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Wars in Afghanistan (Military History)

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  1. Introduction
  2.  
  3. The territory and peoples of Afghanistan existed long before the designation of the area as Afghanistan. The Wars of Afghanistan begin well before the founding of an independent Afghanistan in 1747. Just as an understanding of US military history is based on an understanding of the North American colonial period, the Spanish conquests, and the French-Indian Wars, an understanding of Afghanistan’s military history begins before its foundation. The history of the pre-state period includes Alexander the Great’s difficult passage through the area, the Seleucid Dynasty, the blossoming of Bactria, the Kushan Dynasty, the Sasanian Dynasty, the Arab Conquests in Central Asia and Southern Asia, the Seljuk and Ghurid Dynasties, the Mongol Invasion, the unpleasant visit by Tamerlane, and the magnificent Moghul Empire. Some of the excellent general histories in the general overviews section address these events. For the purpose of this article, Afghanistan’s military history is confined to the period when there is a kingdom, emirate, or country known as Afghanistan.
  4.  
  5. General Overviews of the Country of Afghanistan
  6.  
  7. History, geography, religion, culture, and economics shape a nation. Before studying the military history of a country or region, an understanding of the factors and dynamics that shaped that country is important. Regional tactics are an outgrowth of geography, history, society, culture, and equipment. Consequently, descriptions of the land, terrain, peoples, economy, and culture are important in understanding warfare in that particular region. General military histories of a region are also valuable as they provide patterns, change, context, and an ordered approach to the study of warfare. Much of the early available scholarship on Afghanistan is published in English and Russian, a consequence of the Great Game played between Great Britain and the Russian Empire. Other noted scholarship is written in regional languages such as Persian, Dari, Turkic and Arabic. Turkish and German scholarship on Afghanistan are also extensive, particularly in the fields of archaeology, linguistics, and history.
  8.  
  9. General Histories and Cultural Studies
  10.  
  11. How people react is a product of their history (experience) and culture (code of behavior). Since histories and cultures vary, different people will react to similar situations in different ways. Barfield 2010 and Dupree 1973 provide an excellent introduction into the cultural memes of Afghanistan and the influence of their history on those memes. Caroe 1958 provides an in-depth look at Afghanistan’s largest ethnic group. Gankovskiy 1982 and Korgun 2004 offer a Soviet/Russian perspective of the land. Sykes 1940 remains the primary history of Afghanistan. Vartan 1969 looks at the uneven road to modernization that Afghanistan traveled.
  12.  
  13. Barfield, Thomas. Afghanistan: A Cultural and Political History. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2010.
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  15. Barfield is considered the leading US anthropologist studying Afghanistan.
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  17. Caroe, Olaf. The Pathans: 550 B.C.-A.D. 1957. London: Macmillan, 1958.
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  19. An authoritative look at the Pashtun peoples who inhabit Afghanistan and Pakistan.
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  21. Dupree, Louis. Afghanistan. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1973.
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  23. This is the first book to read on Afghanistan. It is the baseline document for understanding Afghanistan’s geography, people, and history. There have been three subsequent editions published.
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  25. Gankovskiy, Yuri V. История Афганистана. Moscow: Mysl’, 1982.
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  27. History of Afghanistan covers the period from prehistoric times to the introduction of Soviet forces.
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  29. Korgun, Viktor. История Афганистана ХХ Век. Moscow: Kraft+, 2004.
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  31. History of Afghanistan in the Twentieth Century utilizes Russian- and English-language sources to examine the personalities, politics, foreign affairs, culture, and development of the nation.
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  33. Sykes, Percy. A History of Afghanistan. 2 vols. London: Macmillan, 1940.
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  35. Excellent military and political history of Afghanistan from prehistory to the outbreak of World War II. Written from a British perspective by a British brigadier general and diplomat with extensive experience in the region including service in Persia, India, and the Middle East.
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  37. Vartan, Gregorian. The Emergence of Modern Afghanistan. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1969.
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  39. An examination of the modernization of Afghanistan from 1880 through World War II.
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  41. Diplomatic Histories
  42.  
  43. Diplomatic and military histories intersect during conflict initiation and termination, but diplomacy continues beyond warfare and reflects the outreach of nation-states toward each other during peacetime and times of tension. Adamec 1967 and Poullada and Poullada 1995 provide understanding of Afghanistan’s overtures to the West.
  44.  
  45. Adamec, Ludwig. Afghanistan, 1900–1923: A Diplomatic History. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1967.
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  47. Examination of Afghanistan’s attempts to open to the Western world while confronting conservative and divisive internal politics.
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  49. Poullada, Leon, and Leila Poullada. The Kingdom of Afghanistan and the United States: 1828–1973. Omaha, NE: Center for Afghanistan Studies, 1995.
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  51. Examination of United States and Afghanistan developing policies from early American explorations until shortly before the Soviet invasion.
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  53. General Military Histories
  54.  
  55. General military histories serve to tie together the use of military power over time and to show interconnectedness: sometimes, one war is a continuation of another, while at other times wars are outside the previous pattern of experience. Adamec 2005 provides an extensive, abbreviated look at Afghan military conflicts, while Baumann 1993 provides a more in-depth, regional look over a shorter period of time. Gankovskiy 1985 provides the best study of the Afghan Armed Forces and Jalali 1964 provides the best Afghan military history. Unfortunately, these last two books are hard to find and are published only in Russian and Dari, respectively. Tanner 2002 is a widely available Afghan military history in English.
  56.  
  57. Adamec, Ludwig. Historical Dictionary of Afghan Wars, Revolutions and Insurgencies. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow, 2005.
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  59. Excellent chronology of Afghanistan’s military history since 1747 and identification of key events and people.
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  61. Baumann, Robert. Russian-Soviet Unconventional Wars in the Caucasus, Central Asia and Afghanistan. Leavenworth Paper Number 20. Fort Leavenworth, KS: Combat Studies Institute, 1993.
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  63. Examination of the Russian conquest of Central Asia, suppression of the Basmachi Rebellion, and the Soviet-Afghan War.
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  65. Gankovskiy, Yuri V. История вооруженных сил Афганистана 1747–1977. Moscow: Nauka, 1985.
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  67. History of the Armed Forces of Afghanistan, 1747–1977 is a Soviet Academy of Sciences book covering the period from the founding of the Kingdom of Afghanistan until the revolution that overthrew the kingdom prior to the Soviet incursion.
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  69. Jalali, Ali Ahmad. Motli’ye Tarikh-I Afghanistan Az Negah-I Askari. 3 Vols. Kabul, Afghanistan: n.p., 1964.
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  71. A Study in Afghanistan’s Military History is very difficult to find and is written in Dari. The author is currently rewriting and updating this work in English. Expected date of publication is 2015.
  72. Find this resource:
  73. Tanner, Stephen. Afghanistan: A Military History from Alexander the Great to the Fall of the Taliban. New York: De Capo, 2002.
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  75. Concise, well-written, widely available history. A good way to get into the subject quickly.
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  77. Reference Works
  78.  
  79. Afghanistan scholars exist but seldom suffer from over-competition. Consequently, the professional collections of articles, journals, and anthologies common in other country disciplines are not as common among scholars who study Afghanistan. Their writings are found in a variety of broader-based journals and individual books. The Center for Afghanistan Studies of the University of Nebraska at Omaha published the Afghanistan Studies Journal from 1988 to 1992 but was unable to sustain the effort. There are a variety of website journals available; however their quality is uneven and their articles are often politically motivated. The Soviet Union/Russia promoted wide scholarship on Afghanistan during and after the Soviet-Afghan War. Ribakov, et al. 2000; Yezhov, et al. 1989; and Belozertsev 1988 provide an example of some of the specialized works available on Afghanistan.
  80.  
  81. Belozertsev, Yevgenie. P. Народное образование в Республике Афганистан. Moscow: Pedagogika, 1988.
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  83. Public Education in the Republic of Afghanistan examines teacher training, subjects, and scholastic standards of public education during the Soviet-Afghan War with an examination of the pre-revolution curriculum.
