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  1. <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
  2. <!--DOCTYPE part SYSTEM "H:\DTD\SMGHK.dtd"-->
  3. <part>
  4.     <title/>
  5.     <chapter>
  6.         <title>Appendix 1 Arbitration Law of the People&#x2019;s Republic of China</title>
  7.         <subtitle>(Adopted at the 8th Session of the Standing Committee of the 8th National People&#x2019;s Congress and Promulgated on 31 August 1994)</subtitle>
  8.         <section level="sect1">
  9.             <title>Chapter 1 General Provisions</title>
  10.             <para>Article 1 </para>
  11.             <para>This Law is formulated in order to ensure that economic disputes shall be impartially and promptly arbitrated, to protect the legitimate rights and interests of the relevant parties and to guarantee the healthy development of the socialist market economy. </para>
  12.             <para>Article 2 </para>
  13.             <para>Disputes over contracts and disputes over property rights and interests between citizens, legal persons and other organizations as equal subjects of law may be submitted to arbitration. </para>
  14.             <para>Article 3 </para>
  15.             <para>The following disputes shall not be submitted to arbitration: </para>
  16.             <orderedlist type="manual">
  17.                 <item num="1.">
  18.                     <para>disputes over marriage, adoption, guardianship, child maintenance and inheritance; and </para>
  19.                 </item>
  20.                 <item num="2.">
  21.                     <para>administrative disputes falling within the jurisdiction of the relevant administrative organs according to law. </para>
  22.                 </item>
  23.             </orderedlist>
  24.             <para>Article 4 </para>
  25.             <para>The parties adopting arbitration for dispute settlement shall reach an arbitration agreement on a mutually voluntary basis. An arbitration commission shall not accept an application for arbitration submitted by one of the parties in the absence of an arbitration agreement. </para>
  26.             <para>Article 5 </para>
  27.             <para>A people&#x2019;s court shall not accept an action initiated by one of the parties if the parties have concluded an arbitration agreement, unless the arbitration agreement is invalid. </para>
  28.             <para>Article 6 </para>
  29.             <para>An arbitration commission shall be selected by the parties by agreement. The jurisdiction by level system and the district jurisdiction system shall not apply in arbitration. </para>
  30.             <para>Article 7 </para>
  31.             <para>Disputes shall be fairly and reasonably settled by arbitration on the basis of facts and in accordance with the relevant provisions of law. </para>
  32.             <para>Article 8 </para>
  33.             <para>Arbitration shall be conducted in accordance with the law, independent of any intervention by administrative organs, social organizations or individuals. </para>
  34.             <para>Article 9 </para>
  35.             <para>The single ruling system shall be applied in arbitration. The arbitration commission shall not accept any application for arbitration, nor shall a people&#x2019;s court accept any action submitted by the party in respect of the same dispute after an arbitration award has already been given in relation to that matter. </para>
  36.             <para>If the arbitration award is canceled or its enforcement has been disallowed by a people&#x2019;s court in accordance with the law, the parties may, in accordance with a new arbitration agreement between them in respect of the dispute, re-apply for arbitration or initiate legal proceedings with the people&#x2019;s court. </para>
  37.         </section>
  38.         <section level="sect1">
  39.             <title>Chapter 2 Arbitration Commissions and Arbitration Association</title>
  40.             <para>Article 10 </para>
  41.             <para>Arbitration commissions may be established in the municipalities directly under the Central Government, in the municipalities where the people&#x2019;s governments of provinces and autonomous regions are located or, if necessary, in other cities divided into districts. Arbitration commissions shall not be established at each level of the administrative divisions. The people&#x2019;s governments of the municipalities and cities specified in the above paragraph shall organize the relevant departments and the Chamber of Commerce for the formation of an arbitration commission. The establishment of an arbitration commission shall be registered with the judicial administrative department of the relevant province, autonomous region or municipalities directly under the Central Government. </para>
  42.             <para>Article 11 </para>
  43.             <para>An arbitration commission shall fulfil the following conditions: </para>
  44.             <orderedlist type="manual">
  45.                 <item num="1.">
  46.                     <para>it must have its own name, domicile and Articles of Association; </para>
  47.                 </item>
  48.                 <item num="2.">
  49.                     <para>it must possess the necessary property; </para>
  50.                 </item>
  51.                 <item num="3.">
  52.                     <para>it must have its own members; and </para>
  53.                 </item>
  54.                 <item num="4.">
  55.                     <para>it must have arbitrators for appointment. The articles of association of the arbitration commission shall be formulated in accordance with this Law. </para>
  56.                 </item>
  57.             </orderedlist>
  58.             <para>Article 12 </para>
  59.             <para>An arbitration commission shall comprise a chairman, two to four vice-chairmen and seven to eleven members. The chairman, vice-chairmen and members of an arbitration commission must be persons specialized in law, economic and trade and persons who have actual working experience. The number of specialists in law, economic and trade shall not be less than two-thirds of the members of an arbitration association. </para>
  60.             <para>Article 13 </para>
  61.             <para>The arbitration commission shall appoint fair and honest person as its arbitrators. Arbitrators must fulfil one of the following conditions: </para>
  62.             <orderedlist type="manual">
  63.                 <item num="1.">
  64.                     <para>they have been engaged in arbitration work for at least eight years; </para>
  65.                 </item>
  66.                 <item num="2.">
