi and Sephardi Jewish diasporas in the Atlantic world. Establishes links between both diasporas’ trade, religious, and intellectual networks and their impact on developments within the Atlantic.
  468. Kagan, Richard L., and Philip D. Morgan, eds. Atlantic Diasporas. Jews, Conversos, and Crypto-Jews in the Age of Mercantilism, 1500–1800. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2009. Anthology that emphasizes the necessary intersection of early modern cultural studies, economic history, diaspora studies, and Atlantic studies in the analysis of so-called religious migrations and of the converso and Sephardi Jewish Atlantic communities especially.
  469. Studnicki-Gizbert, Daviken. A Nation upon the Ocean Sea: Portugal’s Atlantic Diaspora and the Crisis of the Spanish Empire, 1492–1640. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 2007. Excellent analysis of converso and Sephardi Jewish merchant empires in the Atlantic world. Emphasizes the interconnectedness of internal and external networks and the entangledness of trade and religious diasporas.
  470. Scammell, Geoffrey V. The World Encompassed: The First European Maritime Empires c. 800–1650. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1981. Each chapter in this very wide-ranging book focuses on a different maritime culture or empire: the Vikings, the Hanse, Venice, Genoa, Portugal, Spain, Holland, France, and England. The material covered includes everything from maritime technology and trade to ideology and literature.
  471. Rose, Susan. The Medieval Sea. London and New York: Hambledon Continuum, 2007. This scholarly but accessible work provides a good introduction to its subject. It covers the period 1000–1500, and a wide range of themes, including shipbuilding, navigation, life at sea, shipowning, ports, trade, warfare, and many other topics.
  472. Mollat du Jourdin, Michel. Europe and the Sea. Translated by Teresa Lavender Fagan. Oxford and Cambridge, MA: Blackwell, 1993. A wide-ranging study of the social, economic, and political aspects of Europe’s relationship with the sea, from prehistory to modern times, by one of France’s leading maritime historians. Although the book should not be read uncritically, there is much to be learned from its pan-European, multiperiod perspective.
  473. Pryor, John H. Geography, Technology and War: Studies in the Maritime History of the Mediterranean, 649–1571. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1988. DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511562501 This work looks at the geographical, hydrographical, and meteorological context of Mediterranean maritime history in the Middle Ages, as well as politics, trade, warfare, and technology. However, note that Gluzman 2010 (cited under Navigation and Voyages) challenges Pryor’s propositions regarding sailing routes.
  474. Unger, Richard W. The Ship in the Medieval Economy, 600–1600. London: Croom Helm, 1980. Unger’s work takes a pan-European and multiperiod perspective. Although this work has been criticized in some aspects, it firmly relates changes in ship technology to social, economic, and political changes, and draws the sometimes rather cloistered world of medieval and 16th-century ship scholarship into the mainstream of historical debate.
  475. Barker, Richard. “Shipshape for Discoveries, and Return.” Mariner’s Mirror 78.4 (1992): 433–437. A study of the ships used in the 15th- and 16th-century Portuguese voyages of exploration, looking not only at their construction and rig, but also at the techniques used to help the ships and their crews survive these voyages.
  476. Edwards, Clinton R. “Design and Construction of Fifteenth-Century Iberian Ships: A Review.” Mariner’s Mirror 78.4 (1992): 419–432. A review of changing ideas, from the 19th century onwards, about the nature of Iberian ships in the 15th century.
  477. Smith, Roger C. Vanguard of Empire: Ships of Exploration in the Age of Columbus. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993. Spanish and Portuguese shipbuilding and ships of the 15th and early 16th centuries are the subject of Smith’s work, which brings together evidence from documents, wrecks, and images to look at all aspects of their design, rig, equipment, and armament.
  478. Marcus, G. J. Conquest of the North Atlantic. Woodbridge, UK: Boydell and Brewer, 1980. A study of ships, seafarers, navigation, and fishing on the North Atlantic routes from the time of the Vikings to the later Middle Ages.