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  85. Ribakov, R. B., E. M. Reysner, L. B. Alaev, et al. Страницы истории и истортографии Индии и Афганистана. Moscow: Vostochnaya Literatura, 2000.
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  87. Pages of History and Historiography of India and Afghanistan provides a sample of the works of some of the best-known Russian and Soviet Orientalists.
  88. Find this resource:
  89. Yezhov, G. P., N. N. Tumanovitch, V. G. Korgun, et al. Афганистан: История, экономика, культура. Moscow: Nauka, 1989.
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  91. Afghanistan: History, Economics, Culture is a statistical digest of Afghanistan.
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  93. Regional Factors and Spillover Fighting
  94.  
  95. Wars involve neighbors. Even civil wars involve neighbors. Afghanistan’s ethnic populations straddle its borders in all directions. The Wars of Afghanistan cannot be studied without understanding the neighbors: British India/ Pakistan, Persia/Iran, and Russia/Soviet Union/Central Asia.
  96.  
  97. British India
  98.  
  99. British India became increasingly involved with the Kingdom of Afghanistan, particularly after it had expanded to become Afghanistan’s neighbor and frequent antagonist. The British East India Company was formed in 1600 and steadily expanded its influence and governance over India. By 1757, Britain had an Empire in India. Following the Great Indian Mutiny of 1857–1858, the British East India Company was abolished and British India assumed full governance. British India lasted until 1948 and had a long history of military, diplomatic, and economic involvement with Afghanistan. There is a large literature of British-produced histories available for this period. Barthorp 1982, Elliott 1968, and Roe 2010 examine the region bordering Afghanistan that has provided the staging areas and battlefields for centuries of conflict. Farwell 1989 and Mason 1974 look at the institution of the British Indian Army. Churchill 1898 and Skeen 1932 dissect frontier and mountain combat at the tactical level, while Younghusband 1908 examines one of the best-known native forces that fought in the frontier region and Afghanistan.
  100.  
  101. Barthorp, Michael. The North-West Frontier: British India and Afghanistan. London: Blandford, 1982.
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  103. Excellent synopsis of region by a prolific author.
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  105. Churchill, Winston. The Story of the Malakand Field Force: An Episode of Frontier War. London: Longmans Green, 1898.
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  107. Actions of the British Indian Army in the Mamund Valley against Pathan tribesmen advancing from Nowshera to the Malakand Pass in 1897.
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  109. Elliott, J. G. The Frontier 1839–1947: The Story of the North-West Frontier of India. London: Cassell, 1968.
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  111. History of the North-West Frontier of British India bordering Afghanistan from the First Anglo-Afghan War through independence and partition of British India. General Elliott served in the Army of India for thirty-two years.
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  113. Farwell, Byron. Armies of the Raj: From the Great Indian Mutiny to Independence: 1858–1947. New York: W. W. Norton, 1989.
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  115. A popular examination of the British Indian Army.
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  117. Mason, Philip. A Matter of Honour: An Account of the Indian Army, Its Officers and Men. London: Jonathan Cape, 1974.
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  119. Excellent examination of the British Indian Army and its history.
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  121. Roe, Andrew. Waging War in Waziristan: The British Struggle in the Land of Bin Laden, 1849–1947. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2010.
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  123. Examination of the British attempts to control part of their frontier with Afghanistan by a serving officer in the British Army who fought in Afghanistan.
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  125. Skeen, Andrew. Passing It On: Short Talks on Tribal Fighting on the North-West Frontier of India. Aldershot, UK: Gale & Polden, 1932.
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  127. Handbook on frontier fighting for junior officers written by General Skeen who began fighting Pathan (Pashtun) tribesmen in 1897. He was Chief of Staff of the Indian Army from 1924 to 1928.
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  129. Younghusband, George J. The Story of the Guides: The Exploits of the Soldiers of the Famous Indian Army Regiment from the Northwest Frontier 1847–1900. London: Macmillan, 1908.
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  131. History of famed Indian Army unit raised in the Peshawar Valley.
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  133. Pakistan
  134.  
  135. Pakistan was created in 1948 during the partition of British India and Western Pakistan and became Afghanistan’s neighbor. Relations between Afghanistan and Pakistan have been stormy since 1948 despite the fact that both countries contain large numbers of ethnic Pashtun.
  136.  
  137. Cloughley, Brian. A History of the Pakistan Army: War and Insurrections. Karachi and New York: Oxford University Press, 2002.
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  139. Excellent overview of Pakistan’s Army from an experienced military observer who understands how the Pakistani Army actually works.
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  141. Jones, Bennett. Pakistan: Eye of the Storm. Yale University Press, 2002.
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  143. There are lots of histories of Pakistan that cover the same material. This is very readable and portrays the sense that Pakistanis themselves feel that the “experiment of nation” is not yet decided.
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  145. Rashid, Ahmed Rashid. Descent into Chaos: The United States and the Failure of Nation-Building in Pakistan, Afghanistan and Central Asia. New York: Viking, 2008.
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  147. Good look at the region and how others view US efforts in the region.
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  149. Soviet Union/Central Asia
  150.  
  151. Russia, the Soviet Union, and Central Asian countries have alternated in forming Afghanistan’s northern border throughout its history.
  152.  
  153. Schofield, Victoria. Afghan Frontier: Feuding and Fighting in Central Asia. London: Tauris Parke, 2003.
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  155. Excellent military history of Afghanistan and adjacent area.
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  157. Snesarev, Andrei E. Афганистан. Moscow: Gosydarstvennoe uzdatelsvo, 1921.
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  159. Afghanistan is a set of detailed planning lectures for the possible invasion of British India by Bolshevik forces through Afghanistan. It was produced by the leading Russian/Soviet Orientalist of his time. Includes detailed geography, history, and customs of Afghanistan. English-language version published as Andrei Evgenievich Snesarev (translation and commentary by Lester W. Grau and Michael A. Gress), Afghanistan: Preparing for the Bolshevik Incursion into Afghanistan and Attack on India (Solihull, UK: Helion, 2014).
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  161. The Great Game
  162.  
  163. The reader may question why the “Great Game” is included in a bibliography on the Wars of Afghanistan. The “Great Game” was a contest for influence and control in Afghanistan, primarily between Russia and Great Britain (although occasionally Germany and Turkey also participated). It was somewhat like an earlier version of the Cold War, but it lasted much longer—and may still be in play with different actors. The Great Game led to wars, apparently frustrated others, and usually had a military dimension. Fredericks 1971 and Hopkirk 1994 provide excellent histories of the Great Game. Bailey 1992, Hopkirk 1984, and Nazaroff 1993 provide excellent accounts of British intelligence efforts against the newly formed Bolshevik government. Marvin 1882 provides an excellent insight into British fears of Russian intentions. Tikhonov 2003 and Tikhonov 2008 provide a look at the British/German/Soviet struggle for influence in Afghanistan and Central Asia.
  164.  
  165. Bailey, F. M. Mission to Tashkent. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992.
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  167. Reprint of 1946 Jonathan Cape publication of Lieutenant Colonel Bailey’s secret mission in Central Asia aimed at overthrowing the Bolshevik governments. LTC Bailey is one of the better-known British spies who was involved in thwarting Bolshevik intentions in the area.
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  169. Fredericks. The Sepoy and the Cossack. New York: The World, 1971.
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  171. Popular history of the Great Game.
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  173. Hopkirk, Peter. Setting the East Ablaze: On Secret Service in Bolshevik Asia. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1984.
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  175. British secret service actions in Central Asia following World War I.
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  177. Hopkirk, Peter. The Great Game: The Struggle for Empire in Central Asia. New York: Kodansha International, 1994.
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  179. Best history of the Great Game.
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  181. Marvin, Charles. The Russian Advance towards India. London: Sampson Low, Marston, Searle and Rivington, 1882.
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  183. Good example of British thought during the Great Game with Russia. Available as an internet archive.
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  185. Nazaroff, Paul. Hunted through Central Asia: On the Run from Lenin’s Secret Police. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993.
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  187. Memoirs of an agent charged with overthrowing the Bolsheviks in Central Asia in 1918.
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  189. Tikhonov, Yuriy. Афганская война Третьего Рейха. Moscow: Olma, 2003.