  67.                     <para>they have worked as a lawyer for at least eight years; </para>
  68.                 </item>
  69.                 <item num="3.">
  70.                     <para>they have been a judge for at least eight years; </para>
  71.                 </item>
  72.                 <item num="4.">
  73.                     <para>they are engaged in legal research or legal teaching and in senior positions; and </para>
  74.                 </item>
  75.                 <item num="5.">
  76.                     <para>they have legal knowledge and are engaged in professional work relating to economics and trade, and in senior positions or of the equivalent professional level. The arbitration commission shall establish a list of arbitrators according to different professionals. </para>
  77.                 </item>
  78.             </orderedlist>
  79.             <para>Article 14 </para>
  80.             <para>Arbitration commissions are independent of administrative organs and there are no subordinate relations with any administrative organs nor between the different arbitration commissions. </para>
  81.             <para>Article 15 </para>
  82.             <para>The China Arbitration Association is a social organization with the status of a legal person. Arbitration commissions are members of the China Arbitration Association. The Articles of Association of the China Arbitration Association shall be formulated by the national general meeting of the members. </para>
  83.             <para>The China Arbitration Association is an organization in charge of self-regulation of the arbitration commissions. It shall conduct supervision over the conduct (any breach of discipline) of the arbitration commissions and their members and arbitrators in accordance with its articles of association. The China Arbitration Association shall formulate Arbitration Rules in accordance with this Law and the Civil Procedure Law. </para>
  84.         </section>
  85.         <section level="sect1">
  86.             <title>Chapter 3 Arbitration Agreement</title>
  87.             <para>Article 16 </para>
  88.             <para>An arbitration agreement shall include the arbitration clauses provided in the contract and any other written form of agreement concluded before or after the disputes providing for submission to arbitration. </para>
  89.             <para>The following contents shall be included in an arbitration agreement: </para>
  90.             <orderedlist type="manual">
  91.                 <item num="1.">
  92.                     <para>the expression of the parties&#x2019; wish to submit to arbitration; </para>
  93.                 </item>
  94.                 <item num="2.">
  95.                     <para>the matters to be arbitrated; and </para>
  96.                 </item>
  97.                 <item num="3.">
  98.                     <para>the Arbitration Commission selected by the parties. </para>
  99.                 </item>
  100.             </orderedlist>
  101.             <para>Article 17 </para>
  102.             <para>An arbitration agreement shall be invalid under any of the following circumstances: </para>
  103.             <orderedlist type="manual">
  104.                 <item num="1.">
  105.                     <para>matters agreed upon for arbitration are beyond the scope of arbitration prescribed by law; </para>
  106.                 </item>
  107.                 <item num="2.">
  108.                     <para>an arbitration agreement concluded by persons without or with limited capacity for civil acts; and </para>
  109.                 </item>
  110.                 <item num="3.">
  111.                     <para>one party forces the other party to sign an arbitration agreement by means of duress. </para>
  112.                 </item>
  113.             </orderedlist>
  114.             <para>Article 18 </para>
  115.             <para>If the arbitration matters or the arbitration commission are not agreed upon by the parties in the arbitration agreement, or, if the relevant provisions are not clear, the parties may supplement the agreement. If the parties fail to agree upon the supplementary agreement, the arbitration agreement shall be invalid. </para>
  116.             <para>Article 19 </para>
  117.             <para>An arbitration agreement shall exist independently. Any changes to, rescission, termination or invalidity of the contract shall not affect the validity of the arbitration agreement. An arbitration tribunal has the right to rule on the validity of a contract. </para>
  118.             <para>Article 20 </para>
  119.             <para>If the parties object to the validity of the arbitration agreement, they may apply to the arbitration commission for a decision or to a people&#x2019;s court for a ruling. If one of the parties submits to the arbitration commission for a decision, but the other party applies to a people&#x2019;s court for a ruling, the people&#x2019;s court shall give the ruling. </para>
  120.             <para>If the parties contest the validity of the arbitration agreement, the objection shall be made before the start of the first hearing of the arbitration tribunal. </para>
  121.         </section>
  122.         <section level="sect1">
  123.             <title>Chapter 4 Arbitration Procedure</title>
  124.             <para>Section 1: Application and Acceptance for Arbitration </para>
  125.             <para>Article 21 </para>
  126.             <para>The parties applying for arbitration shall fulfil the following conditions: </para>
  127.             <orderedlist type="manual">
  128.                 <item num="1.">
  129.                     <para>they must have an arbitration agreement; </para>
  130.                 </item>
  131.                 <item num="2.">
  132.                     <para>they must have a specific claim with facts and argument on which the claim is based; and </para>
  133.                 </item>
  134.                 <item num="3.">
  135.                     <para>the arbitration must be within the jurisdiction of the arbitration commission. </para>
  136.                 </item>
  137.             </orderedlist>
  138.             <para>Article 22 </para>
  139.             <para>The party applying for arbitration shall submit to an arbitration commission the arbitration agreement, an application for arbitration and copies thereof. </para>
  140.             <para>Article 23 </para>
  141.             <para>An arbitration application shall state clearly the following: </para>
  142.             <orderedlist type="manual">
  143.                 <item num="1.">