  479. Gardiner, Robert, and Richard W. Unger, eds. Cogs, Caravels and Galleons: The Sailing Ship 1000–1650. London: Conway Maritime, 1994. This well-illustrated, multiauthor book includes papers on cogs, Mediterranean round ships, the carrack, the caravel, galleons, fluits, navigation, guns and gunnery, and shipbuilding, as well as a chapter on the interpretation of medieval ship iconography.
  480. Guilmartin, John F., Jr. Gunpowder and Galleys: Changing Technology and Mediterranean Warfare at Sea in the Sixteenth Century. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1974. This is a major work on the subject, although at the time of publication it was criticized in a review by the late Professor Geoffrey Scammell for some errors of fact. The work does also cover important aspects of galleys, armament, and sea warfare in the 15th-century Mediterranean.
  481. Oertling, Thomas J. “The Molasses Reef Wreck Hull Analysis: Final Report.” International Journal of Nautical Archaeology 18.3 (1989): 229–243. DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-9270.1989.tb00200.x Reports on the excavation of two unknown Spanish ships lost in the Caribbean in the late 15th/early 16th centuries. See also Oertling’s “The Highborn Cay Wreck: The 1986 Field Season” in the same journal.
  482. Rogers, Clifford J., ed. Oxford Encyclopedia of Medieval Warfare and Military Technology. 3 vols. New York: Oxford University Press, 2010. A substantial reference work with more than a thousand entries by nearly two hundred international contributors. Coverage extends generally through the 15th century and emphasizes the 14th and 15th centuries. Includes entries on many individual sieges, battles, and military leaders. More important, most regions (e.g., Britain, Iberia, Italy) each have three large late-medieval overview entries: a narrative of military events and developments and essays on the sources and on modern historiography.
  483. Villalon, L. J. Andrew, and Donald J. Kagay, eds. The Hundred Years War: A Wider Focus. Leiden, The Netherlands: E. J. Brill, 2005. The focus is even wider than the title implies; some contributions are about contemporary military topics only tangentially connected to the Hundred Years’ War. Five studies deal with 14th-century Iberian warfare. One study looks at the White Company in Italy. Other studies deal with military activity by London and Toulouse, English strategy in 1415, and gunpowder artillery’s effectiveness.
  484. Strickland, Matthew, and Robert Hardy. The Great Warbow. Stroud, UK: Sutton, 2005. In addition to analysis of the longbow, this book includes short, well-researched analytical narratives of virtually every battle involving English forces from the 14th through the early 16th century. These together provide a good basis for assessing tactics and tactical change over the period for England and France, with some reference also to Iberia and the Low Countries.
  485. Guilmartin, John F. Jr. Gunpowder and Galleys. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1974. An overview of Mediterranean naval warfare in the 16th century, focusing on the fleets of Spain, Venice, and the Ottomans. Explains galley construction, function, limitations, and tactics, and how they affected strategy and were altered by gunpowder artillery. Also includes narrative of the main naval wars and battles, including Prevesa and Lepanto.
  486. Wills, John E. Embassies and Illusions: Dutch and Portuguese Envoys to K’ang-hsi, 1666–1687. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1984. Dutch and Portuguese envoys were in principle “tribute bearers,” but the author shows convincingly that there was talent and willingness from both sides to bend rules and that the Qing was moving toward the much more flexible approach to foreign relations that characterized much of its dealings with the continental countries.
  487. Graham, Richard. Independence in Latin America: A Comparative Approach. Studies in World Civilization. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1994. At less than two hundred pages, a very concise overview of the independence movements against Spanish, Portuguese, and French rulers. Argues that, principally, economic factors, conjectural circumstances, and active resistance from native peoples helped Spanish America’s elites resist European domination. First published 1974.
  488. Freeman-Grenville, G. S. P. The East African Coast: Select Documents from the First to the Earlier Nineteenth Century. 2d ed. London: Collings, 1975. This collection includes parts of some of the most important documents from Greek, Arab, Chinese, and Portuguese sources.