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  191. Before and during the Second World War, the German and Soviet secret services were active in Afghanistan. Both hoped to gain advantage over the other. Further, the Germans hoped to raise the Pashtun tribes against British India to tie down British forces. Afghanistan War of the Third Reich: The NKVD versus the Abwehr provides a good look at this understudied topic.
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  193. Tikhonov, Yuriy. Афганская война Сталина: Битва за Центральную Азию. Moscow: Yauza, Eksmo, 2008.
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  195. Stalin’s Afghan War: The Battle for Central Asia is an examination of Lenin’s, Trotsky’s, and eventually Stalin’s maneuvers for influence and control in Afghanistan and Central Asia.
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  197. First Anglo-Afghan War, 1839–1842
  198.  
  199. Britain’s disastrous defeat during the First Anglo-Afghan War should have discouraged further British attempts at meddling in Afghanistan’s internal affairs. It did not. MacRory 1986 is highly enjoyable and ought to be given priority when reading about this war. Burnes 1842 provides a good look at Kabul before the war while Eyre 1976 provides a view of Afghanistan from a prisoner’s perspective. Elliott 1968 and Forbes 1892 provide British-Afghan military histories. Elliott covers the First, Second, and Third Anglo-Afghan Wars plus the frontier skirmishes up to the partition of India, whereas Forbes provides a history of the First and Second Anglo-Afghan Wars. Both were written by officers with long service in the British Army of India. Dalrymple 2013 and Preston 2012 are recent works which expand on MacRory’s work. Yorke 2012 is an examination of the tactical battles.
  200.  
  201. Burnes, Alexander. Cabool: A Personal Narrative of a Journey to, and Residence in That City in the Years 1836, 7, and 8. London: John Murray, 1842.
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  203. Posthumous memoirs of a Scottish explorer and officer in the East India Company who was killed by a mob in Kabul in 1839. The book is available on the internet as a Google book.
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  205. Dalrymple, William. The Return of a King: The Battle for Afghanistan, 1839–42. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2013.
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  207. Well-researched, well-written recent history of the First Anglo-Afghan War by a historian who has written several works about the British East India Company and the region.
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  209. Elliott, J. G. The Frontier 1839–1947: The Story of the North-West Frontier of India. London: Cassell, 1968.
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  211. History of the North-West Frontier of British India bordering Afghanistan from the First Anglo-Afghan War through independence and partition of British India. General Elliott served in the Army of India for thirty-two years.
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  213. Eyre, Vincent. Journal of an Afghanistan Prisoner. London: Routledge & Paul, 1976.
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  215. Lieutenant Eyre was an Afghan hostage during the British withdrawal and recorded his experiences during the battle for Kabul, the British Army’s retreat from Kabul, and his captivity.
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  217. Forbes, Archibald. The Afghan Wars, 1839–42 and 1878–80. London: Seeley, 1892.
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  219. Classic British coverage of the First and Second Anglo-Afghan Wars.
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  221. MacRory, Patrick. Kabul Catastrophe: The Retreat of 1842. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1986.
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  223. Excellent history of the First Anglo-Afghan War.
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  225. Preston, Diana. The Dark Defile: Britain’s Catastrophic Invasion of Afghanistan, 1838–1842. New York: Walker, 2012.
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  227. Author is a prolific writer whose work covers a wide range of times, regions, and events. Excellent maps.
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  229. Yorke, Edmund. Battle Story Kabul 1841–42. Stroud, UK: History Press, 2012.
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  231. This is one of a series of battle books that the author has written about British battles during the reign of Queen Victoria.
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  233. Second Anglo-Afghan War, 1878–1880
  234.  
  235. Great Britain’s success in the Second Anglo-Afghan War left her in charge of Afghanistan’s foreign policy and checked Russian advances toward Afghanistan. Although Afghanistan was never a colony, the war left Great Britain as the dominant partner in its relationship with Afghanistan. Elliott 1968 and Forbes 1892 (both cited under First Anglo-Afghan War, 1839–1842) should also be consulted. Jalali and Grau 2006 and Yaqub 1955 add an Afghan perspective that is often missing from books on Afghanistan. Maxwell 1979 and Robson 1986 provide British operational views of the conflict. Trousdale 1985 provides the diary of General Sir Charles MacGregor, one of the key tactical commanders during the war. Younghusband 1908 provides a history of one of the most famous native units of the British Indian Army which played a key role in this war.
  236.  
  237. Jalali, Ali Ahmad, and Lester Grau. “Expeditionary Forces: Superior Technology Defeated—The Battle of Maiwand.” In The British Army, 1815–1914. Edited by Harold E. Raugh Jr., 345–356. Aldershot, UK: Ashgate, 2006.
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  239. Examination of the Battle of Maiwand from a British and Afghan perspective.
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  241. Maxwell, Leigh. My God—Maiwand! Operations of the South Afghanistan Field Force, 1878–1880. London: Leo Cooper, 1979.
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  243. Excellent British perspective of operations in Southern Afghanistan.
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  245. Robson, Brian. The Road to Kabul: The Second Afghan War, 1878–1881. London: Arms and Armour, 1986.
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  247. Operational view of the British side of the Second Anglo-Afghan War.
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  249. Trousdale, William, ed. War in Afghanistan 1879–80, The Personal Diary of Major General Sir Charles MacGregor. Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1985.
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  251. Diary of the 3rd Brigade commander during the Battle of Kandahar.
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  253. Yaqub, Ali Khafi. Padshahan-e Motaakherine-e Afghanistan. Kabul, Afghanistan: 1955.
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  255. The Recent Kings of Afghanistan is a Dari-language account of the Anglo-Afghan Wars including an eyewitness account of the Battle of Maiwand. Volume 2 covers the Second Anglo-Afghan War.
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  257. Younghusband, George J. The Story of the Guides: The Exploits of the Soldiers of the Famous Indian Army Regiment from the Northwest Frontier 1847–1900. London: Macmillan, 1908.
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  259. History of famed Indian Army unit raised in Peshawar Valley.
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  261. Third Anglo-Afghan War 1919 and Border Skirmishes until 1947
  262.  
  263. During World War I, German agents and delegations tried to raise the Pashtun (Pathan) tribes in Afghanistan and the border areas of British India against British rule. The hope was to tie down British forces in India, keeping them from the trenches of France. The insurrection and invasion came only after World War I had come to an end. The Afghan forces were quickly defeated, yet British peace terms were generous. Afghanistan was again in charge of its own foreign relations. Afghanistan observes the peace treaty signing date as its Independence Day. Elliott 1968 (cited under First Anglo-Afghan War, 1839–1842), Roe 2010, and Skeen 1932 (both cited under British India) are recommended, as is Robson 2004. Trench 1985 provides a history of a native regiment that is still in service today.
  264.  
  265. Robson, Brian. Crisis on the Frontier: The Third Afghan War and the Campaign in Waziristan, 1919–20. Gloucestershire, UK: Spellmount, 2004.
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  267. History of the Third Anglo-Afghan War and follow-up campaign in Waziristan.
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  269. Trench, Charles Chenevix. The Frontier Scouts. London: Jonathan Cape, 1985.
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  271. Highly readable history of the 1878–1947 history of what is now Pakistan’s Frontier Corps. This history accurately reflects current modalities in terms of the nature of the Afghan-Pakistan tribes and the frontier militia’s culture and operations.
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  273. Internal Conflict, 1900–1929
  274.  
  275. Afghanistan’s history is replete with regional rebellions, tribal conflicts, ethnic disputes, and blood feuds. Normally these have not resulted in regime change. Enforced regime change occurred in conjunction with the First and Second Anglo-Afghan Wars, the 1929 putsch and counter-putsch, the 1977 overthrow of the king, the 1978 overthrow of the government by communists, the 1992 overthrow of the communist government by the Mujahideen, the 1996 capture of Kabul by the Taliban, and the 2001 overthrow of the Taliban government by the United States. Most of these are covered by readings for the appropriate era. However, the short-lived 1929 reign of Habib Kalakani does not have a well-developed history, and these two entries represent the best English-language sources for that short revolution. Poulluda 1973 studies the impact of attempted modernization from the Third Anglo-Afghan War leading to the 1929 overthrow. McChesney 1999 translated the memoir of a government official who lived through the 1929 overthrow and countercoup.
