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  6. <title>Proxy war - Wikipedia</title>
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  32. <body class="mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Proxy_war rootpage-Proxy_war skin-vector action-view"> <div id="mw-page-base" class="noprint"></div>
  33. <div id="mw-head-base" class="noprint"></div>
  34. <div id="content" class="mw-body" role="main">
  35. <a id="top"></a>
  36. <div id="siteNotice" class="mw-body-content"><!-- CentralNotice --></div><div class="mw-indicators mw-body-content">
  37. </div>
  38. <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" lang="en">Proxy war</h1> <div id="bodyContent" class="mw-body-content">
  39. <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> <div id="contentSub"></div>
  40. <div id="jump-to-nav" class="mw-jump">
  41. Jump to: <a href="#mw-head">navigation</a>, <a href="#p-search">search</a>
  42. </div>
  43. <div id="mw-content-text" lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"><div class="mw-parser-output"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the type of war. For a list of proxy wars, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_proxy_wars" title="List of proxy wars">List of proxy wars</a>.</div>
  44. <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Proxy_fight" title="Proxy fight">proxy fight</a>.</div>
  45. <table class="vertical-navbox nowraplinks hlist" style="float:right;clear:right;width:22.0em;margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em;background:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;border-spacing:0.4em 0;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;width:">
  46. <tr>
  47. <td style="padding-top:0.4em;line-height:1.2em">Part of a series on</td>
  48. </tr>
  49. <tr>
  50. <th style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.2em;padding-top:0;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em;padding-bottom:0.6em; font-size:170%;"><a href="/wiki/War" title="War">War</a></th>
  51. </tr>
  52. <tr>
  53. <td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em">
  54. <div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border:none;padding:0">
  55. <div class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%;background:transparent;text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Military_history" title="Military history">History</a></div>
  56. <div class="NavContent" style="font-size:105%;padding:0.2em 0 0.4em;text-align:center">
  57. <ul>
  58. <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_warfare" title="Prehistoric warfare">Prehistoric</a></li>
  59. <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_warfare" title="Ancient warfare">Ancient</a></li>
  60. <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_warfare" title="Medieval warfare">Post-classical</a></li>
  61. </ul>
  62. <ul>
  63. <li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_warfare" title="Early modern warfare">Early Modern</a></li>
  64. </ul>
  65. <ul>
  66. <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_warfare" title="Modern warfare">Late Modern</a>
  67. <ul>
  68. <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_warfare" title="Industrial warfare">Industrial</a></li>
  69. <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth-generation_warfare" title="Fourth-generation warfare">Fourth-Gen</a></li>
  70. </ul>
  71. </li>
  72. </ul>
  73. </div>
  74. </div>
  75. </td>
  76. </tr>
  77. <tr>
  78. <td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em">
  79. <div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border:none;padding:0">
  80. <div class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%;background:transparent;text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Battlespace" title="Battlespace">Battlespace</a></div>
  81. <div class="NavContent" style="font-size:105%;padding:0.2em 0 0.4em;text-align:center">
  82. <ul>
  83. <li><a href="/wiki/Aerial_warfare" title="Aerial warfare">Air</a></li>
  84. <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberwarfare" title="Cyberwarfare">Cyber</a></li>
  85. <li><a href="/wiki/Information_warfare" title="Information warfare">Information</a></li>
  86. <li><a href="/wiki/Ground_warfare" title="Ground warfare">Land</a></li>
  87. <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_warfare" title="Naval warfare">Sea</a></li>
  88. <li><a href="/wiki/Space_warfare" title="Space warfare">Space</a></li>
  89. </ul>
  90. </div>
  91. </div>
  92. </td>
  93. </tr>
  94. <tr>
  95. <td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em">
  96. <div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border:none;padding:0">
  97. <div class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%;background:transparent;text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Weapon" title="Weapon">Weapons</a></div>
  98. <div class="NavContent" style="font-size:105%;padding:0.2em 0 0.4em;text-align:center">
  99. <ul>
  100. <li><a href="/wiki/Armoured_warfare" title="Armoured warfare">Armor</a></li>
  101. <li><a href="/wiki/Artillery" title="Artillery">Artillery</a></li>
  102. <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_warfare" title="Biological warfare">Biological</a></li>
  103. <li><a href="/wiki/Cavalry" title="Cavalry">Cavalry</a></li>
  104. <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_warfare" title="Chemical warfare">Chemical</a></li>
  105. <li><a href="/wiki/Conventional_warfare" title="Conventional warfare">Conventional</a></li>
  106. <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberweapon" title="Cyberweapon">Cyber</a></li>
  107. <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_warfare" title="Electronic warfare">Electronic</a></li>
  108. <li><a href="/wiki/Infantry" title="Infantry">Infantry</a></li>
  109. <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_warfare" title="Nuclear warfare">Nuclear</a></li>
  110. <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_warfare" title="Psychological warfare">Psychological</a></li>
  111. <li><a href="/wiki/Unconventional_warfare" title="Unconventional warfare">Unconventional</a></li>
  112. </ul>
  113. </div>
  114. </div>
  115. </td>