  489. Whiteway, R. W., trans. and ed. The Portuguese Expedition to Abyssinia in 1541–1543, as Narrated by Castanhaso, with Some Contemporary Letters; the Short Account of Bermudez, and Certain Extracts from Corrêa. Works Issued by the Hakluyt Society, 2d ser., 10. London: Hakluyt Society, 1902. This account gives the Portuguese version of events, as the Portuguese assisted their coreligionists in war with the Muslim Somalis, and furthers our knowledge of what happened in the 16th century, when Muslim Somalis conquered almost all of Christian Abysinia, under the leadership of Iman Ahmed Gurey.
  490. Crone, G. R. ed. The Voyages of Cadamosto and Other Documents on Western Africa in the Second Half of the Fifteenth Century. Surrey, UK: Ashgate, 2010. The volume includes several accounts of Portuguese explorations of the West African coast, especially the two voyages of the Venetian captain Alvise Cadamosto in 1455 and 1466. Cadamosto provides a secondhand account of the trans-Saharan gold trade with Mali as well as eyewitness details on trade, Islam, and politics in the Wolof kingdom of Cayor as well as in the Casamance. First published in 1937.
  491. Brooks, George E. Landlords and Strangers: Ecology, Society, and Trade in Western Africa, 1000–1630. Boulder, CO: Westview, 1993. A detailed and comprehensive economic history of Senegambia and the Guinea Coast until the 17th century, taking climate and geography into account. Examines the interaction of Mande trade networks with local populations as well as with Europeans, especially Portuguese.
  492. Rodney, Walter. A History of the Upper Guinea Coast, 1545–1800. Oxford: Clarendon, 1970. An economic history of the Guinea Coast from the arrival of the Portuguese to the decline of the Atlantic slave trade. Includes a lengthy discussion of the arrival of the Mande in the region according to Portuguese sources, as well as of the organization of commerce, especially the slave trade.
  493. Wilks, Ivor. “Wangara, Akan and Portuguese in the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries. I. The Matter of Bitu.” Journal of African History 23.3 (1982a): 333–349. DOI: 10.1017/S0021853700020958 Identifies the town of “Bitu” mentioned in 17th-century Arabic chronicles with the early Dyula town of Begho as an important center of the gold trade as mentioned in early Portuguese sources. Available online for purchase or by subscription.
  494. Wilks, Ivor. “Wangara, Akan and Portuguese in the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries. II. The Struggle for Trade.” Journal of African History 23.4 (1982b): 463–472. DOI: 10.1017/S0021853700021307 Argues that the arrival of the Portuguese on the West African Coast diverted the gold trade southward, leading to the emergence of powerful Akan states and ultimately Asante, which wrested control over the gold trade from the Wangara or Dyula. Available online for purchase or by subscription.
  495. Brooks, George. Landlords and Strangers: Ecology, Society, and Trade in Western Africa, 1000–1630. Boulder, CO: Westview, 1993. For a previously largely neglected period, the author brings together and masterfully integrates ecological, linguistic, oral, and Portuguese archival evidence. He recounts the historical development of trade in the context of climate shifts favoring the development of trade routes and providing impetus for the southward movement of Mande traders and Mandekan-speaking horse warriors.
  496. Levie Bernfeld, Tirtsah. Poverty and Welfare among the Portuguese Jews in Early Modern Amsterdam. Portland, OR: Littman Library of Jewish Civilization, 2012. The reputed wealth and benevolence of the Portuguese Jews of Amsterdam attracted many poor immigrants to the city, including ex-conversos from the Iberian Peninsula as well as Jews from other countries. This work explores the consequences of Jewish migration in terms of demography, admission policies, charitable institutions, philanthropy, and daily life, and the dynamics of the relationship between the rich and the poor.
  497. Swetschinski, Daniel M. Reluctant Cosmopolitans: The Portuguese Jews of Seventeenth-Century Amsterdam. Oxford: Littman Library of Jewish Civilization, 2000. Focusing on social history, the author underlines the specifically Iberian nature of the Portuguese Jews’ identity and argues that they transformed themselves into a coherent and well-integrated Jewish community in a rather smooth fashion.