  276.  
  277. McChesney, Robert D. Kabul under Siege: Fayz Muhammad’s Account of the 1929 Uprising. Princeton, NJ: Marcus Wiener, 1999.
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  279. Memoir of government official during Habib Allah Kalakani’s coup and short reign.
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  281. Poulluda, Leon. Reform and Rebellion in Afghanistan, 1919–1929. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1973.
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  283. One of the American deans of Afghanistan studies looks at this critical period in the attempted modernization of Afghanistan.
  284. Find this resource:
  285. Soviet-Afghan War, 1979–1989
  286.  
  287. There is a great deal of scholarship, memoirs, and analytical material now available on the Soviet-Afghan War. There is also a large amount of incorrect and sensationalist literature and movies, poor analysis, and shrill propaganda available. The goal of this section is to list the best scholarship by category.
  288.  
  289. General Histories of the War
  290.  
  291. The study of the Soviet-Afghan War was put on a firm foundation by General Aleksandr Lyakhovskiy, whose books, articles and generous donation of archived material allowed a critical analysis of this conflict (Lyakhovskiy 1995, Lyakhovskiy 1999, and Woodrow Wilson Center 2002). Unfortunately, he passed away in February 2009. The Russian official military history is Pikov, et al. 1991. Works by US authors include Amstutz 1986, Feifer 2010, Kalinovsky 2011, and Urban 1988. Matinuddin 1991 provides a Pakistani perspective, while Kakar 1995 provides an Afghan perspective. Baumann 1993 (cited under General Military Histories) provides an abbreviated history.
  292.  
  293. Amstutz, J. Bruce. Afghanistan: The First Five Years of Soviet Occupation. Washington, DC: National Defense University Press, 1986.
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  295. One of the best early books on the then-ongoing Soviet-Afghan War. Written by a Foreign Service Officer.
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  297. Cold War International History Project at the Woodrow Wilson Center, Towards an International History of the War in Afghanistan, 1979–1989. 2 vols. Document Reader for 29–30 April 2002 conference in Washington, DC. Washington, DC: Wilson Center.
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  299. General Lyakhovskiy contributed heavily to this project and is the main source of material.
  300. Find this resource:
  301. Feifer, Gregory. The Great Gamble: The Soviet War in Afghanistan. New York: Harper Perennial, 2010.
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  303. Concise, well-written history of the war by National Public Radio’s Moscow correspondent.
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  305. Kakar, M. Hassan. Afghanistan: The Soviet Invasion and the Afghan Response, 1979–1982. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995.
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  307. Afghan scholar’s examination of the initial period of the war.
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  309. Kalinovsky, Artemy M. A Long Goodbye: The Soviet Withdrawal from Afghanistan. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2011.
  310. DOI: 10.4159/harvard.9780674061040Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  311. Although title indicates the book is dealing with the withdrawal, the book is a history of the entire war with excellent references.
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  313. Lyakhovskiy, Aleksandr. Трагедия и доблесть Афгана. Moscow: Iskona, 1995.
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  315. The Tragedy and Valor of the Veterans of Afghanistan is the best military history of the war in print. General Lyakhovskiy was chief of staff of the Soviet Ministry of Defense operations group in Afghanistan and had access to the political and military archives of the war.
  316. Find this resource:
  317. Lyakhovskiy, Aleksandr. Пламя Афгана. Moscow: Bagrius, 1999.
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  319. The Flame of the Afghanistan Veteran is a revision of Lyakhovskiy 1995 with new details and the passage of time and a better publisher.
  320. Find this resource:
  321. Matinuddin, Kamal. Power Struggle in the Hindu Kush: Afghanistan (1978–1991). Lahore, Pakistan: Wajidalis, 1991.
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  323. Examination of the Soviet-Afghan War and its immediate aftermath by retired Pakistani Lieutenant General, Ambassador, and Director of the Institute of Strategic Studies in Islamabad.
  324. Find this resource:
  325. Pikov, N. I., E. G. Nikitenko, Yu. L. Tegin, and Yu. N. Shvedov. Война в Афгантстане. Moscow: Voyenizdat, 1991.
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  327. War in Afghanistan is the Russian Institute of Military History’s official history of the war. After wading through the Marxist explanations, it is not that bad a book.
  328. Find this resource:
  329. Urban, Mark. War in Afghanistan. New York: St. Martin’s, 1988.
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  331. One of the best early English-language books on the war.
  332. Find this resource:
  333. Mujahideen Resistance
  334.  
  335. The history, ideology and structure of the Mujahideen resistance are discussed in Edwards 2002 and Roy 1986. Jalali and Grau 1998 examines their tactics, while Yousaf and Adkin 2001 examines their ties with the Pakistani intelligence service. Tomsen 2011 discusses personalities, politics, and ideology.
  336.  
  337. Edwards, David. Before Taliban: Genealogies of the Afghan Jihad. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2002.
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  339. An examination of the lives of Nur Muhammad Taraki, Samiullah Safi, and Qazi Amin Waqad, whose dreams of a progressive Afghanistan died with them.
  340. Find this resource:
  341. Jalali, Ali Ahmad, and Lester W. Grau. The Other Side of the Mountain: Mujahideen Tactics in the Soviet-Afghan War. USMC Study DM-980701. Quantico, VA: US Marine Corps, Studies and Analysis Division, 1998.
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  343. Authors interviewed over a hundred Mujahideen commanders to record their infantry tactics. Commercially available from Mentor Enterprises of Huntsville, Alabama.
  344. Find this resource:
  345. Roy, Olivier. Islam and Resistance in Afghanistan. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1986.
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  347. French study of the history, ideology, and structures of the Afghan resistance.
  348. Find this resource:
  349. Tomsen, Peter. The Wars of Afghanistan: Messianic Terrorism, Tribal Conflicts, and the Failures of Great Powers. New York: Public Affairs, 2011.
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  351. Ambassador Tomsen was US Ambassador to the Mujahideen resistance from 1989 to 1992. This book is a history of the Wars of Afghanistan, but focuses mainly on the Soviet-Afghan War and Operation Enduring Freedom.
  352. Find this resource:
  353. Yousaf, Mohammad, and Mark Adkin. Afghanistan: The Bear Trap. Havertown, PA: Casemate, 2001.
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  355. This reprint of the 1992 book provides an excellent look at how the Pakistani Intelligence Service (ISI) provided aid to the Mujahideen and how they understood the unfolding situation in Afghanistan.
  356. Find this resource:
  357. Soviet Tactics and Operations
  358.  
  359. The details of military combat are found mainly in tactics. Ablazov 2005, Markovskiy 2000, and Russian General Staff 2001 provide an examination of the role of aviation in this conflict. Grau 1996, Grau 2002, Institute of Military History 1990, Jalali and Grau 2001, McMichael 1991, Russian General Staff 2001, and Skrynnikov 2009 provide examinations of the tactics, training, and deployment of Russian combat forces during the conflict. Russian General Staff 2001 provides an overall operational look at the Soviet Army.
  360.  
  361. Ablazov, V. I. Над всем Афганистаном безоблачное небо. Kiev, Ukraine: Marko Pak, 2005.
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  363. Afghanistan’s Cloudless Skies Are over Everyone is a look at aviation in Afghanistan through the eyes of Ukrainian servicemen.
  364. Find this resource:
  365. Grau, Lester, ed. The Bear Went over the Mountain: Soviet Combat Tactics in Afghanistan. Washington, DC: National Defense University Press, 1996.
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  367. This book is a translation and commentary of a Frunze Academy (Moscow) book on Soviet infantry tactics and experience as recorded by Soviet officers who fought in Afghanistan. Commercially available from Mentor Enterprises of Huntsville, Alabama.
  368. Find this resource:
  369. Grau, Lester. “The Take-Down of Kabul: An Effective Coup de Main.” In Urban Operations: An Historical Casebook. Editted by William G. Robertson, 291–324. Fort Leavenworth, KS: Combat Studies Institute, 2002.