  144.                     <para>the name, sex, age, occupation, work unit and address of the party, the name address and legal representative of the legal person or other organization and the name and position of its person-in charge; </para>
  145.                 </item>
  146.                 <item num="2.">
  147.                     <para>the arbitration claim and the facts and argument on which the claim is based; and </para>
  148.                 </item>
  149.                 <item num="3.">
  150.                     <para>evidence and the source of evidence, the name and address of the witness (es). </para>
  151.                 </item>
  152.             </orderedlist>
  153.             <para>Article 24 </para>
  154.             <para>Within 5 days from the date of receiving the arbitration application, the arbitration commission shall notify the parties that it considers the conditions for acceptance have been fulfilled, and that the application is accepted by it. If the arbitration commission considers that the conditions have not been fulfilled, it shall notify the parties in writing of its rejection, stating its reasons. </para>
  155.             <para>Article 25 </para>
  156.             <para>Upon acceptance of an arbitration application, the arbitration commission shall, within the time limit provided by the Arbitration Rules, serve a copy of the Arbitration Rules and the list of arbitrators on the applicant, and serve a copy of the arbitration application, the Arbitration Rules and the list of arbitrators on the respondent. Upon receipt of a copy of the arbitration application, the respondent shall, within the time limit prescribed by the Arbitration Rules, submit its defence to the arbitration commission. Upon receipt of the defence, the arbitration commission shall, within the time limit prescribed by the Arbitration Rules, serve a copy of the reply on the applicant. The failure of the respondent to submit a defence shall not affect the proceeding of the arbitration procedures. </para>
  157.             <para>Article 26 </para>
  158.             <para>Where the parties had agreed on an arbitration agreement, but one of the parties initiates an action before a people&#x2019;s court without stating the existence of the arbitration agreement, the people&#x2019;s court shall, unless the arbitration agreement is invalid, reject the action if the other party submits to the court the arbitration agreement before the first hearing of the case. If the other party fails to object to the hearing by the people&#x2019;s court before the first hearing, the arbitration agreement shall be considered to have been waived by the party and the people&#x2019;s court shall proceed with the hearing. </para>
  159.             <para>Article 27 </para>
  160.             <para>The applicant may abandon or alter his arbitration claim. The respondent may accept the arbitration claim or object to it. It has a right to make a counterclaim. </para>
  161.             <para>Article 28 </para>
  162.             <para>A party may apply for property preservation if, as the result of an act of the other party or for some other reasons, it appears that an award may be impossible or difficult to enforce. If one of the parties applies for property preservation, the arbitration commission shall submit to a people&#x2019;s court the application of the party in accordance with the relevant provisions of the Civil Procedure Law. If a property preservation order is unfounded, the applicant shall compensate the party against whom the order was made for any losses sustained as a result of the implementation of the property preservation order. </para>
  163.             <para>Article 29 </para>
  164.             <para>The parties and their legal representatives may appoint lawyers or engage agents to handle matters relating to the arbitration. In the event that a lawyer or an agent is appointed to handle the arbitration matters, a letter of authorization shall be submitted to the arbitration commission. </para>
  165.             <para>Section 2: Composition of the Arbitration Tribunal </para>
  166.             <para>Article 30 </para>
  167.             <para>An arbitration tribunal may comprise three arbitrators or one arbitrator. If an arbitration tribunal comprises three arbitrators, a presiding arbitrator shall be appointed. </para>
  168.             <para>Article 31 </para>
  169.             <para>If the parties agree to form an arbitration tribunal comprising three arbitrators, each party shall select or authorize the chairmen of the arbitration commission to appoint one arbitrator. The third arbitrator shall be selected jointly by the parties or be nominated by the chairman of the arbitration commission in accordance with a joint mandate given by the parties. The third arbitrator shall be the presiding arbitrator. If the parties agree to have one arbitrator to form an arbitration tribunal, the arbitrator shall be selected jointly by the parties or be nominated by the chairman of the arbitration commission in accordance with a joint mandate given by the parties. </para>
  170.             <para>Article 32 </para>
  171.             <para>If the parties fail, within the time limit prescribed by the Arbitration Rules, to select the form of the constitution of the arbitration tribunal or fail to select the arbitrators, the arbitrators shall be appointed by the chairman of the arbitration commission. </para>
  172.             <para>Article 33 </para>
  173.             <para>After the arbitration tribunal is constituted, the arbitration commission shall notify the parties in writing of the composition of the arbitration tribunal. </para>
  174.             <para>Article 34 </para>
  175.             <para>In any of the following circumstances, an arbitrator must withdraw from the arbitration, and the parties shall have the right to apply for his withdrawal if he: </para>
  176.             <orderedlist type="manual">
  177.                 <item num="1.">
  178.                     <para>is a party or a close relative of a party or of a party&#x2019;s representative; </para>
  179.                 </item>
  180.                 <item num="2.">
  181.                     <para>is related in the case; </para>
  182.                 </item>
  183.                 <item num="3.">
  184.                     <para>has some other relationship with a party to the case or with a party&#x2019;s agent which could possibly affect the impartiality of the arbitration; </para>
  185.                 </item>
  186.                 <item num="4.">
  187.                     <para>meets a party or his agent in private, accepts an invitation for dinner by a party or his representative or accepts gifts presented by any of them. </para>
  188.                 </item>