  116. </tr>
  117. <tr>
  118. <td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em">
  119. <div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border:none;padding:0">
  120. <div class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%;background:transparent;text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Military_tactics" title="Military tactics">Tactics</a></div>
  121. <div class="NavContent" style="font-size:105%;padding:0.2em 0 0.4em;text-align:center">
  122. <ul>
  123. <li><a href="/wiki/Air_combat_manoeuvring" title="Air combat manoeuvring">Aerial</a></li>
  124. <li><a href="/wiki/Battle" title="Battle">Battle</a></li>
  125. <li><a href="/wiki/Cavalry_tactics" title="Cavalry tactics">Cavalry</a></li>
  126. <li><a href="/wiki/Charge_(warfare)" title="Charge (warfare)">Charge</a></li>
  127. <li><a href="/wiki/Counterattack" title="Counterattack">Counterattack</a></li>
  128. <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-insurgency" title="Counter-insurgency">Counter-insurgency</a></li>
  129. <li><a href="/wiki/Cover_(military)" title="Cover (military)">Cover</a></li>
  130. <li><a href="/wiki/Defensive_fighting_position" title="Defensive fighting position">Foxhole</a></li>
  131. <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare" title="Guerrilla warfare">Guerrilla warfare</a></li>
  132. <li><a href="/wiki/Morale" title="Morale">Morale</a></li>
  133. <li><a href="/wiki/Siege" title="Siege">Siege</a></li>
  134. <li><a href="/wiki/Swarming_(military)" title="Swarming (military)">Swarming</a></li>
  135. <li><a href="/wiki/Tactical_objective" title="Tactical objective">Tactical objective</a></li>
  136. <li><a href="/wiki/Trench_warfare" title="Trench warfare">Trench warfare</a></li>
  137. </ul>
  138. </div>
  139. </div>
  140. </td>
  141. </tr>
  142. <tr>
  143. <td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em">
  144. <div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border:none;padding:0">
  145. <div class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%;background:transparent;text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Operational_level_of_war" title="Operational level of war">Operational</a></div>
  146. <div class="NavContent" style="font-size:105%;padding:0.2em 0 0.4em;text-align:center">
  147. <ul>
  148. <li><i><a href="/wiki/Blitzkrieg" title="Blitzkrieg">Blitzkrieg</a></i></li>
  149. <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_operation" title="Deep operation">Deep operation</a></li>
  150. <li><a href="/wiki/Maneuver_warfare" title="Maneuver warfare">Maneuver warfare</a></li>
  151. <li><a href="/wiki/Operational_manoeuvre_group" title="Operational manoeuvre group">Operational manoeuvre group</a></li>
  152. </ul>
  153. </div>
  154. </div>
  155. </td>
  156. </tr>
  157. <tr>
  158. <td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em">
  159. <div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border:none;padding:0">
  160. <div class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%;background:transparent;text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Military_strategy" title="Military strategy">Strategy</a></div>
  161. <div class="NavContent" style="font-size:105%;padding:0.2em 0 0.4em;text-align:center">
  162. <ul>
  163. <li><a href="/wiki/Attrition_warfare" title="Attrition warfare">Attrition</a></li>
  164. <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-offensive" title="Counter-offensive">Counter-offensive</a></li>
  165. <li><a href="/wiki/Military_deception" title="Military deception">Deception</a></li>
  166. <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_defence" title="Strategic defence">Defensive</a></li>
  167. <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_goal_(military)" title="Strategic goal (military)">Goal</a></li>
  168. <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_strategy" title="Naval strategy">Naval</a></li>
  169. <li><a href="/wiki/Offensive_(military)" title="Offensive (military)">Offensive</a></li>
  170. </ul>
  171. </div>
  172. </div>
  173. </td>
  174. </tr>
  175. <tr>
  176. <td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em">
  177. <div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border:none;padding:0">
  178. <div class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%;background:transparent;text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Grand_strategy" title="Grand strategy">Grand strategy</a></div>
  179. <div class="NavContent" style="font-size:105%;padding:0.2em 0 0.4em;text-align:center">
  180. <ul>
  181. <li><a href="/wiki/Containment" title="Containment">Containment</a></li>
  182. <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_warfare" title="Economic warfare">Economic warfare</a></li>
  183. <li><a href="/wiki/Limited_war" title="Limited war">Limited war</a></li>
  184. <li><a href="/wiki/Military_science" title="Military science">Military science</a></li>
  185. <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_war" title="Philosophy of war">Philosophy of war</a></li>
  186. <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_studies" title="Strategic studies">Strategic studies</a></li>
  187. <li><a href="/wiki/Total_war" title="Total war">Total war</a></li>
  188. </ul>
  189. </div>
  190. </div>
  191. </td>
  192. </tr>
  193. <tr>
  194. <td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em">
  195. <div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border:none;padding:0">
  196. <div class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%;background:transparent;text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Military_organization" title="Military organization">Organization</a></div>
  197. <div class="NavContent" style="font-size:105%;padding:0.2em 0 0.4em;text-align:center">
  198. <ul>
  199. <li><a href="/wiki/Command_and_control" title="Command and control">Command and control</a></li>
  200. <li><a href="/wiki/Military_doctrine" title="Military doctrine">Doctrine</a></li>
  201. <li><a href="/wiki/Military_education_and_training" title="Military education and training">Education and training</a></li>
  202. <li><a href="/wiki/Military_engineering" title="Military engineering">Engineers</a></li>