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  371. Detailed examination of Soviet operation to seize control of Afghanistan’s capital city during the Soviet entry.
  372. Find this resource:
  373. Institute of Military History. Опыт применения советских войск в Респиблике Афганистан. Moscow: Institute of Military History, 1990.
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  375. Experience from the Employment of Soviet Forces in the Republic of Afghanistan is a collection of papers given at a Moscow conference in December 1989. The quality is uneven, but much of the material is unique.
  376. Find this resource:
  377. Jalali, Ali Ahmad, and Lester Grau. “The Campaign for the Caves: The Battles for Zhawar in the Soviet-Afghan War.” Journal of Slavic Military Studies 14.3 (September 2001): 69–92.
  378. DOI: 10.1080/13518040108430488Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  379. Detailed examination of the two battles of Zhawar that attempted to mitigate the strength of Mujahideen commander Jalaluddin Haqqani in the vicinity of Khost.
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  381. Markovskiy, Viktor. Жаркое небо Афганистана. Moscow: Tekhnika-molodezhi, 2000.
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  383. The Hot Skies of Afghanistan is a well-researched book on the history of Soviet aviation in Afghanistan.
  384. Find this resource:
  385. McMichael, Scott R. Stumbling Bear: Soviet Military Performance in Afghanistan. London: Brassey’s, 1991.
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  387. An examination of Soviet combat developed from an examination of the Soviet wartime popular and professional press.
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  389. Russian General Staff. The Soviet-Afghan War: How a Superpower Fought and Lost. Translation and commentary by Lester Grau and Michael Gress. Lawrence: Kansas University Press, 2001.
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  391. Examination of the operational level of war and how the Soviets utilized aviation, artillery, engineers, medical, maintenance, and other branches in their counterinsurgency.
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  393. Skrynnikov, Mikhail. Боевые тропы десанта. Moscow: Eksmo, 2009.
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  395. During Afghanistan, the author served as the Intelligence Officer of the 103rd Guards Airborne Division that fought throughout the duration of the war. The Combat Paths of the Paratroopers is a study of the reconnaissance forces of that division.
  396. Find this resource:
  397. Central Intelligence Agency
  398.  
  399. Arnold 1993 and Bearden and Risen 2003 provide insiders’ views of the CIA involvement in the war. Crile 2003 provides an examination of the political battles behind US support of the Mujahideen. Newell and Newell 1981 provides an early look at the US reaction to the Soviet incursion. Yousaf and Adkin 2001 (cited under Mujahideen Resistance) provides valuable collateral information.
  400.  
  401. Arnold, Anthony. The Fateful Pebble: Afghanistan’s Role in the Fall of the Soviet Empire. Novato, CA: Presidio, 1993.
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  403. Retired CIA analyst’s examination of the war and its impact on the collapse of the Soviet Union.
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  405. Bearden, Milt, and James Risen. The Main Enemy: The Inside Story of the CIA’s Final Showdown with the KGB. New York: Random House, 2003.
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  407. Milt Bearden ran the CIA effort in Afghanistan during much of the war. His chapter on Afghanistan is part of the larger story of the worldwide confrontation between the secret services of the USSR and the United States.
  408. Find this resource:
  409. Crile, George. Charlie Wilson’s War: The Extraordinary Story of the Largest Covert Operation in History. New York: Atlantic Monthly, 2003.
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  411. Examination of the US covert support of the Mujahideen.
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  413. Newell, Nancy, and Richard Newell. The Struggle for Afghanistan. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1981.
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  415. An early and influential book on the US reaction to the Soviet-Afghan War.
  416. Find this resource:
  417. Soviet Memoirs
  418.  
  419. Soviet military memoirs are usually written by key military generals, and the first six of the seven citations are exactly that. Yermakov 1993 is the exception. It is a common soldier’s memoir from the war. Soldiers’ memoirs are rare in any army, but especially in the Soviet Army.
  420.  
  421. Gareev, Makhmut A. Моя последняя война: Афганистан без советских войск. Moscow: INSAN, 1996.
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  423. My Final War: Afghanistan without Soviet Forces is a good history of the war and the authoritative book on Soviet actions in Afghanistan following the withdrawal of the Soviet Armed Forces.
  424. Find this resource:
  425. Gromov, Boris V. Ограниченный контингент. Moscow: Progress, 1994.
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  427. The author, who had three tours in Afghanistan, was the 40th Army commander during the withdrawal of the Soviet forces. Limited Contingent is a fascinating look at the war, but was written at a time when the author had distinct political ambitions.
  428. Find this resource:
  429. Mayorov, Aleksandr. Правда об Афганской войне. Moscow: Prava Chiloveka, 1996.
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  431. General Mayorov was the Chief Military Adviser to the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan (DRA) in 1980–1981. He has several axes to grind, but the map set that comes with The Truth about the Afghan War is great.
  432. Find this resource:
  433. Merimskiy, Viktor. Загадки Афганской войны. Moscow: Veche, 2006.
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  435. Lieutenant General Merimskiy was Deputy Commander of the USSR Ministry of Defense Operations Group in Afghanistan from 1979 to 1984. In this posthumous publication, Enigmas of the Afghanistan War, he describes the initial problems involved with occupying the country and establishing working ties with the Afghan military.
  436. Find this resource:
  437. Varrenikov, Valentin. Неповторимое. 7 vols. Moscow: Sovetskey pisatel’, 2001.
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  439. General Varrenikov was the head of the Ministry of Defense Operations Group in Afghanistan, and these are his memoirs. Volume 5 of Unique deals with his time in Afghanistan.
  440. Find this resource:
  441. Vertelko, Ivan. Служил Советскому Союзу. Moscow: Granitsa, 1996.
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  443. I Served the Soviet Union is the memoir of a World War II veteran who served in Afghanistan as a General Officer.
  444. Find this resource:
  445. Yermakov, Oleg. Afghan Tales: Stories from Russia’s Vietnam. New York: William Morrow, 1993.
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  447. Soviet veteran writes of his experiences.
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  449. Soviet Special Forces (Spetsnaz)
  450.  
  451. The Soviet Union fielded two separate special forces. The Special Forces of the GRU (Main Intelligence Directorate) belonged to the Ministry of Defense. The KGB fielded its own special forces units. The Russian public has been very interested in the history, use, and equipment of their special forces and there has been much written about them. Neshumov 2006 has been included in this section since the border guards belonged to the KGB and units and advisers sent to Afghanistan were used in some very nonstandard ways. Boltunov 1992 and International Patriotic Organization Vimpel provide excellent detail of the use of Spetsnaz in the Kabul coup de main. Kozlov, et al. 2001 and Kozlov 2009 provide excellent, comprehensive histories of Soviet and Russian Special Forces. Kucherova 2009 provides a scholarly examination of Soviet Spetsnaz in Afghanistan (an unusual topic for a female academic), while Mallevanyy 2009 presents an insiders’ view of the same topic. The heavily illustrated book Sukholesskiy 2009 fills in much of the hands-on detail that the broader histories lack.
  452.  
  453. Афганистан, спецоперация в Кабуле 1979 г. Русские коммандос. Moscow: International Patriotic Organization “Vimpel,” 1999.
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  455. “Special Operations in Kabul!!!” has no byline, presumably since the authors were still on active duty. It provides an excellent account of the coup de main in Kabul.
  456. Find this resource:
  457. Boltunov, Mikhail. «Альфа»—Сверхсекретный отряд КГБ. Moscow: KEDR, 1992.
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  459. Alpha—Super-Secret Detachment of the KGB is a potboiler history of the KGB Spetsnaz detachment Alpha that has some good details on the Kabul coup de main.
  460. Find this resource:
  461. Kozlov, S. V. Спецназ ГРУ. Vol. 3, Afghanistan. Moscow: Russkaya panorama, 2009.
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  463. Spetsnaz of the GRU has detailed accounts of tactics, operations, equipment, and lists of personnel in Ministry of Defense Special Forces.
  464. Find this resource:
  465. Kozlov, S. V., A. Budnev, S. Blovin, et al. Спецназ ГРУ.: Пятидесят лет истории, двадцать лет войни. 2d ed. Moscow: SPSL Russkaya panorama, 2001.
