2018-10-16 TOEFL: word roots, reading paraphrase

Greg Malivuk
[email protected]
http://www.pastebin.com/u/gmalivuk - notes from all classes
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Word Roots (list 6) - With your partner, try to think of one or two words to explain the meaning of each root.
re (recycle, rebound, reuse, recline) = again/back
reg (regulation, regent, regime) = rule
retro (retrograde, retroactive, retrospect) = backward
	(This is the same -tro- addition that gets “intro” from “in” and “extra/extro” from “ex”.)
rupt (disrupt, rupture) = break/burst
scend (ascend, descend, crescendo) = climb
scope/skep/spec (microscope, spectacle, speculate) = see/watch
scrib/script (transcript, scripture, inscribe) = write/draw (Most of the verbs end in “scribe” and their related nouns have “script” or “scription”.)
sect/seg (section, bisect, sector, segment) = cut/divide
semi (semicircle, semiannual) = half (This is the Latin root. The Greek root is “hemi”.)
sol (solitude, desolate) = alone
sol (solar, solarium) = Sun (This is the Latin root. The Greek root is “helio”.)
soph (philosophy, sophisticated) = wisdom
struct (construct, structure) = build
sub (subterranean, submerge, substandard) = under (This is Latin. Greek is “hypo”.)
super (superstructure, supersonic) = over (This is Latin. Greek is “hyper”.)
tele (telephone, telescope, telepathy) = far
term (determine, terminate) = end/limit
terra/terri (territory, terrain) = Earth/land
therm (thermometer, thermal) = heat
trans (transport, transaction, transverse) = across
ultra (ultraviolet, ultrasound) = over/beyond (The opposite prefix is “infra”.)
uni (universe, unique, unilateral) = one
vac (vacuum, vacate, evacuate) = empty
veri (verify, veracity) = true
viv/vit (vital, vivacious) = life
vol (benevolent, malevolent, volunteer, volition) = will (the noun, not the modal)
xeno (xenophobia, xenophile) = foreign/strange
zo (zoology, zooplankton, paleozoic) = animal
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TOEFL test: four sections, about four hours, $200, 120 points total, 30 points per section
1 reading: 60 or 80 minutes, 3 or 4 passages, about 14 questions per passage
2 listening: about 60-90 minutes, 2 or 3 sets, each set has (3 listenings, about 17 questions, 10 minutes to choose answers)
	(10-minute break)
3 speaking: about 20 minutes, 6 tasks, 5.5 minutes of speaking time
4 writing: about 60 minutes, 2 tasks, 20+30 minutes of writing time
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Reading Question Types:
- inference
- fact/detail
- negative fact
- purpose
- vocabulary
- reference (pronouns)
- paraphrase
- sentence insertion
- summarize
- organize
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In paraphrase questions, you have to choose the sentence that has the same meaning as the highlighted sentence in the text.
- It must include all the essential information from the original sentence.
- It must not add any extra information from other sentences.
	(However, information that is referred to with a pronoun like “this” in the original sentence may be included in the correct answer.)
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What do we change when we paraphrase a sentence (e.g. on the speaking or writing section)?
- vocabulary: words can be replaced with synonyms
- sentence structure: active/passive, reported speech/information, order of clauses
- remove inessential information (such as specific examples to illustrate something)
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BREAK
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Cengage exercise 5.1 (onscreen) - Is the restatement…
I = an incomplete paraphrase (it leaves out important information)
X = an inaccurate paraphrase (it gets something wrong)
C = a correct paraphrase
1 I (It doesn’t mention that today there are no flying reptiles.)
2 C
3 X (The town is Muncie, the study is Middleton.)
6 X (They all have two-word names, but the form of the names is different.)
7 C (The specific example of automobiles is not essential information.)
8 I (It only includes the inessential information, nothing about checkers.)
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Handout (Cengage) - take 2 minutes to choose the correct answers to each sentence
Compare with your partner. If you disagree, explain why their answer is wrong. (Is it incomplete or inaccurate?)
1 A
2 D
Take 4 minutes for the next passage.
3 A
4 B
5 C
6 D
stellar = great
Take 5 minutes for the Pulitzer Prize
7 A
8 C
9 B
10 D
i.e. = that is / in other words
e.g. = for example
Take 2 minutes for 11 and 12.
11 D
12 A
They have found definitions based on rewards bad because those definitions depict them as opposites.
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In your own words, paraphrase the “Cooperation is...in order to compete.” sentence so that it is simpler and shorter.
Cooperation is important among team members in order to win, and between teams to follow the same rules for the competition.
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inasmuch as = in that
	(Followed by an explanation of how the other clause is true.)
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https://www.wordandphrase.info/analyzeText.asp - You can type words or phrases on the left, click “search” and click that word on the right, and see many examples of the word in use.
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Homework: The “Test Questions” on the rest of the handout (p. 140 and 144-145)