  498. Daaku, K. Y. “Aspects of Precolonial Akan Economy.” International Journal of African Historical Studies 5.2 (1972): 235–247. DOI: 10.2307/217516 Overview of precolonial Akan economy and the importance of trade in Akan beginning with the arrival of the Portuguese on the coast in 1471. Simple explanations of gold and kola nut trade and development up until the present as well as the influence of the slave trade on the local economy and the sociopolitical organization of the Akan. Includes a map of Akan region and major trade routes (1702, 1850).
  499. Birmingham, David. Trade and Empire in the Atlantic, 1400–1600. Introductions to History. New York: Routledge, 2000. A concise introduction to the colonial systems developed by Portugal and Spain during the 15th and 16th centuries.
  500. Elkins, Caroline, and Susan Pedersen, eds. 2005. Settler colonialism in the twentieth century: Projects, practices, legacies. New York: Routledge. An important collection of essays covering a wide variety of cases of settler colonialism, including Japanese in Korea and Manchukuo, Portuguese in Mozambique, Germans in Nazi-occupied Poland, French in Algeria, and Jews in British Palestine.
  501. Alpert, Michael. Crypto-Judaism and the Spanish Inquisition. Basingstoke, UK, and New York: Palgrave, 2001. DOI: 10.1057/9780333985267 A useful introduction for concentrating primarily on the Portuguese converso immigrants to Spain.
  502. Bodian, Miriam. Dying in the Law of Moses: Crypto-Jewish Martyrdom in the Iberian World. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2007. An in-depth study of the trials of four crypto-Jews from Spain and Portugal showing how some individuals came to choose martyrdom over reconciliation to Catholicism.
  503. Graizbord, David L. Souls in Dispute: Converso Identities in Iberia and the Jewish Diaspora, 1580–1700. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2004. Although some individuals chose death over compromise, Graizbord shows how others came to question their Jewish religious identity and returned to Catholicism by turning themselves in to the inquisitors.
  504. Lera García, Rafael de. “La última gran persecución inquisitorial contra el criptojudaísmo: El Tribunal de Cuenca, 1718–1725.” Sefarad 47.1 (1987): 87–137. Documents the little-studied wave of prosecution ordered by the government of Philip V; details socioeconomic characteristics of the prisoners, who were second-generation Portuguese Marranos.
  505. Robinson, Geoffrey. “Colonial Militias in East Timor from the Portuguese Period to Independence.” In Colonial Armies in Southeast Asia. Edited by Karl Hack and Tobias Rettig, 255–285. London and New York: Routledge, 2006. DOI: 10.4324/9780203414668 Focuses on the Indonesian militias that attempted to prevent the secession of Timor L’Este (East Timor), which had been forcibly occupied by Indonesia a quarter of a century earlier. Robinson places their actions in the context of “repertoires of action” that reflected longer-term martial behavior traceable back to the Portuguese period and before—in other words identifying the continuity of a colonial era martial culture that itself had precolonial roots.
  506. Birmingham, David. Trade and Conquest in Angola: The Mbundu and their Neighbours and the Portuguese. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1966. Although dated, this is still the standard account of the Portuguese conquest of Angola. It critically examines links between economic and military structures, incursions by mobile, militarized Imbangala invaders, the downfall of the Kongo kingdom and the emergence of the Lunda empire.
  507. Thornton, John K. Warfare in Atlantic Africa 1500–1800. London: University College London Press, 1999. This useful overview is written mainly from an African perspective. It argues that African states had greater military strength than usually suggested and that European superiority has been exaggerated. It provides a thorough analysis of African armies in the wider context of global military history.
  508. Strandes, Justus. Translated by Jean Wallworth. Edited with topographical notes by J. S. Kirkman. The Portuguese Period in East Africa. Nairobi, Kenya: East African Literature Bureau, 1989. Originally published in German in 1899, this classic text, while subjected to critical revisions over the years, still represents a useful overview of the Portuguese conquest of the eastern African coast from the 16th through the 18th centuries. Based on extensive use of original Portuguese documents, this contains fascinating military detail and provides a gripping, lively narrative, albeit from a Lusitanian perspective.