  203. <li><a href="/wiki/Military_intelligence" title="Military intelligence">Intelligence</a></li>
  204. <li><a href="/wiki/Military_rank" title="Military rank">Ranks</a></li>
  205. <li><a href="/wiki/Staff_(military)" title="Staff (military)">Staff</a></li>
  206. <li><a href="/wiki/Military_technology" title="Military technology">Technology and equipment</a></li>
  207. </ul>
  208. </div>
  209. </div>
  210. </td>
  211. </tr>
  212. <tr>
  213. <td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em">
  214. <div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border:none;padding:0">
  215. <div class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%;background:transparent;text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Military_logistics" title="Military logistics">Logistics</a></div>
  216. <div class="NavContent" style="font-size:105%;padding:0.2em 0 0.4em;text-align:center">
  217. <ul>
  218. <li><a href="/wiki/Arms_industry" title="Arms industry">Arms industry</a></li>
  219. <li><a href="/wiki/Materiel" title="Materiel">Materiel</a></li>
  220. <li><a href="/wiki/Military_supply_chain_management" title="Military supply chain management">Supply chain management</a></li>
  221. </ul>
  222. </div>
  223. </div>
  224. </td>
  225. </tr>
  226. <tr>
  227. <td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em">
  228. <div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border:none;padding:0">
  229. <div class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%;background:transparent;text-align:left">Related</div>
  230. <div class="NavContent" style="font-size:105%;padding:0.2em 0 0.4em;text-align:center">
  231. <ul>
  232. <li><a href="/wiki/Asymmetric_warfare" title="Asymmetric warfare">Asymmetric warfare</a></li>
  233. <li><a href="/wiki/Broken-Backed_War_Theory" title="Broken-Backed War Theory">Broken-Backed War Theory</a></li>
  234. <li><a href="/wiki/Court-martial" title="Court-martial">Court-martial</a></li>
  235. <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_war_(general_term)" title="Cold war (general term)">Cold war</a></li>
  236. <li><a href="/wiki/Deterrence_theory" title="Deterrence theory">Deterrence theory</a></li>
  237. <li><a href="/wiki/Horses_in_warfare" title="Horses in warfare">Horses in warfare</a></li>
  238. <li><a href="/wiki/Irregular_warfare" title="Irregular warfare">Irregular warfare</a></li>
  239. <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_war" title="Law of war">Law of war</a></li>
  240. <li><a href="/wiki/Mercenary" title="Mercenary">Mercenary</a></li>
  241. <li><a href="/wiki/Military_campaign" title="Military campaign">Military campaign</a></li>
  242. <li><a href="/wiki/Military_operation" title="Military operation">Military operation</a></li>
  243. <li><a href="/wiki/Network-centric_warfare" title="Network-centric warfare">Network-centric warfare</a></li>
  244. <li><a href="/wiki/Operations_research" title="Operations research">Operations research</a></li>
  245. <li><a href="/wiki/Principles_of_war" title="Principles of war">Principles of war</a></li>
  246. <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Proxy war</a></li>
  247. <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_war" title="Religious war">Religious war</a></li>
  248. <li><a href="/wiki/Theater_(warfare)" title="Theater (warfare)">Theater</a></li>
  249. <li><a href="/wiki/Tripwire_force" title="Tripwire force">Tripwire force</a></li>
  250. <li><a href="/wiki/War_crime" title="War crime">War crime</a></li>
  251. <li><a href="/wiki/War_film" title="War film">War film</a></li>
  252. <li><a href="/wiki/Military_exercise" title="Military exercise">War game</a></li>
  253. <li><a href="/wiki/War_novel" title="War novel">War novel</a></li>
  254. <li><a href="/wiki/Wartime_sexual_violence" title="Wartime sexual violence">Wartime sexual violence</a></li>
  255. <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_war" title="Women in war">Women in war</a></li>
  256. <li><a href="/wiki/World_war" title="World war">World war</a></li>
  257. <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_war" title="Colonial war">Colonial war</a></li>
  258. </ul>
  259. </div>
  260. </div>
  261. </td>
  262. </tr>
  263. <tr>
  264. <td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em">
  265. <div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border:none;padding:0">
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  268. <ul>
  269. <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_battles" title="Lists of battles">Battles</a></li>
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  290. </ul>
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  292. </td>
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  294. </table>
  295. <p>A <b>proxy war</b> is a conflict between two states or <a href="/wiki/Non-state_actor" title="Non-state actor">non-state actors</a> where neither entity directly engages the other. While this can encompass a breadth of armed confrontation, its core definition hinges on two separate powers utilizing external strife to somehow attack the interests or territorial holdings of the other. This frequently involves both countries fighting their opponent's allies, or assisting their allies in fighting their opponent.</p>
  296. <p>Proxy wars have been especially common since the close of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> and the rise of the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, and were a defining aspect of global conflict during the latter half of the 20th century. Much of this was motivated by fears that direct conflict between the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> and <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> would result in <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_holocaust" title="Nuclear holocaust">nuclear holocaust</a>, rendering proxy wars a safer way of exercising hostilities.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup> There were also more immediate reasons for the emergence of proxy war on the global stage. During its later years, the USSR often found it less expensive to arm or otherwise prop up NATO-antagonistic parties in lieu of direct engagement.<sup id="cite_ref-A_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A-2">[2]</a></sup> In addition, the proliferation of televised media and its impact on public perception made the U.S. public especially susceptible to <a href="/wiki/War-weariness" title="War-weariness">war-weariness</a> and skeptical of risking American life abroad.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup> This led to the practice of arming insurgent forces, such as the funneling of supplies to the <a href="/wiki/Mujahideen" title="Mujahideen">Mujahideen</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet–Afghan War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-B_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-B-4">[4]</a></sup></p>