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  467. The GRU Spetsnaz: 50 Years of History and 20 Years of War is a history of the Ministry of Defense Special Forces with 178 pages devoted to Afghanistan. This is the most detailed source about the “Muslim Battalion” in the Kabul coup de main.
  468. Find this resource:
  469. Kucherova, Larisa. КГБ в Афганистане. Moscow: Eksmo, 2009.
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  471. KGB in Afghanistan discloses much about the KGB involvement in Afghanistan, but there is still much room for scholarship remaining on this topic.
  472. Find this resource:
  473. Mallevanyy, Valeriy. Советский Спецназ в Афганистане. Moscow: Kuchkovo pole, 2009.
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  475. Author is a former Special Forces officer who served in Afghanistan. Soviet Special Forces in Afghanistan describes the actions and missions of various Spetsnaz groups that fought in Afghanistan.
  476. Find this resource:
  477. Neshumov, Yuri A. Границы Афганистана: Трагедия и уроки. Moscow: Granitsa, 2006.
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  479. The Borders of Afghanistan: Tragedy and Lessons deals with KGB border guard forces and units serving inside Afghanistan during the war.
  480. Find this resource:
  481. Sukholesskiy, Aleksandr. Спецназ ГРУ в Афганистане. Moscow: Artikar 4D-Russkaya Panorama, 2009.
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  483. Spetsnaz GRU in Afghanistan 1979–1989 is a heavily illustrated book showing the equipment, uniforms, and tactics of the Soviet Special Forces in Afghanistan as well as that of other Soviet forces, Afghan forces, and Mujahideen.
  484. Find this resource:
  485. Journalists Covering the War
  486.  
  487. Approved journalists from the Soviet Union and Warsaw Pact were allowed easier access to Afghanistan and enjoyed military protection. Bocharov 1990, Borovik 1990, Borovik 1992, and Verstakov 1991 are postwar books outlining their authors’ experiences and coverage. Naturally, their coverage was the Soviet Army. Gall 1986 and Loyn 2005 provide a British perspective to reporting on the Mujahideen. Grazda 1990 and Kaplan 1990 are by US journalists who reported on guerrilla activity. Guibert, et al. 2009 consists of the work of a French photojournalist: photographs and a “comic book” diary.
  488.  
  489. Bocharov, Gennady. Russian Roulette: Afghanistan through Russian Eyes. New York: HarperCollins, 1990.
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  491. Popular Soviet journalist’s account of the war.
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  493. Borovik, Artem. Афганистан еще раз про войну. Moscow: Mezhdunarodnye otnosheniya, 1990.
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  495. Afghanistan: Once More into War is Afghanistan reporting by one of the best-respected Soviet war reporters.
  496. Find this resource:
  497. Borovik, Artem. Спрятанная война. Moscow: PIK, 1992.
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  499. Borovik was an aggressive, risk-taking Soviet reporter who was welcomed in military circles. He died in an airplane crash in 2000. (Title translation: The hidden war.)
  500. Find this resource:
  501. Gall, Sandy. Afghanistan: Agony of a Nation. London: The Bodley Head, 1986.
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  503. Gall was a British reporter who made repeated trips inside Afghanistan during the conflict. This is the best of his books.
  504. Find this resource:
  505. Grazda, Ed. Afghanistan 1980–1989. Frankfurt: Der Alltag Verlag, 1990.
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  507. US photojournalist’s picture book of the war from the Mujahideen perspective.
  508. Find this resource:
  509. Guibert, Emmanuel, Didier Lefѐvre, and Frédéric Lemercier. The Photographer: Into War-Torn Afghanistan with Doctors Without Borders. New York: First Second, 2009.
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  511. Combination of photographs and graphic design format to tell the story of Emmanuel Guibert’s time in Afghanistan. Originally published in France.
  512. Find this resource:
  513. Kaplan, Robert. Soldiers of God: With the Mujahidin in Afghanistan. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1990.
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  515. US journalist’s account of Afghan guerrilla activity.
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  517. Loyn, David. Frontline: The True Story of the British Mavericks Who Changed the Face of War Reporting. London: Penguin, 2005.
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  519. Story of the Frontline Television News Agency, whose reporters covered fighting in Afghanistan, the Gulf War, Chechnya, the Balkans, and Iraq.
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  521. Verstakov, Viktor. Афганский дневник. Moscow: Voyenizdat, 1991.
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  523. Afghanistan reports from one of the Soviet Union’s better-known correspondents. (Title translation: Afghanistan diary.)
  524. Find this resource:
  525. Impact on Soviet Society
  526.  
  527. Dynin 1985 and Ponomarev 1988 reflect on the heroic and noble sacrifices of Soviet soldiers in Afghanistan. Galeotti 1995 examines the impact of the war on Soviet/Russian society. Alekseyevich 1992 looks at the war’s impact on returning soldiers and mothers of deceased soldiers. Solov’ev and Obraztsov 1997 is a statistical study of the Russian Army, which had just been badly handled in Chechnya, to determine the impact of the Soviet-Afghan War on that army. Tamarov and Khabarov 1991 and Tamarov 1992 look at the art, prose, and poetry created by Soviet soldiers in Afghanistan.
  528.  
  529. Alekseyevich, Svetlana. Zinky Boys: Soviet Voices from the Afghanistan War. Translated by Julia Whitby and Robin Whitby. New York: W. W. Norton, 1992.
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  531. Zinky boys refers to the zinc coffins which held the remains of Soviet soldiers returned from Afghanistan. Collection of interviews of returning Soviet soldiers as well as the mothers of deceased soldiers.
  532. Find this resource:
  533. Dynin, I. M. Звезды славы боевой на земле Афганистана. Moscow: Voyenizdat, 1985.
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  535. Stars of Combat Glory in Afghanistan tells the stories of recipients of the Hero of the Soviet Union medal—the Soviet Union’s highest award.
  536. Find this resource:
  537. Galeotti, Mark. Afghanistan: The Soviet Union’s Last War. London: Frank Cass, 1995.
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  539. Impact of Soviet-Afghan War on Soviet society.
  540. Find this resource:
  541. Ponomarev, Ivan A. Во имя высокой цели: Рассказывают воинцы, с честю выполнившие свой интернациональный долг на земле Афганистана. Leningrad: Lenizdat, 1988.
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  543. In the Name of the Great Goal: Reports by Soldiers Who Have Fulfilled Their Internationalist Duty in Afghanistan with Honor is a collection of Leningrad soldiers’ experiences during the Soviet-Afghan War.
  544. Find this resource:
  545. Solov’ev, S. S., and I. V. Obraztsov. Российская армия: От Афганистана до Чечни: Социологический аналиэ. Moscow: National Institute in the name of Catherine the Great, 1997.
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  547. The Russian Army: From Afghanistan to Chechnya: A Sociological Analysis examines the composition, attitudes, suicide rates, education, and similar data to create a statistical analysis of the Russian Army and the impact of the Soviet-Afghan War.
  548. Find this resource:
  549. Tamarov, Vladislav. Afghanistan: Soviet Vietnam. San Francisco: Mercury House, 1992.
  550. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  551. Soviet soldier’s photographs and recollections of Afghanistan service.
  552. Find this resource:
  553. Tamarov, Vladislav, and Viktor Khabarov. 79–89 Рассказы, очерки, стики. Moscow: Sovetskiy pisatel’, 1991.
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  555. 79–89 Stories, Sketches, Verses is a collection of photographs, essays, and poetry from the war.
  556. Find this resource:
  557. Withdrawal from Afghanistan
  558.  
  559. Minkov and Smolynec 2010 examines Soviet state-building, social and economic development, and disengagement efforts. Braithwaite 2011, Grau 2007, and Kalinovsky 2011 (cited under General Histories of the War) provide a comprehensive look at the Soviet withdrawal plan and political maneuvering. Cordovez and Harrison 1995 looks at the United Nations role during negotiations, while Khan 1993 examines Pakistan’s role in the negotiations and settlement. Krivosheev 1997 provides a statistical overview of Soviet casualties.