  509. Isaacman, Alan F., and Barbara Isaacman. The Tradition of Resistance in Mozambique: The Zambesi Valley, 1850–1921. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1976. Chronicles the Portuguese use of African mercenary armies to subdue African opposition in the Zambesi Valley. It also examines the aftermath of initial African defeats, culminating in the Barue Rebellion of 1917.
  510. Birmingham, David. Trade and Conflict in Angola: The Mbundu and Their Neighbours under the Influence of the Portuguese, 1483–1790. Oxford: Clarendon, 1966. An examination of the commercial and military factors affecting the rise and fall of various states in west-central Africa during the period. Thornton, John K. “Firearms, Diplomacy, and Conquest in Angola: Cooperation and Alliance in West Central Africa, 1491–1671.” In Empires and Indigenes: Intercultural Alliance, Imperial Expansion, and Warfare in the Early Modern World. Edited by Wayne R. Lee, 167–191. New York: New York University Press, 2011. Describes the essential role of African allies in the Portuguese conquest of the Ndongo Kingdom in Angola. Describes different styles of warfare then used by Africans in the region—the Kongo system in the north and the “Mbundu” style in the south.
  511. Isaacman, Allen, and Derek Peterson. “Making the Chikunda: Military Slavery and Ethnicity in Southern Africa, 1750–1900.” In Arming Slaves: From Classical Times to the Modern Age. Edited by Christopher Leslie Brown and Philip D. Morgan, 95–119. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2006. DOI: 10.12987/yale/9780300109009.001.0001 This chapter examines the ways military slaves were used by the Portuguese on their estates near the Zambezi River, and especially the ways those slaves incorporated themselves into a new class of persons, Chikunda (i.e., “the Conquerors”).
  512. Newitt, Malyn. A History of Mozambique. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1995. This overview of Mozambique’s history offers an important account of the conquest of Gaza.
  513. Sá, Isabella dos Guimarães. “Assistance to the Poor on a Royal Model: The Example of the Misericórdias in the Portuguese Empire from the Sixteenth to the Eighteenth Century.” Confraternitas 13.1 (2002): 3–14. One of the rare studies in English of the extensive activities of the Misericordia confraternities that operated under royal charter and patronage, organized lay devotions and charity, and exercised some judicial functions across Portugal and throughout the empire, serving as a model for parallel Spanish efforts.
  514. Coates, Timothy J. “Crime and Punishment in the Fifteenth-Century Portuguese World: The Transition from Internal to External Exile.” In The Final Argument: The Imprint of Violence on Society in Medieval and Early Modern Europe. Edited by Donald J. Kagay and L. J. Andrew Villalon, 119–139. Woodbridge, UK: Boydell, 1998. Considers the innovation of overseas exile (to North Africa and the Atlantic islands) as punishment in 15th-century Portugal.
  515. Thornton, John K. The Kingdom of Kongo: Civil War and Transition, 1641–1718. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1983. Thornton’s Annales school (longue durée) approach decenters the history of the Kongo Kingdom from Portuguese intervention, revealing that indigenous developments rather than Portuguese influence primarily shaped the past. NB: the area that was the Kingdom of Kongo was just a corner, in the west, of what became the Belgian Congo.
  516. Pacheco Pereira, Duarte. Esmeraldo de Situ Orbis. Translated by G. H. T. Kimble. London: Hakluyt Society, 1937. Records the experiences of Pacheco Pereira, a Portuguese adventurer, in Nigeria and the Niger Delta in the 19th century. His observations are of great value to scholars, especially those interested in Ijo/Niger Delta economic history, ancient customs, and traditions. Originally published in 1508.
  517. Moliero, Manuel, ed. 2003–2006. Atlas Miller. 4 vols. Barcelona: Moliero, S. A. This virtually perfect facsimile of the Atlas Miller, created in 1517 and now in the collection of the Bibliotèque Nationale in Paris, reproduces a two-sided map on a large scroll and a series of single pages produced by Portuguese geographers who studied the reports of some of the earliest explorers who went to the Americas.
  518. Kraay, Hendrik. Race, State, and Armed Forces in Independence-Era Brazil: Bahia, 1790’s–1840’s. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2001. Kraay takes a holistic approach toward the military of postindependence Brazil, specifically the Bahia region; the role of the militia as a tool of national liberation is discussed.