  297. <p>Proxy wars can also emerge from independent conflicts escalating due to the intervention of external powers. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a> began as a civil war between the pro-<a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">fascist</a> revolutionary <a href="/wiki/Nationalist_faction_(Spanish_Civil_War)" title="Nationalist faction (Spanish Civil War)">Nationalists</a>, and the supporters of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Republic">Spanish Republic</a>, called <a href="/wiki/Republican_faction_(Spanish_Civil_War)" title="Republican faction (Spanish Civil War)">Republicans</a>. However, it evolved into a proxy war as <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> and its allies began supporting the Nationalists, while the USSR, <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> and <a href="/wiki/International_Brigades" title="International Brigades">various international volunteers</a> supported the Republicans.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup></p>
  298. <p></p>
  299. <div id="toc" class="toc">
  300. <div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr" xml:lang="en">
  301. <h2>Contents</h2>
  302. </div>
  303. <ul>
  304. <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#As_abstract"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">As abstract</span></a></li>
  305. <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Effects"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Effects</span></a></li>
  306. <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
  307. <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
  308. </ul>
  309. </div>
  310. <p></p>
  311. <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="As_abstract">As abstract</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proxy_war&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Edit section: As abstract">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
  312. <p>A significant disparity in the belligerents' conventional military strength may motivate the weaker party to begin or continue a conflict through allied nations or non-state actors. Such a situation arose during the <a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_conflict" title="Arab–Israeli conflict">Arab–Israeli conflict</a>, which continued as a series of proxy wars following <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel's</a> decisive defeat of the <a href="/wiki/Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab">Arab</a> coalitions in the <a href="/wiki/1948_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_War" title="1948 Arab–Israeli War">1948 Arab–Israeli War</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">Six-Day War</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War" title="Yom Kippur War">Yom Kippur War</a>. The coalition members, upon failing to achieve military dominance via direct conventional warfare, have since resorted to funding armed insurgent and paramilitary organizations, such as <a href="/wiki/Hezbollah" title="Hezbollah">Hezbollah</a>, to engage in irregular combat against Israel.<sup id="cite_ref-D_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-D-6">[6]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-E_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-E-7">[7]</a></sup></p>
  313. <p>Additionally, the governments of some nations, particularly liberal <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democracies</a>, may choose to engage in proxy warfare (despite military superiority) when a majority of their citizens oppose declaring or entering a conventional war.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8">[8]</a></sup> This featured prominently in US strategy following the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>, due to the so-called "<a href="/wiki/Vietnam_Syndrome" title="Vietnam Syndrome">Vietnam Syndrome</a>" of extreme <a href="/wiki/War-weariness" title="War-weariness">war weariness</a> among the American population. This was also a significant factor in motivating the US to enter conflicts such as the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Civil_War" title="Syrian Civil War">Syrian Civil War</a> via proxy actors, after a series of costly, drawn-out direct engagements in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a> spurred a recurrence of war weariness, a so-called "<a href="/wiki/War_on_Terror" title="War on Terror">War on Terror</a> syndrome".<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8">[8]</a></sup></p>
  314. <p>Nations may also resort to proxy warfare to avoid potential negative international reactions from allied nations, profitable trading partners, or intergovernmental organizations such as the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>. This is especially significant when standing peace treaties, acts of alliance, or other international agreements ostensibly forbid direct warfare: breaking such agreements could lead to a variety of negative consequences due to either negative international reaction (see above), punitive provisions listed in the prior agreement, or retaliatory action by the other parties and their allies.</p>
  315. <p>In some cases, nations may be motivated to engage in proxy warfare due to financial concerns: supporting irregular troops, insurgents, non-state actors, or less-advanced allied militaries (often with obsolete or surplus equipment) can be significantly cheaper than deploying national armed forces, and the proxies usually bear the brunt of casualties and economic damage resulting from prolonged conflict.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></sup></p>