  189.             </orderedlist>
  190.             <para>Article 35 </para>
  191.             <para>When applying for the withdrawal of an arbitrator, the petitioning party shall state his reasons and submit a withdrawal application before the first hearing. A withdrawal application may also be submitted before the conclusion of the last hearing if reasons for the withdrawal only became known after the start of the first hearing. </para>
  192.             <para>Article 36 </para>
  193.             <para>Whether an arbitrator is withdrawn or not shall be determined by the chairman of the arbitration commission. If chairman is serving as an arbitrator, the withdrawal or not shall be determined collectively by the arbitration commission. </para>
  194.             <para>Article 37 </para>
  195.             <para>If an arbitrator is unable to perform his duties as an arbitrator as a result of the withdrawal or any other reasons, another arbitrator shall be selected or appointed in accordance with the provisions of this Law. After a replaced arbitrator has been selected or appointed following the withdrawal of an arbitrator, the parties may apply to resume the arbitration procedure. The arbitration tribunal shall determine whether the resumption of the procedure may be allowed. The arbitration tribunal may determine on its own whether the arbitration procedure shall be resumed. </para>
  196.             <para>Article 38 </para>
  197.             <para>An arbitrator involved in one of the circumstances described in Item 4, Article 34, if it is serious, or those described in Item 6, Article 58, such arbitrator shall be legally liable in accordance with the law. The arbitration commission shall remove his name from the list of arbitrators. </para>
  198.             <para>Section 3: Hearing and Arbitral Awards </para>
  199.             <para>Article 39 </para>
  200.             <para>An arbitration tribunal shall hold a tribunal session to hear an arbitration case. If the parties agree not to hold a hearing, the arbitration tribunal may render an award in accordance with the arbitration application, the defence statement and other documents. </para>
  201.             <para>Article 40 </para>
  202.             <para>An arbitration shall not be conducted in public. If the parties agree to a public hearing, the arbitration may proceed in public, except those concerning state secrets. </para>
  203.             <para>Article 41 </para>
  204.             <para>The arbitration commission shall notify the two parties within the time limit provided by the Arbitration Rules of the date of the hearing. Either party may request to postpone the hearing with in the time limit provided by the Arbitration Rules if there is a genuine reason. The arbitration tribunal shall decide whether to postpone the hearing. </para>
  205.             <para>Article 42 </para>
  206.             <para>If the applicant for arbitration who has been given a notice in writing does not appear before the tribunal without good reasons, or leaves the tribunal room during a hearing without the permission of the arbitration tribunal, such applicant shall be deemed as having withdrawn his application. If the party against whom the application was made was served with a notice in writing but does not appear before the tribunal without due reasons or leaves the tribunal room during a hearing without the permission of the arbitration tribunal, an award by default may be given. </para>
  207.             <para>Article 43 </para>
  208.             <para>The parties shall produce evidence in support of their claims. An arbitration tribunal may collect on its own evidence it considers necessary. </para>
  209.             <para>Article 44 </para>
  210.             <para>For specialized matters, an arbitration tribunal may submit for appraisal to an appraisal organ agreed upon by the parties or to the appraisal organ appointed by the arbitration tribunal if it deems such appraisal to be necessary. According to the claim of the parties or the request of the arbitration tribunal, the appraisal organ shall appoint an appraiser to participate in the hearing. Upon the permission of the arbitration tribunal, the parties may question the appraiser. </para>
  211.             <para>Article 45 </para>
  212.             <para>Any evidence shall be produced at the start of the hearing. The parties may challenge the validity of such evidence. </para>
  213.             <para>Article 46 </para>
  214.             <para>In the event that the evidence might be destroyed or if it would be difficult to obtain the evidence later on, the parties may apply for the evidence to be preserved. If the parties apply for such preservation, the arbitration commission shall submit the application to the basic-level people&#x2019;s court of the place where the evidence is located. </para>
  215.             <para>Article 47 </para>
  216.             <para>The parties have the right to argue during an arbitration procedure. At the end of the debate, the presiding arbitrator or the sole arbitrator shall ask for the final opinion of the parties. </para>
  217.             <para>Article 48 </para>
  218.             <para>An arbitration tribunal shall make a written record of the hearing. If the parties or other participants to the arbitration consider that the record has omitted a part of their statement or is incorrect in some other respect, they shall have the right to request correction thereof. If no correction is made, the request for correction shall be noted in the written record. The arbitrators, recorder, parties and other participants to the arbitration shall sign or affix their seals to the record. </para>
  219.             <para>Article 49 </para>
  220.             <para>After the submission of an arbitration application, the parties may settle the dispute among themselves through conciliation. If a conciliation agreement has been reached, the parties may apply to the arbitration tribunal for an award based on the conciliation agreement. Then may also withdraw the arbitration application. </para>
  221.             <para>Article 50 </para>
  222.             <para>If the parties fall back on their words after the conclusion of a conciliation agreement and the withdrawal of the arbitration application, application may be made for arbitration in accordance with the arbitration agreement. </para>
  223.             <para>Article 51 </para>
  224.             <para>Before giving an award, an arbitration tribunal may first attempt to conciliate. If the parties apply for conciliation voluntarily, the arbitration tribunal shall conciliate. If conciliation is unsuccessful, an award shall be made promptly. When a settlement agreement is reached by conciliation, the arbitration tribunal shall prepare the conciliation statement or the award on the basis of the results of the settlement agreement. A conciliation statement shall have the same legal force as that of an award. </para>
