2015-03-17 Structure: gerunds & infinitives

Greg Malivuk
[email protected]
http://www.pastebin.com/u/gmalivuk
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p. 140 do A and B, also underline other words you don't understand
part A
1 globe
2 objection
3 region
4 reliability
5 consequence
6 appealing
part B
1 c
2 b
3 a
4 a
5 b
6 b

"a lot of people are fed up with seeing the same restaurants"
= they are tired of it, they are annoyed by it, they don't want to see the same restaurants anymore

shrinking = getting smaller
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GERUNDS: verb+ing used like a noun

subject: Eating fast food every day is unhealthy.
object (of a verb): I don't enjoy cooking, so I eat out a lot.
object (of a preposition): We criticize them for paying their workers too little.

use it with possessives: I'm not in favor of their spreading to every country.
					(not "them")

I have seen his driving. = I know how he drives. I've seen the driving.
I have seen him driving. = I saw him. He was driving at the time.
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INFINITIVES: to + base form

subject: To eat fast food every day is unhealthy. (more formal than gerund)
object (of a verb): I don't want to cook.
(CANNOT BE object of a preposition.)

after adjectives: I was surprised to see you. It's important to exercise.
after many nouns: There are a couple things to talk about first.

infinitive of purpose: I went to McDonald's to buy a hamburger.
					   (in order to buy a hamburger.)
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After Verbs:
- some verbs are always with gerund: I enjoy cooking.
- some verbs are always with infinitive: I want to cook.
- some verbs can have both with the same meaning: I like cooking. = I like to cook.
- some verbs change meaning: I stopped cooking. NOT= I stopped to cook.

pages A-2 and A-3 at the end of your book have lists of the different types of verb
(page A-4 also has a list of adjectives and nouns commonly followed by infinitives)
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It's not a 100% rule, but we often use infinitives for potential or future actions and obligations, and we use gerunds for real actions that have already happened.
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p. 145 exercise 2
2 eating ("of" is a preposition, so we MUST use a gerund)
3 to consider (after a noun; "consider" is an obligation / potential action)
4 Ordering (we *usually* use gerunds for the subject)
5 Having	200
6 to lose ("want" + infinitive)
7 eating ("consider" + gerund)	275
8 to gain ("likely" is an adjective -> infinitive)	350
9 eating (stop + gerund = quit)		450
10 choosing ("about" is a preposition)	220
11 to stay away ("advise" + object + infinitive)	120
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Who did you go with to buy food?
"with" connects to "who", "to buy food" is an infinitive of purpose
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Homework: p. 146 and 147 (also you should read 141-143)