  316. <p>Another common motivating factor is the existence of a <a href="/wiki/Security_dilemma" title="Security dilemma">security dilemma</a>. <span class="clarify-content" style="padding-left:0.1em; padding-right:0.1em; color:#595959; border:1px solid #DDD;">Leaders that feel threatened by a rival nation's military power may respond aggressively to perceived efforts by the rival to strengthen their position, such as military intervention to install a more favorable government in a third-party state.</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Clarify" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="Sentence is garbled and hard to parse. (April 2017)">clarify</span></a></i>]</sup> They may respond by attempting to undermine such efforts, often by backing parties favorable to their own interests (such as those directly or indirectly under their control, sympathetic to their cause, or ideologically aligned). In this case, if one or both rivals come to believe that their favored faction is at a disadvantage, they will often respond by escalating military and/or financial support.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></sup> If their counterpart(s), perceiving a material threat or desiring to avoid the appearance of weakness or defeat, follow suit, a proxy war ensues between the two powers. This was a major factor in many of the proxy wars during the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> between the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">US</a> and <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">USSR</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></sup> as well as in the ongoing series of conflicts between <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, especially in <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Civil_War" title="Syrian Civil War">Syria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a></sup></p>
  317. <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Effects">Effects</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proxy_war&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Edit section: Effects">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
  318. <p>Proxy wars can have a huge impact, especially on the local area. A proxy war with significant effects occurred between the United States and the USSR during the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>. In particular, the bombing campaign <a href="/wiki/Operation_Rolling_Thunder" title="Operation Rolling Thunder">Operation Rolling Thunder</a> destroyed significant amounts of infrastructure, making life more difficult for <a href="/wiki/North_Vietnam" title="North Vietnam">North Vietnamese</a> citizens. In addition, unexploded bombs dropped during the campaign have killed tens of thousands since the war ended, not only in <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>, but also in <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a></sup> Also significant was the <a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet–Afghan War</a>, which cost thousands of lives and billions of dollars,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a></sup> bankrupting the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> and contributing to its collapse.<sup id="cite_ref-A_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A-2">[2]</a></sup></p>
  319. <p>Proxy wars generally have a destabilizing effect. For example, in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>, proxy wars between <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> and between <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">Palestine</a> have devastated the region. These<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> conflicts have resulted in, among other things, the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Civil_War" title="Syrian Civil War">Syrian Civil War</a>, the rise of <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant" title="Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant">ISIL</a>, the current civil war in <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a>, and the reemergence of the <a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a>. Since 2003, more than 500,000 have died in <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a></sup> Since 2011, more than 220,000 have died in <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-C_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-C-18">[18]</a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a>, over 1,000 have died in just one month.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>, more than 8,000 have died since 2000.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>, more than 17,000 have been killed since 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, more than 57,000 have been killed since 2003.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a></sup></p>
  320. <p>In general, the lengths, intensities, and scales of existing armed conflicts are often greatly increased when belligerents' capabilities are augmented by external support. Belligerents are often less likely to engage in diplomatic negotiations, peace talks are less likely to bear fruit, and damage to infrastructure can be many times greater.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a></sup></p>
  321. <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proxy_war&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
  322. <div class="div-col columns column-count column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2;">
  323. <ul>
  324. <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Civil_War" title="Greek Civil War">Greek Civil War 1946–1949</a></li>
  325. <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War 1950–1953</a></li>
  326. <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis" title="Cuban Missile Crisis">Cuban Missile Crisis</a></li>
  327. <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></li>