  225.             <para>Article 52 </para>
  226.             <para>A conciliation statement shall set forth the arbitration claims and the results of the agreement between the parties. The conciliation statement shall be signed by the arbitrators, sealed by the arbitration commission, and served on both parties. A conciliation statement shall have legal effect once signed and accepted by the parties. If the parties fall back on their words before the conciliation statement is singed and accepted by them, an award shall be made by the arbitration tribunal promptly. </para>
  227.             <para>Article 53 </para>
  228.             <para>An award shall be based on the opinion of the majority arbitrators. The opinion of the minority arbitrators shall be recorded in writing. If an opinion of the minority arbitrators shall be recorded in writing. If an opinion of the majority arbitrators can not be constituted at the tribunal, the award shall be given according to the opinion of the presiding arbitrator. </para>
  229.             <para>Article 54 </para>
  230.             <para>The arbitration claims, the matters in dispute, the grounds upon which an award is given, the results of the judgement, the responsibility for the arbitration fees and the date of the award shall be set forth in the award. If the parties agree not to include in the award the matters in dispute and the grounds on which the award is based, such matters may not be stated in the award. The award shall be signed by the arbitrators and sealed by the arbitration commission. The arbitrator who disagrees with the award may select to sign or not to sign it. </para>
  231.             <para>Article 55 </para>
  232.             <para>During the course of arbitration by an arbitration tribunal, where a part of facts has been made clear, a partial award may first be given in relation to that part. </para>
  233.             <para>Article 56 </para>
  234.             <para>The parties may, within 30 days of the receipt of the award, request the arbitration tribunal to correct any typographical errors, calculation errors or matters which had been awarded but omitted in the award. </para>
  235.             <para>Article 57 </para>
  236.             <para>An award shall be legally effective on the date it is given. </para>
  237.         </section>
  238.         <section level="sect1">
  239.             <title>Chapter 5 Application for Cancellation of an Award</title>
  240.             <para>Article 58 </para>
  241.             <para>The parties may apply to the intermediate people&#x2019;s court at the place where the arbitration commission is located for cancellation of an award if they provide evidence proving that the award involves one of the following circumstances: </para>
  242.             <orderedlist type="manual">
  243.                 <item num="1.">
  244.                     <para>there is no arbitration agreement between the parties; </para>
  245.                 </item>
  246.                 <item num="2.">
  247.                     <para>the matters of the award are beyond the extent of the arbitration agreement or not within the jurisdiction of the arbitration commission; </para>
  248.                 </item>
  249.                 <item num="3.">
  250.                     <para>the composition of the arbitration tribunal or the arbitration procedure is in contrary to the legal procedure; </para>
  251.                 </item>
  252.                 <item num="4.">
  253.                     <para>the evidence on which the award is based is falsified; </para>
  254.                 </item>
  255.                 <item num="5.">
  256.                     <para>the other party has concealed evidence which is sufficient to affect the impartiality of the award; and </para>
  257.                 </item>
  258.                 <item num="6.">
  259.                     <para>the arbitrator(s) has (have) demanded or accepted bribes, committed graft or perverted the law in making the arbitral award. The peoples&#x2019; court shall rule to cancel the award if the existence of one of the circumstances prescribed in the preceding clause is confirmed by its collegiate bench. The people&#x2019;s court shall rule to cancel the award if it holds that the award is contrary to the social and public interests. </para>
  260.                 </item>
  261.             </orderedlist>
  262.             <para>Article 59 </para>
  263.             <para>If a party applies for cancellation of an award, an application shall be submitted within 6 months after receipt of the award. </para>
  264.             <para>Article 60 </para>
  265.             <para>The people&#x2019;s court shall, within 2 months after receipt of the application for cancellation of an award, render its decision for cancellation of the award or for rejection of the application. </para>
  266.             <para>Article 61 </para>
  267.             <para>If the people&#x2019;s court holds that the case may be re-arbitrated by the arbitration tribunal after receipt of the application for cancellation of an award, the court shall inform the arbitration tribunal of re-arbitrating the case within a certain period of time and rule to suspend the cancellation procedure. If the arbitration tribunal refuses to re-arbitrate, the people&#x2019;s court shall rule to resume the cancellation procedure. </para>
  268.         </section>
  269.         <section level="sect1">
  270.             <title>Chapter 6 Enforcement</title>
  271.             <para>Article 62 </para>
  272.             <para>The parties shall execute an arbitration award. If one party fails to execute the award, the other party may apply to a people&#x2019;s court for enforcement in accordance with the relevant provisions of the Civil Procedure Law, and the court shall enforce the award. </para>
  273.             <para>Article 63 </para>
  274.             <para>A people&#x2019;s court shall, after examination and verification by its collegiate bench, rule not to enforce an award if the party against whom an application for enforcement is made provides evidence proving that the award involves one of the circumstances prescribed in Clause 2, Article 217 of the Civil procedure Law. </para>
  275.             <para>Article 64 </para>