  519.  
  520. Literary Sources
  521. Camões, Luís de. The Lusíads. Translated by Landeg White. World’s Classics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997. Portuguese national epic, first printed in 1572; while it narrates the voyage of Vasco da Gama to India, it also celebrates the imperial destiny of Portugal as well as the Portuguese people and its history. This late-20th-century translation includes explanatory notes, selected bibliography, and maps. Early edition in Portuguese available online.
  522. Camões, Luís de. The Collected Lyric Poems of Luís de Camões. Translated by Landeg White. Lockert Library of Poetry in Translation. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2008. Collection of 280 translated lyric compositions with abundant notes, organized by stages of the poet’s life. Useful introductory essay and selected bibliography about Camões’s life and work. Early edition in Portuguese of Camões’s Rimas available online.
  523. Camões, LuÍs de. Sonnets and Other Poems. Translated by Richard Zenith. Adamaster Book Series 3. Dartmouth: University of Massachusetts, Center for Portuguese Studies and Culture, 2009. Bilingual short selection of Camões’s poetry, with an introductory essay about the texts and the method used in translation.
  524. Ferreira, António. The Tragedy of Ines de Castro. Translated by John R. C. Martyn. Coimbra, Portugal: Universidade de Coimbra, 1987. Influential verse tragedy, fashioning an important myth of Portuguese culture based on an episode of medieval history: the death in 1355 of the noble concubine of Prince Pedro of Portugal, Inês de Castro. Ferreira (b. 1528–d. 1569) was a major classical poet whose life and work are succinctly analyzed in this edition’s introduction. Early edition in Portuguese available online. See also Earle 1988 (cited under Renaissance Vernacular Literature).
  525. Reckert, Stephen, ed. From the Resende Songbook. Papers of the Medieval Hispanic Research Seminar 15. London: University of London, Department of Hispanic Studies, 1998. Selection of translated poems from the main collection of Portuguese court poetry of the early 16th century: the Cancioneiro compiled by Garcia de Resende, first printed in 1516. Includes an introductory literary study of the poems. Early edition in Portuguese available online.
  526. Vicente, Gil. Three Discovery Plays: Auto da Barca do Inferno, Exortação da Guerra, Auto da Índia. Edited and translated by Anthony Lappin. Warminster, UK: Aris & Phillips, 1997. Bilingual edition of three major plays of the main author of early-16th-century Portuguese theater. Useful introduction to each play, critical textual annotation, and explanatory notes. The works of Gil Vicente were first printed in 1562. Early edition in Portuguese available online.
  527.  
  528. Travel Narratives and Descriptions: Asia
  529. Barbosa, Duarte. The Book of Duarte Barbosa: An Account of the Countries Bordering on the Indian Ocean and Their Inhabitants. 2 vols. Translated by Mansel Longworth Dames. London: Hakluyt Society, 1918–1921. Panoramic description of regions connected by the Indian Ocean (from the Cape of Good Hope to the China Sea), written between 1511 and 1516 by a commercial agent of the Portuguese king in India. First published in Italian by Giovanni Battista Ramusio in 1563. Modern edition in Portuguese available online.
  530. Cruz, Gaspar da. South China in the Sixteenth Century, Being the Narratives of Galeote Pereira, Fr. Gaspar da Cruz, O.P., Fr. Martín de Rada, O.E.S.A., 1550–1575. Translated by Charles R. Boxer. London: Hakluyt Society, 1953.
  531. Compilation of main texts about Portuguese direct contacts with China in the 16th century. Pereira’s text, composed between 1557 and 1561, was published in Italian in 1565. The extensive treatise of Gaspar da Cruz was printed in Portugal in 1569, becoming a main source for Martín de Rada. Boxer’s introductory essay offers a valuable contribution to the history of European contacts with China in the 1500s. Early edition of Gaspar da Cruz in Portuguese available online.