  328. <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Civil_War" title="Lebanese Civil War">Lebanese Civil War 1975–1990</a></li>
  329. <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_Revolution" title="Nicaraguan Revolution">Nicaraguan Revolution</a></li>
  330. <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Congo_War" title="Second Congo War">Second Congo War</a></li>
  331. <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Donbass" title="War in Donbass">War in Donbass</a></li>
  332. <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a></li>
  333. <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Civil_War" title="Syrian Civil War">Syrian Civil War</a><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a></sup></li>
  334. <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_Civil_War_(2015%E2%80%93present)" title="Yemeni Civil War (2015–present)">Yemeni Civil War</a></li>
  335. <li><a href="/wiki/Kargil_War" title="Kargil War">Kargil War</a></li>
  336. <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara_War" title="Western Sahara War">Western Sahara War</a></li>
  337. </ul>
  338. </div>
  339. <ul>
  340. <li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_Civil_War" title="Angolan Civil War">Angolan Civil War</a></li>
  341. </ul>
  342. <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proxy_war&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
  343. <div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;">
  344. <ol class="references">
  345. <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wilde, Robert. "Mutually Assured Destruction." About Education. About.com, n.d. Web. 23 April 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://europeanhistory.about.com/od/glossary/g/glmad.htm">[1]</a>.</span></li>
  346. <li id="cite_note-A-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-A_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-A_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Prof CJ. "Ep. 0014: Fall of the Soviet Empire." Prof CJ, 21 July 2014. MP3 file.</span></li>
  347. <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Curtis, Anthony R. "Mass Media Influence on Society." University of North Carolina at Pembroke, 23 June 2012. PDF file.</span></li>
  348. <li id="cite_note-B-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-B_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Editors of Encyclopædia Britannica. "Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., n.d. Web. 23 April 2015. &lt;<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1499983/Soviet-invasion-of-Afghanistan">http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1499983/Soviet-invasion-of-Afghanistan</a>&gt;.</span></li>
  349. <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Editors of Encyclopædia Britannica. "Spanish Civil War." <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>, n.d. Web. 23 April 2015. &lt;<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/558032/Spanish-Civil-War">http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/558032/Spanish-Civil-War</a>&gt;.</span></li>
  350. <li id="cite_note-D-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-D_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Masters, Jonathan, and Zachary Laub. "Hezbollah (a.k.a. Hizbollah, Hizbu'llah)." Council on Foreign Relations. Council on Foreign Relations, 3 January 2014. Web. 28 April 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.cfr.org/lebanon/hezbollah-k-hizbollah-hizbullah/p9155">[2]</a>.</span></li>
  351. <li id="cite_note-E-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-E_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Laub, Zachary. "Hamas." Council on Foreign Relations. Council on Foreign Relations, 1 August 2014. Web. 28 April 2015. &lt;<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.cfr.org/israel/hamas/p8968">http://www.cfr.org/israel/hamas/p8968</a>&gt;.</span></li>
  352. <li id="cite_note-:0-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Mumford, Andrew (1 April 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03071847.2013.787733">"Proxy Warfare and the Future of Conflict"</a>. <i>The RUSI Journal</i>. <b>158</b> (2): 40–46. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1080%2F03071847.2013.787733">10.1080/03071847.2013.787733</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0307-1847">0307-1847</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+RUSI+Journal&amp;rft.atitle=Proxy+Warfare+and+the+Future+of+Conflict&amp;rft.volume=158&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=40-46&amp;rft.date=2013-04-01&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F03071847.2013.787733&amp;rft.issn=0307-1847&amp;rft.aulast=Mumford&amp;rft.aufirst=Andrew&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1080%2F03071847.2013.787733&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProxy+war" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
  353. <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://repository.library.georgetown.edu/handle/10822/553084">"War on the cheap?: assessing the costs and benefits of proxy war"</a>. <i>repository.library.georgetown.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-09-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=repository.library.georgetown.edu&amp;rft.atitle=War+on+the+cheap%3F%3A+assessing+the+costs+and+benefits+of+proxy+war&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frepository.library.georgetown.edu%2Fhandle%2F10822%2F553084&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProxy+war" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
  354. <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Jervis, Robert (Jan 1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/polisci/faculty/trachtenberg/guide/jervissecdil.pdf">"Cooperation Under the Security Dilemma"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i>World Politics</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=World+Politics&amp;rft.atitle=Cooperation+Under+the+Security+Dilemma&amp;rft.date=1978-01&amp;rft.aulast=Jervis&amp;rft.aufirst=Robert&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sscnet.ucla.edu%2Fpolisci%2Ffaculty%2Ftrachtenberg%2Fguide%2Fjervissecdil.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProxy+war" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