  276.             <para>If one party applies for enforcement of an award while the other party applies for cancellation of the award, the people&#x2019;s court receiving such application shall rule to suspend enforcement of the award. If a people&#x2019;s court rules to cancel an award, it shall rule to terminate enforcement. If the people&#x2019;s court overrules the application for cancellation of an award, it shall rule to resume enforcement. </para>
  277.         </section>
  278.         <section level="sect1">
  279.             <title>Chapter 7 Special Provisions on Foreign-Related Arbitration</title>
  280.             <para>Article 65 </para>
  281.             <para>The provisions of this Chapter shall apply to all arbitration of disputes arising from foreign economic, trade, transportation or maritime matters. In the absence of provisions in this Chapter, other relevant provisions of this Law shall apply. </para>
  282.             <para>Article 66 </para>
  283.             <para>A foreign arbitration commission may be organized and established by the China International Chamber of Commerce. A foreign arbitration commission shall comprise one chairman, several vice-chairmen and several committee members. The chairman, vice-chairmen and committee members may be appointed by the China International Chamber of Commerce. </para>
  284.             <para>Article 67 </para>
  285.             <para>A foreign arbitration commission may appoint foreigners with professional knowledge in such fields as law, economic and trade, science and technology as arbitrators. </para>
  286.             <para>Article 68 </para>
  287.             <para>If the parties to a foreign-related arbitration apply for evidence preservation, the foreign arbitration commission shall submit their applications to the intermediate people&#x2019;s court in the place where the evidence is located. </para>
  288.             <para>Article 69 </para>
  289.             <para>The arbitration tribunal of a foreign arbitration commission may record the details of the hearing in writing or record the essentials of the hearing in writing. The written record of the essentials shall be signed or sealed by the parties and other participants in the arbitration. </para>
  290.             <para>Article 70 </para>
  291.             <para>A people&#x2019;s court shall, after examination and verification by its collegiate bench, rule to cancel an award if a party to the case provides evidence proving that the arbitration award involves one of the circumstances prescribed in Clause 1, Article 260 of the Civil Procedure Law. </para>
  292.             <para>Article 71 </para>
  293.             <para>A people&#x2019;s court shall, after examination and verification by its collegiate bench, rule not to enforce an award-if the party against whom an application is made provides evidence proving that the arbitration award involves one of the circumstances prescribed in Clause 1, Article 260 of the Civil Procedure Law. </para>
  294.             <para>Article 72 </para>
  295.             <para>Where the party subject to enforcement or its property is not within the territory of the People&#x2019;s Republic of China, a party applying for the enforcement of a legally effective arbitration award shall apply directly to the foreign court having jurisdiction for recognition and enforcement of the award. </para>
  296.             <para>Article 73 </para>
  297.             <para>Foreign arbitration rules may be formulated by the China International Chamber of Commerce in accordance with this Law and the relevant provisions of the Civil Procedure Law. </para>
  298.         </section>
  299.         <section level="sect1">
  300.             <title>Chapter 8 Supplementary Provisions</title>
  301.             <para>Article 74 </para>
  302.             <para>If the law has stipulated a time limitation of arbitration, such provisions of the law shall apply. If the law has not stipulated a time limitation of arbitration, the provisions on the limitation of actions shall apply. </para>
  303.             <para>Article 75 </para>
  304.             <para>The arbitration Commission may formulate provisional arbitration rules in accordance with this Law and the relevant provisions of the Civil Procedure Law before the formulation of the arbitration rules by the China Arbitration Association. </para>
  305.             <para>Article 76 </para>
  306.             <para>The parties shall pay arbitration fees in accordance with the relevant provisions. The methods for the collection of arbitration fees shall be submitted to the commodity prices administration department for approval. </para>
  307.             <para>Article 77 </para>
  308.             <para>Arbitration of labor disputes and disputes over contracts for undertaking agricultural projects within agricultural collective economic organizations shall be separately stipulated. </para>
  309.             <para>Article 78 </para>
  310.             <para>In the event of conflict between the provisions on arbitration formulated before the coming into effect of this Law and the provisions of this Law, the provisions of this Law shall prevail. </para>
  311.             <para>Article 79 </para>
  312.             <para>Arbitration organs established before the coming into effect of this Law in the municipalities directly under the Central Government, in the municipalities where the people&#x2019;s governments of the provinces or autonomous regions and in other cities divided into districts must be re-organized in accordance with the relevant provisions of this Law. The arbitration organs which are not re-organized shall be terminated at the expiration of one year after the date of effectiveness of this Law. All other arbitration organs established before the implementation of this Law and not conforming to the provisions of this Law shall be terminated on the date of effectiveness of this Law. </para>
  313.             <para>Article 80 </para>
  314.             <para>This Law shall be effective as of 1 September 1995. </para>
  315.         </section>
  316.     </chapter>
  317.     <chapter>
  318.         <title>Appendix 2 Law of the People&#x2019;s Republic of China on the Mediation and Arbitration of Rural Land Contract Disputes</title>
  319.         <subtitle>(Adopted at the 9th Session of Standing Committee of the 11th National People&#x2019;s Congress of the People&#x2019;s Republic of China on 27 June 2009)</subtitle>
  320.         <section level="sect1">
  321.             <title>Chapter 1 General Provisions</title>
  322.             <para>Article 1 </para>
  323.             <para>This Law is enacted with a view to impartially and timely settling the disputes over contracted management of rural land, maintaining the legitimate rights and interests of the parties concerned and promoting the rural economic development and social stability. </para>