  560.  
  561. Braithwaite, Rodric. Afgansty: The Russians in Afghanistan 1979–1989. London: Profile, 2011.
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  563. British diplomat with two tours in Moscow, the second spanning the withdrawal of Soviet forces from Afghanistan and the collapse of the Soviet Union. Balanced view of the Soviet-Afghan War with good detail on political issues.
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  565. Cordovez, Diego, and Selig Harrison. Out of Afghanistan: The Inside Story of the Soviet Withdrawal. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995.
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  567. United Nations role during the negotiations for the Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan.
  568. Find this resource:
  569. Grau, Lester. “Breaking Contact without Leaving Chaos: The Soviet Withdrawal from Afghanistan.” Journal of Slavic Military Studies 20.2 (April–June 2007): 235–261.
  570. DOI: 10.1080/13518040701373080Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  571. Detailed examination of Soviet diplomatic, economic, and political planning for conduct of withdrawal.
  572. Find this resource:
  573. Khan, Riaz. Untying the Afghan Knot: Negotiating Soviet Withdrawal. Lahore, Pakistan: Progressive, 1993.
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  575. Pakistani insider’s examination of the negotiations preceding the Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan.
  576. Find this resource:
  577. Krivosheev, G. F., ed. Soviet Casualties and Combat Losses in the Twentieth Century. London: Greenhill, 1997.
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  579. Translation of 1993 Russian book that contains eight pages of data on the Soviet-Afghan War listing annual casualties, loss of equipment, and spread of infectious diseases incurred throughout the war.
  580. Find this resource:
  581. Minkov, Anton, and Gregory Smolynec. “4-D Soviet Style: Defense, Development, Diplomacy, and Disengagement in Afghanistan during the Soviet Period. Part I: State Building.” Journal of Slavic Military Studies 23.2 (2010): 306–327.
  582. DOI: 10.1080/13518041003799600Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  583. Continued in “. . .Part II: Social Development,” The Journal of Slavic Military Studies 23.3 (2010): 391–411; and “. . .Part III: Economic Development,” The Journal of Slavic Military Studies 23.4 (2010): 597–616. Three-part analysis of Soviet state-building, social and economic development, and disengagement efforts during the Soviet-Afghan War.
  584. Find this resource:
  585. Operation Enduring Freedom, 2001–2014
  586.  
  587. Scholarship on an ongoing conflict is difficult due to political concerns, security concerns, problems with access to the opposition, and the lack of transparency of many aspects of the conflict. The current conflict in Afghanistan, named Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF) by President Bush, has produced a flood of books, articles, and opinions, but the value of many of these will be determined only with the passage of time. Hopefully, many of those listed here will have long-term value.
  588.  
  589. Political History
  590.  
  591. The political history of Operation Enduring Freedom begins with the history of the collapse of the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan and the ensuing civil war, which culminates with the rise of the Taliban and their recasting the civil war into one focused on ethnic and religious cleansing. Rais 1994 and Rubin 2002 provide a good view of the political history of the pre-Taliban period. Goodson 2001 and Rubin 2002 provide a solid political history of the rise of the Taliban. Rubin 2006 provides an initial examination of the politics of the post-Taliban period. There is no comprehensive political history of OEF written yet, as too many variables remain in play.
  592.  
  593. Goodson, Larry. Afghanistan’s Endless War: State Failure, Regional Politics and the Rise of the Taliban. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2001.
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  595. Examination of Taliban-ruled Afghanistan before the US intervention.
  596. Find this resource:
  597. Rais, Rasul Bakhsh. War without Winners: Afghanistan’s Uncertain Transition after the Cold War. Karachi: Oxford University Press, 1994.
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  599. A good survey of the region at the start of the Afghan civil war, but not a military history.
  600. Find this resource:
  601. Rubin, Barnett R. The Fragmentation of Afghanistan: State Formation & Collapse in the International System. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2002.
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  603. The baseline document for understanding the underpinnings of the Afghan political factions and ethnic factionalism that preceded United States intervention in Afghanistan.
  604. Find this resource:
  605. Rubin, Barnett R. Afghanistan’s Uncertain Transition from Uncertainty to Normalcy. New York: Council of Foreign Relations, 2006.
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  607. Update of Rubin 2002 and development of broader security development issues in light of post-2002 international action.
  608. Find this resource:
  609. United States and NATO Policy
  610.  
  611. After the United States was attacked on 11 September 2001, it was the first nation to respond to the mass murder of its citizens. The war in Afghanistan, known as Operation Enduring Freedom in the United States, has been fought under two different presidents with two different ideas on how to conduct the war. Herspring 2008, Jones 2010, and West 2011 are critical of US policy and the conduct of the war. The author of Chayes 2006 has a close association with Afghanistan, and she critiques US policy from the perspective of early developments in southern Afghanistan. Franks 2004 (cited under Memoirs) provides an intimate look at US policy formation and development during the initial phase of the war. Rynning 2012 examines NATO roles and performance in Afghanistan and questions whether the NATO alliance can survive the Afghanistan experience.
  612.  
  613. Chayes, Sarah. The Punishment of Virtue: Inside Afghanistan after the Taliban. New York: Penguin, 2006.
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  615. Critical look at the successes and failures of US policy in Afghanistan, particularly in the Kandahar region.
  616. Find this resource:
  617. Gates, Robert M. Duty: Memoirs of a Secretary at War. New York: Borzoi, 2014.
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  619. Critical insiders look at the administrations of Presidents Bush and Obama in conducting the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan.
  620. Find this resource:
  621. Herspring, Dale. Rumsfeld’s Wars: The Arrogance of Power. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2008.
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  623. Examination of the role of the US Secretary of Defense in transformation of the US military and the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq.
  624. Find this resource:
  625. Jones, Seth. In the Graveyard of Empires: America’s War in Afghanistan. New York: W. W. Norton, 2010.
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  627. Critical examination of US role in Afghanistan.
  628. Find this resource:
  629. Rynning, Sten. NATO in Afghanistan: The Liberal Disconnect. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2012.
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  631. Examines NATO’s role in Afghanistan and questions whether European liberal democracies, which had high hopes for a new Afghanistan and a distaste for the combat required to produce the new Afghanistan, can sustain a relevant alliance.
  632. Find this resource:
  633. West, Bing. The Wrong War: Grit, Strategy and the Way out of Afghanistan. New York: Random House, 2011.
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  635. Another book on why the US and NATO should leave Afghanistan.
  636. Find this resource:
  637. Al-Qaeda and Taliban
  638.  
  639. Coll 2004, Rashid 2000, and Rubin 2002 (cited under Political History) provide an excellent examination of the growth of the Taliban movement before the US invasion. Giustozzi 2008 examines the Taliban midway through the conflict. Lia 2008 interprets the writings of a key al-Qaeda theoretician, while Wright 2007 examines the al-Qaeda movement.
  640.  
  641. Coll, Steve. Ghost Wars: The Secret History of the CIA, Afghanistan and Bin Laden, from the Soviet Invasion to September 10, 2001. New York: Penguin, 2004.
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  643. Good history of the US involvement in the region.
  644. Find this resource:
  645. Giustozzi, Antonio. Koran, Kalashnikov, and Laptop: The Neo-Taliban Insurgency in Afghanistan. New York: Columbia University Press, 2008.
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  647. Examination of the evolving Taliban.
  648. Find this resource:
  649. Lia, Brynjar. Architect of Global Jihad: The Life of Al-Qaida Strategist Abu Mus’ab al-Suri. New York: Columbia University Press, 2008.
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  651. Examination of key al-Qaeda figure and his writings.
  652. Find this resource:
  653. Rashid, Ahmed. Taliban: Militant Islam, Oil, and Fundamentalism in Central Asia. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2000.
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  655. The most authoritative look at the pre-OEF Taliban.
  656. Find this resource:
  657. Wright, Lawrence. The Looming Tower: Al-Qaeda and the Road to 9/11. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2007.
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  659. History of the al-Qaeda movement.
  660. Find this resource:
  661. Central Intelligence Agency
  662.  