  355. <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/news/briefing/21589431-bringing-end-conflicts-within-states-vexatious-history-provides-guide">"How to stop the fighting, sometimes"</a>. <i>The Economist</i>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0013-0613">0013-0613</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-09-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Economist&amp;rft.atitle=How+to+stop+the+fighting%2C+sometimes&amp;rft.issn=0013-0613&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fnews%2Fbriefing%2F21589431-bringing-end-conflicts-within-states-vexatious-history-provides-guide&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProxy+war" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
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  358. <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2014/09/saudi-arabia-iran-great-game-ye-201492984846324440.html">"Saudi Arabia, Iran and the 'Great Game' in Yemen"</a>. Al Jazeera<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-09-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Saudi+Arabia%2C+Iran+and+the+%27Great+Game%27+in+Yemen&amp;rft.pub=Al+Jazeera&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Findepth%2Fopinion%2F2014%2F09%2Fsaudi-arabia-iran-great-game-ye-201492984846324440.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProxy+war" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
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  360. <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan and the U.S. Response, 1978–1980." U.S. Department of State Office of the Historian. U.S. Department of State, 31 October 2013. Web. 28 April 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://history.state.gov/milestones/1977-1980/soviet-invasion-afghanistan">[4]</a>.</span></li>
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  366. <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Fatalities in Terrorist Violence in Pakistan 2003–2015." SATP. SATP, 26 April 2015. Web. 28 April 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/pakistan/database/casualties.htm">[9]</a>.</span></li>
  367. <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://politicalviolenceataglance.org/2015/08/27/why-proxy-wars-in-the-middle-east-are-probably-here-to-stay/">"Why Proxy Wars in the Middle East Are (Probably) Here to Stay"</a>. <i>Political Violence @ a Glance</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-09-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Political+Violence+%40+a+Glance&amp;rft.atitle=Why+Proxy+Wars+in+the+Middle+East+Are+%28Probably%29+Here+to+Stay&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpoliticalviolenceataglance.org%2F2015%2F08%2F27%2Fwhy-proxy-wars-in-the-middle-east-are-probably-here-to-stay%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProxy+war" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
  368. <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Balcells, L.; Kalyvas, S. N. (1 January 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jcr.sagepub.com/cgi/doi/10.1177/0022002714547903">"Does Warfare Matter? Severity, Duration, and Outcomes of Civil Wars"</a>. <i>Journal of Conflict Resolution</i>. <b>58</b> (8). <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1177%2F0022002714547903">10.1177/0022002714547903</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Conflict+Resolution&amp;rft.atitle=Does+Warfare+Matter%3F+Severity%2C+Duration%2C+and+Outcomes+of+Civil+Wars&amp;rft.volume=58&amp;rft.issue=8&amp;rft.date=2014-01-01&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0022002714547903&amp;rft.aulast=Balcells&amp;rft.aufirst=L.&amp;rft.au=Kalyvas%2C+S.+N.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjcr.sagepub.com%2Fcgi%2Fdoi%2F10.1177%2F0022002714547903&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProxy+war" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
  369. <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-26116868">"Syria: The story of the conflict"</a>. BBC News. 9 October 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-11-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Syria%3A+The+story+of+the+conflict&amp;rft.pub=BBC+News&amp;rft.date=2015-10-09&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-middle-east-26116868&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProxy+war" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
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  461. <div id="p-logo" role="banner"><a class="mw-wiki-logo" href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page"></a></div>
  462. <div class="portal" role="navigation" id='p-navigation' aria-labelledby='p-navigation-label'>
  463. <h3 id='p-navigation-label'>Navigation</h3>
  464. <div class="body">
  465. <ul>
  466. <li id="n-mainpage-description"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-featuredcontent"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Featured_content" title="Featured content – the best of Wikipedia">Featured content</a></li><li id="n-currentevents"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Find background information on current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Load a random article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-sitesupport"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&amp;utm_medium=sidebar&amp;utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&amp;uselang=en" title="Support us">Donate to Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-shoplink"><a href="//shop.wikimedia.org" title="Visit the Wikipedia store">Wikipedia store</a></li> </ul>
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  469. <div class="portal" role="navigation" id='p-interaction' aria-labelledby='p-interaction-label'>
  470. <h3 id='p-interaction-label'>Interaction</h3>
  471. <div class="body">
  472. <ul>
  473. <li id="n-help"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Find out about Wikipedia">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-portal"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="About the project, what you can do, where to find things">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes in the wiki [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-contactpage"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact page</a></li> </ul>