  532. Galvão, António. A Treatise on the Moluccas (c. 1544). Translated by Hubert M. Jacobs. Rome and St Louis, MO: Jesuit Historical Institute, 1971. Raised at the Portuguese court, Galvão travelled extensively in East Africa, South Asia, and the Indonesian archipelago in the 1520s and 1530s. Charged in 1533 with the captaincy of “the Moluccas,” his four years of incessant activity there inspired this work. His single authorship, however, remains in dispute. Galvão published in 1563 in Lisbon another general narrative of the “discoveries” in India until 1550. Early edition in Portuguese available online.
  533. Ley, Charles D., ed. Portuguese Voyages, 1498–1663: Tales from the Great Age of Discovery. London: Phoenix, 2000. First published in 1947, this useful anthology for undergraduate teaching includes: the diary of the first voyage of Vasco da Gama to India; the letter on the discovery of Brazil by Caminha; a Portuguese embassy to Ethiopia in 1520–1526; the travels of Fernão Mendes Pinto (China, Vietnam and China Sea, Japan); shipwreck narratives; the voyages to the Red Sea and Ethiopia in 1625–1634; and overland travel from India to Portugal in 1663.
  534. Pinto, Fernão Mendes. The Travels of Mendes Pinto. Translated by Rebecca D. Catz. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1989. Also part of the canon of Portuguese literature, this fictionalized autobiography composed c. 1578 by a Portuguese adventurer in the East contains vivid descriptions of Portuguese “India” and also includes Malaysia, Sumatra, Vietnam, China, and Japan. First published in 1614, as a travel narrative, it became an instant success in Europe with versions in Spanish, French, English, German, and Dutch. This edition includes textual notes, glossary, map, and extensive bibliography. Early edition in Portuguese available online. DOI: 10.7208/chicago/9780226923239.001.0001
  535. Pires, Tomé. The Suma Oriental of Tomé Pires: An Account of the East, from the Red Sea to China, Written in Malacca and India in 1512–1515; and, the Book of Francisco Rodrigues: Pilot-Major of the Armada That Discovered Banda and the Moluccas: Rutter of a Voyage in the Red Sea, Nautical Rules, Almanack, and Maps, Written and Drawn in the East before 1515. 2 vols. Translated by Armando Cortesão. London: Hakluyt Society, 1944. Description of the economic geography of the Indian Ocean, written in 1515 in Malacca by the royal officer Tomé Pires and first printed in Italian in an incomplete version by Giovanni Battista Ramusio in 1550. The second text is a nautical work by the pilot and cartographer Francisco Rodrigues, extracted from a manuscript codex including maps and coastal drawings and available online under the title Journal de Francisco Rodrigues.
  536.  
  537.  
  538. Travel Narratives and Descriptions: Africa and South America
  539.  
  540. Álvares, Francisco. The Prester John of the Indies: A True Relation of the Lands of the Prester John, Being the Narrative of the Portuguese Embassy to Ethiopia in 1520. 2 vols. Edited and translated by Charles F. Beckingham and George W. Huntingford. Cambridge, UK: Hakluyt Society, 1961. Eye-witness account of Portuguese official embassy to Ethiopia in 1520–1526, first published in 1540 and widely read in 16th-century Europe in translated versions in Spanish, Italian, French, and German. Early edition in Portuguese available online.
  541. Boxer, Charles R., trans. The Tragic History of the Sea, 1589–1622: Narratives of the Shipwrecks of the Portuguese East Indiamen São Thomé (1589), Santo Alberto (1593), São João Baptista (1622), and the Journeys of the Survivors in South East Africa. London: Hakluyt Society, 1957. Selected shipwreck narratives originally compiled by Bernardo Gomes de Brito and included in História Trágico-Marítima, first printed in 1735–1736. Boxer’s annotated translations are preceded by an important essay addressing the provenance, authorship, and historical value of the texts. Modern edition in Portuguese available online. See also Further Selections from The Tragic History of the Sea, 1559–1565.
  542. Boxer, Charles R., trans. Further Selections from The Tragic History of the Sea, 1559–1565: Narratives of the Shipwrecks of the Portuguese East Indiamen Aguia and Garça (1559), São Paulo (1561), and the Misadventures of the Brazil-Ship Santo António (1565). Cambridge, UK: Hakluyt Society, 1968. Shipwreck narratives of the ships Águia and Garça (1559), the São Paulo (1561), and the Santo António (1565), with an introductory essay establishing provenance and authorship of the texts. See The Tragic History of the Sea, 1589–1622.