  324.             <para>Article 2 </para>
  325.             <para>The mediation and arbitration of disputes over contracted management of rural land shall be governed by this Law. </para>
  326.             <para>The disputes over the contracted management of rural land include: </para>
  327.             <orderedlist type="manual">
  328.                 <item num="1.">
  329.                     <para>disputes arising from the conclusion, fulfillment, modification, cancellation and termination of rural land contracts; </para>
  330.                 </item>
  331.                 <item num="2.">
  332.                     <para>disputes arising from the sub-contract, lease, interchange, transfer, holding of shares and other means of turnover of contracted management rights to rural land; </para>
  333.                 </item>
  334.                 <item num="3.">
  335.                     <para>disputes arising from the withdrawal and adjustment of the contracted land; </para>
  336.                 </item>
  337.                 <item num="4.">
  338.                     <para>disputes arising from the confirmation of contracted management rights to rural land; </para>
  339.                 </item>
  340.                 <item num="5.">
  341.                     <para>disputes arising from impairment to the contracted management rights to rural land; and </para>
  342.                 </item>
  343.                 <item num="6.">
  344.                     <para>other disputes over contracted management of rural land as prescribed in law and regulations. </para>
  345.                 </item>
  346.             </orderedlist>
  347.             <para>The disputes arising from requisition of collectively owned land and the compensations therefor do not fall within the scope of acceptance by the rural land contract arbitration commission, they may be settled by means of administrative reconsideration or lawsuits. </para>
  348.             <para>Article 3 </para>
  349.             <para>In the case of disputes over the contracted management of rural land, the parties may make reconciliation by themselves or may request mediation by the villagers&#x2019; committee, people&#x2019;s government of the township (town), etc. </para>
  350.             <para>Article 4 </para>
  351.             <para>If the parties fail to make reconciliation, fail to reach an agreement in mediation, or are unwilling to make reconciliation or accept mediation, they may apply to the rural land contract arbitration commission for arbitration, or may directly lodge a lawsuit in the people&#x2019;s court. </para>
  352.             <para>Article 5 </para>
  353.             <para>The mediation and arbitration of disputes over contracted management of rural land shall be open, fair, impartial, convenient to the people and highly efficient, be in accordance with law and respect social ethics. </para>
  354.             <para>Article 6 </para>
  355.             <para>The people&#x2019;s governments at and above the county level shall strengthen the guidance over the mediation and arbitration of disputes over contracted management of rural land. </para>
  356.             <para>The rural land contract administrative departments of the people&#x2019;s governments at and above the county level and other relevant departments shall, under their respective functions, support the relevant mediation organizations and the rural land contract arbitration commissions to carry out relevant work according to law. </para>
  357.         </section>
  358.         <section level="sect1">
  359.             <title>Chapter 2 Mediation</title>
  360.             <para>Article 7 </para>
  361.             <para>The villagers&#x2019; committees and the people&#x2019;s governments of townships (towns) shall strengthen the mediation of disputes over contracted management of rural land and help the parties to reach agreements on the settlement of disputes. </para>
  362.             <para>Article 8 </para>
  363.             <para>To apply for mediation of disputes over contracted management of rural land, a party may file a written or oral application. In the case of filing an oral application, the villagers&#x2019; committee or the people&#x2019;s government of the township (town) shall, on the spot, record the basic information of the applicant, disputes, grounds and time for which the mediation application is filed. </para>
  364.             <para>Article 9 </para>
  365.             <para>When mediating the disputes over contracted management of rural land, the villagers&#x2019; committee or the people&#x2019;s government of the township (town) shall fully hear the parties&#x2019; statements of the facts and grounds, explain to them the relevant laws and policies of the state and patiently guide them so as to help them to reach an agreement. </para>
  366.             <para>Article 10 </para>
  367.             <para>Where an agreement is reached upon mediation, the villagers&#x2019; committee or the people&#x2019;s government of the township (town) shall prepare a mediation agreement. </para>
  368.             <para>The mediation agreement shall bear the signatures, seals or fingerprints of both parties, and shall come into effect after it is signed by the mediators and is under the seal of the mediation organization. </para>
  369.             <para>Article 11 </para>
  370.             <para>The arbitral tribunal shall mediate the disputes over contracted management of rural land. Where an agreement is reached upon mediation, the arbitration tribunal shall make a mediation paper. If the mediation fails, it shall timely make an award. </para>
  371.             <para>The mediation paper shall specify the arbitration claims and the result of the agreement between the parties. It shall be signed by the arbitrators and be under the seal of the rural land contract arbitration commission and be served on both parties. </para>
  372.             <para>The mediation paper shall be legally effective after both parties sign the receipt thereof. If either party goes back on his words before he signs the receipt of the mediation paper, the arbitration tribunal shall timely make an award. </para>
  373.         </section>
  374.         <section level="sect1">
  375.             <title>Chapter 3 Arbitration</title>
  376.             <para>Section 1: Arbitration Commissions and Arbitrators </para>
  377.             <para>Article 12 </para>
  378.             <para>A rural land contract arbitration commission shall be established in light of the actual needs for settling the disputes over the contracted management of rural land. A rural land contract arbitration commission may be established in a county or un-districted city, or in a districted city or a jurisdictional area thereof. </para>