  663. The Central Intelligence Agency played an initial role of supplying and bankrolling the Northern Alliance forces in preparation for a large-scale US military commitment. Berntsen and Pezzullo 2005 and Schroen 2005 were CIA agents who wrote about their experiences.
  664.  
  665. Berntsen, Gary, and Ralph Pezzullo. Jawbreaker: The Attack on Bin Laden and Al-Qaeda: A Personal Account by the CIA’s Key Field Commander. New York: Crown, 2005.
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  667. CIA agent’s account of his actions in Afghanistan during 2001.
  668. Find this resource:
  669. Schroen, Gary. First In: An Insider’s Account of How the CIA Spearheaded the War on Terror in Afghanistan. New York: Ballantine, 2005.
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  671. CIA agent’s account of initial US action in Afghanistan.
  672. Find this resource:
  673. Special Forces
  674.  
  675. Special Forces were the first US soldiers on the ground in Afghanistan and performed a variety of combat and training missions. Blaber 2008 is a personal account by a former Delta Force commander. Briscoe, et al. 2003 is an excellent work as long as the researcher is willing to build an index while he reads it. Stanton 2009 describes the Special Forces’ use of horses during initial attacks in Afghanistan.
  676.  
  677. Blaber, Pete. The Mission, the Men and Me. New York: Berkeley Caliber, 2008.
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  679. Former Delta Force commander describes his unit’s role in Operation Anaconda.
  680. Find this resource:
  681. Briscoe, Charles, Richard L. Kiper, James A. Schroder, and Kalev I. Sepp. Weapon of Choice: U.S. Army Special Operations Forces in Afghanistan. Fort Leavenworth, KS: Combat Studies Institute, 2003.
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  683. Excellent look at early use of Special Forces by the US Army. Unfortunately the book is seriously flawed by lack of an index.
  684. Find this resource:
  685. Stanton, Doug. Horse Soldiers: The Extraordinary Story of a Band of U.S. Soldiers who Rode to Victory in Afghanistan. New York: Scribner, 2009.
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  687. Popular account of the soldiers of the 5th Special Forces Group, who rode to battle on horses in modern war.
  688. Find this resource:
  689. Operation Anaconda
  690.  
  691. Naylor 2005 describes the first three days of battle, while MacPherson 2005 describes the daylong fight on Roberts Ridge. Grau and Billingsley 2011 describes and analyzes the full thirteen-day battle. The authors of Blaber 2008 (cited under Special Forces), Exum 2005, and Self 2008 (both cited under Memoirs) were full participants in this battle.
  692.  
  693. Grau, Lester, and Dodge Billingsley. Operation Anaconda: America’s First Major Battle in Afghanistan. Lawrence: Kansas University Press, 2011.
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  695. Examination of the thirteen-day Operation Anaconda in 2002. Includes a DVD of the battle.
  696. Find this resource:
  697. MacPherson, Malcolm. Roberts Ridge: A Story of Courage and Sacrifice on Takur Ghar Mountain, Afghanistan. New York: Delacorte, 2005.
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  699. Battle of Roberts Ridge during Operation Anaconda.
  700. Find this resource:
  701. Naylor, Sean. Not a Good Day to Die: The Untold Story of Operation Anaconda. New York: Berkley Books, 2005.
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  703. First book out on Operation Anaconda.
  704. Find this resource:
  705. British Combat in Afghanistan
  706.  
  707. The British contributed the second highest amount of international force to Afghanistan (after the United States) and they were stationed in the high-risk region of the south. Bishop 2007 and Bishop 2009 are very interesting as they chronicle the 3rd Paratrooper Battalion of the Paratrooper Regiment in battle in the same areas over two deployments. Grey 2009 examines the fighting during the siege of Musa Kala, which involved British, US, Estonian, Danish, and Canadian forces. Hennessey 2009 is a delightful read by a young British infantry officer fighting in Iraq and Afghanistan.
  708.  
  709. Bishop, Patrick. 3Para: Afghanistan, Summer 2006. London: Harper, 2007.
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  711. Reporter embedded with British airborne forces in southern Afghanistan.
  712. Find this resource:
  713. Bishop, Patrick. Ground Truth: 3Para: Return to Afghanistan. London: Harper, 2009.
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  715. Embedded reporter returns with same British paratroopers in southern Afghanistan.
  716. Find this resource:
  717. Grey, Stephen. Operation Snake Bite: The Explosive True Story of an Afghan Desert Siege. London: Viking (Penguin Group), 2009.
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  719. Examination of the coalition effort against Musa Qala in northern Helmand Province in 2007.
  720. Find this resource:
  721. Hennessey, Patrick. The Junior Officers’ Reading Club: Killing Time and Fighting Wars. London: Penguin, 2009.
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  723. British junior officer’s service in Iraq and Helmand Province, Afghanistan.
  724. Find this resource:
  725. Canadian Forces in Combat
  726.  
  727. Dr. Maloney was Canada’s official historian during Canada’s deployment to Afghanistan. His books (Maloney 2005, Maloney 2009, and Maloney 2011) cover not only Canada’s participation, but also that of the International Security Assistance Force (ISAF), which consisted of NATO and other national forces. Grau and Billingsley 2011 (cited under Operation Anaconda) provides a good look at Canada’s first combat since the Korean War.
  728.  
  729. Maloney, Sean. Enduring the Freedom: A Rogue Historian in Afghanistan. Washington, DC: Potomac, 2005.
  730. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  731. Canada’s official military historian for OEF examines the ISAF during 2002–2003.
  732. Find this resource:
  733. Maloney, Sean. Confronting the Chaos: A Rogue Military Historian Returns to Afghanistan. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute, 2009.
  734. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  735. Author examines ISAF fighting and activities during 2004–2005.
  736. Find this resource:
  737. Maloney, Sean. Fighting for Afghanistan: A Rogue Military Historian at War. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute, 2011.
  738. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  739. Author examines ISAF fighting and activities during 2006.
  740. Find this resource:
  741. Memoirs
  742.  
  743. Memoirs are important for understanding conflict. General officers’ memoirs are common following a conflict, but the war in Afghanistan has produced more junior officer memoirs than have past wars. Hennessey 2009 (cited under British Combat in Afghanistan) should be included with junior officer memoirs.
  744.  
  745. Exum, Andrew. This Man’s Army: A Soldier’s Story from the Front Lines of the War on Terrorism. New York: Gotham, 2005.
  746. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  747. US infantry lieutenant’s perspective on final phase of Operation Anaconda.
  748. Find this resource:
  749. Franks, Tommy. American Soldier. New York: Harper Collins, 2004.
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  751. General Franks led the US Central Command, which conducted the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq.
  752. Find this resource:
  753. Kilcullen, David. The Accidental Guerrilla: Fighting Small Wars in the Midst of a Big One. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009.
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  755. Memoir of an Australian serving officer combined with his theoretical book on guerrilla movements. Includes chapter on Afghanistan. Book became very popular as a theoretical work.
  756. Find this resource:
  757. Salinas, Antonio. Siren’s Song: The Allure of War. Atlanta: Deeds, 2012.
  758. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  759. Platoon leader’s fight in the Pesh River Valley of Kunar Province during 2009–2010.
  760. Find this resource:
  761. Self, Nate. Two Wars: One Hero’s Fight on Two Fronts—Abroad and Within. Carol Stream, IL: Tyndale House, 2008.
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  763. Captain Self’s story of his unit’s fight on Roberts Ridge during Operation Anaconda and his internal struggle afterwards.
  764. Find this resource:
  765. Air Power
  766.  
  767. Air power played an important role in Afghanistan, particularly during the early days of the war. But air power, including unmanned reconnaissance and attack aircraft, failed to deliver the decisive edge that air power advocates had promised. Afghanistan was a ground war, where aviation support frequently proved vital.
  768.  
  769. Call, Steve. Danger Close: Tactical Air Controllers in Afghanistan and Iraq. College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 2007.
  770. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  771. Examination of the use of air controllers through Operation Anaconda.
  772. Find this resource:
  773. Lambeth, Benjamin. Air Power against Terror. Santa Monica, CA: RAND, 2005.
  774. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  775. Unofficial US Air Force history of early part of OEF.
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