  543. Castanhoso, Miguel de. The Portuguese Expedition to Abyssinia in 1541–1543: As Narrated by Castanhoso, with Some Contemporary Letters, the Short Account of Bermudez, and Certain Extracts from Corrêa. Translated by Richard S. Whiteway. London: Hakluyt Society, 1902.
  544. First-hand account of a disastrous Portuguese military expedition in support of the Ethiopian ruler, first published in Portugal in 1564. Early edition in Portuguese available online.
  545. Gândavo, Pero de Magalhães. The Histories of Brazil. Translated by John B. Stetson Jr. New York: Cortes Society, 1922. Written between 1568 and 1571, this geographical and economic description of Brazil was first printed in Lisbon in 1576. The author was an officer of the Brazilian city of Bahia in the 1570s and also wrote an important grammar of the Portuguese language. Early edition in Portuguese available online.
  546.  
  547.  
  548. Chronicles, Historical Narratives, and Other Official Sources
  549.  
  550. Albuquerque, Afonso de. Albuquerque, Caesar of the East: Selected Texts from Afonso de Albuquerque and His Son. Edited and translated by Thomas F. Earle and John Villiers. Warminster, UK: Aris & Phillips, 1990. Conqueror of Hormuz and Malacca, Albuquerque was governor of Portuguese India from 1509 to 1515. This volume includes annotated selections from the letters of Albuquerque to King Manuel I, and from the “Commentaries” written by Albuquerque’s son about his father’s career, first published in 1557. Introductions, both historical and literary, provide a short narrative of Albuquerque’s career. Early edition in Portuguese available online.
  551. Correia, Gaspar. The Three Voyages of Vasco da Gama, and His Viceroyalty, from the Lendas da India of Gaspar Corrêa. Tanslated by Henry E. J. Stanley. London: Hakluyt Society, 1869. Selections from a historical work by an author living in India between 1512 and c. 1563 who served as secretary of Afonso de Albuquerque. The texts included in this volume are part of a narrative of deeds of each Portuguese governor in India until 1550. Modern edition in Portuguese available online.
  552. Greenlee, William B., trans. The Voyage of Pedro Álvares Cabral to Brazil and India: From Contemporary Documents and Narratives. London: Hakluyt Society, 1938. Collection of sources relative to the voyage of Cabral in 1500, including English versions of Portuguese letters, accounts, and narratives of the voyage, as well as Italian reports. As the state of the question in 1938, this work remains an indispensable point of departure for the study of the voyage. Erudite apparatus including textual annotations and introductions.
  553. Lucena, Vasco Fernandes de. The Obedience of a King of Portugal. Translated by Francis Rogers. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1958. Latin oration presented in 1485 by an envoy of the king of Portugal João II to Pope Innocent VIII that refers to the extent of maritime explorations and the legendary foundation of the kingdom. This edition contains the facsimile of the eight-folio text printed in Rome in 1492, translation, and extensive commentary. See also Matos 1991 (cited under Travel, Science, and Cartography).
  554. Zurara, Gomes Eanes de. The Chronicle of the Discovery and Conquest of Guinea. 2 vols. Translated by Charles R. Beazley and Edgar Prestage. London: Hakluyt Society, 1896–1899. Chronicle composed c. 1452–1453 by the official historian of King Afonso V’s court. It narrates 15th-century exploration of the Atlantic coast of Africa by Portuguese navigators under the leadership of Prince Henry (d. 1460). First printed in 1841, this text remains the unique source of a laudatory vision of the life of “Henry the Navigator.” Modern edition in Portuguese available online.
Advertisement
Add Comment
Please, Sign In to add comment
Advertisement
Public Pastes
Advertisement
We use cookies for various purposes including analytics. By continuing to use Pastebin, you agree to our use of cookies as described in the Cookies Policy.  OK, I Understand
Not a member of Pastebin yet?
Sign Up, it unlocks many cool features!