  474. </div>
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  477. <h3 id='p-tb-label'>Tools</h3>
  478. <div class="body">
  479. <ul>
  480. <li id="t-whatlinkshere"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Proxy_war" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Proxy_war" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-specialpages"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q">Special pages</a></li><li id="t-permalink"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proxy_war&amp;oldid=813524437" title="Permanent link to this revision of the page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proxy_war&amp;action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-wikibase"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q864113" title="Link to connected data repository item [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li><li id="t-cite"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&amp;page=Proxy_war&amp;id=813524437" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li> </ul>
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  483. <div class="portal" role="navigation" id='p-coll-print_export' aria-labelledby='p-coll-print_export-label'>
  484. <h3 id='p-coll-print_export-label'>Print/export</h3>
  485. <div class="body">
  486. <ul>
  487. <li id="coll-create_a_book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Book&amp;bookcmd=book_creator&amp;referer=Proxy+war">Create a book</a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rdf2latex"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:ElectronPdf&amp;page=Proxy+war&amp;action=show-download-screen">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proxy_war&amp;printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul>
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  490. <div class="portal" role="navigation" id='p-lang' aria-labelledby='p-lang-label'>
  491. <h3 id='p-lang-label'>Languages</h3>
  492. <div class="body">
  493. <ul>
  494. <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stellvertreterkrieg" title="Stellvertreterkrieg – Alemannisch" lang="als" hreflang="als" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A9" title="حرب بالوكالة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasit%C9%99%C3%A7ilik_m%C3%BCharib%C9%99si" title="Vasitəçilik müharibəsi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_subsidi%C3%A0ria" title="Guerra subsidiària – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%A1stupn%C3%A1_v%C3%A1lka" title="Zástupná válka – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stedfortr%C3%A6derkrig" title="Stedfortræderkrig – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stellvertreterkrieg" title="Stellvertreterkrieg – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varis%C3%B5da" title="Varisõda – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%B5%CF%83%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%B2%CE%B7%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%82_%CF%80%CF%8C%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Διαμεσολαβητικός πόλεμος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_subsidiaria" title="Guerra subsidiaria – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF_%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="جنگ نیابتی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerre_par_procuration" title="Guerre par procuration – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8C%80%EB%A6%AC%EC%A0%84" title="대리전 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7" title="परोक्ष युद्ध – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rat_preko_posrednika" title="Rat preko posrednika – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perang_proksi" title="Perang proksi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%94_%D7%91%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%A6%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%97" title="מלחמה באמצעות שליח – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stellvertriederkrich" title="Stellvertriederkrich – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perang_proksi" title="Perang proksi – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oorlog_bij_volmacht" title="Oorlog bij volmacht – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BB%A3%E7%90%86%E6%88%A6%E4%BA%89" title="代理戦争 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stedfortrederkrig" title="Stedfortrederkrig – Norwegian" lang="no" hreflang="no" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wojna_zast%C4%99pcza" title="Wojna zastępcza – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_por_procura%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Guerra por procuração – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Опосредованная война – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gherra_pro_procura" title="Gherra pro procura – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proxy_war" title="Proxy war – Simple English" lang="simple" hreflang="simple" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A_%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF" title="پرائي جنگ – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%82_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Рат преко посредника – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rat_preko_posrednika" title="Rat preko posrednika – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sijaissota" title="Sijaissota – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ombudskrig" title="Ombudskrig – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vek%C3%A2let_sava%C5%9F%C4%B1" title="Vekâlet savaşı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Посередницька війна – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BB%A3%E7%90%86%E4%BA%BA%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" title="代理人戰爭 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul>
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