  379.             <para>A rural land contract arbitration commission shall be established under the guidance of the local people&#x2019;s government. Where a rural land contract arbitration commission has been established, its routine work shall be undertaken by the local rural land contract administrative department. </para>
  380.             <para>Article 13 </para>
  381.             <para>A rural land contract arbitration commission shall be concurrently formed by the representatives from the local people&#x2019;s government and from its relevant departments, representatives from the relevant people&#x2019;s groups, representatives from rural collective economic organizations, farmer representatives, and professionals of law, economics and other relevant specialties. In particular, the number of farmer representatives and professionals of law and economics and other relevant specialties shall account for at least one half of the members of the arbitration commission. </para>
  382.             <para>A rural land contract arbitration commission shall have one director, 1 or 2 deputy directors and several commissaries. The director and deputy director (s) shall be elected by the all of the members of the commission. </para>
  383.             <para>Article 14 </para>
  384.             <para>A rural land contract arbitration commission shall perform the following functions according to law: </para>
  385.             <orderedlist type="manual">
  386.                 <item num="1.">
  387.                     <para>to hire or dismiss arbitrators; </para>
  388.                 </item>
  389.                 <item num="2.">
  390.                     <para>to accept arbitration applications; and </para>
  391.                 </item>
  392.                 <item num="3.">
  393.                     <para>to supervise the arbitration activities. </para>
  394.                 </item>
  395.             </orderedlist>
  396.             <para>The rural land contract arbitration commission shall formulate bylaws under this Law, specifying the determination and term of office of its members, rules of procedures, etc. </para>
  397.             <para>Article 15 </para>
  398.             <para>A rural land contract arbitration commission shall hire arbitrators from impartial and decent personnel. </para>
  399.             <para>An arbitrator shall conform to any of the following conditions: </para>
  400.             <orderedlist type="manual">
  401.                 <item num="1.">
  402.                     <para>having been engaged in the rural land contract administration work for 5 full years; </para>
  403.                 </item>
  404.                 <item num="2.">
  405.                     <para>having been engaged in the legal work or the people&#x2019;s mediation work for 5 full years; and </para>
  406.                 </item>
  407.                 <item num="3.">
  408.                     <para>having a high prestige in the local area and being a resident familiar with the rural land contract laws and relevant policies of the state. </para>
  409.                 </item>
  410.             </orderedlist>
  411.             <para>Article 16 </para>
  412.             <para>A rural land contract arbitration commission shall offer to the arbitrators trainings about rural land contract laws and relevant policies of the state. </para>
  413.             <para>The rural land contract administrative department of the people&#x2019;s government of a province, autonomous region or municipality directly under the Central Government shall work out an arbitrator training plan and strengthen the organization and guidance in respect of the training of arbitrators. </para>
  414.             <para>Article 17 </para>
  415.             <para>The members of a rural land contract arbitration commission and arbitrators shall perform their duties according to law, abide by the bylaws and arbitration rules of the rural land contract arbitration commission and arbitration rules, and shall not extort or take bribes, or practice favoritism or injure the legitimate rights and interests of the parties. </para>
  416.             <para>Where an arbitrator extorts or takes bribes, or practices favoritism, or renders an award by perverting the law, or accepts the treat and gifts from the parties concerned or commits any other conduct in violation of law or disciplines, the rural land contract arbitration commission shall dismiss him; if any crime is constituted, he shall be subject to the criminal liabilities according to law. </para>
  417.             <para>The people&#x2019;s governments at and above the county level and the relevant departments shall accept the complaints and tip-offs about the violations of law and disciplines committed by members of the rural land contract arbitration commissions and arbitrators and shall organize the investigation and handling of them according to law. </para>
  418.             <para>Section 2: Application and Acceptance </para>
  419.             <para>Article 18 </para>
  420.             <para>The limitation for application for arbitration of disputes over the contracted management of rural land shall be 2 years, computing from the date on which the party knows or should know the injury to his rights. </para>
  421.             <para>Article 19 </para>
  422.             <para>The applicant and respondent in the arbitration of disputes over the contracted management of rural land shall be the parties concerned. In the case of household contract, the representatives from the farmer households may participate in the arbitration. If there are a large number of persons in either of the parties, representatives may be recommended and elected to participate in the arbitration. </para>
  423.             <para>Anyone who has interests in the handling results of the case may apply for participating in the arbitration as the third party or be notified by the rural land contract arbitration commission to participate in the arbitration. </para>
  424.             <para>A party or the third party may authorize an agent to participate in the arbitration on his behalf. </para>
  425.             <para>Article 20 </para>
  426.             <para>An application for arbitration of disputes over contracted management of rural land shall meet the following requirements: </para>
  427.             <orderedlist type="manual">
  428.                 <item num="1.">
  429.                     <para>The party has direct interests in the disputes; </para>
  430.                 </item>
  431.                 <item num="2.">
  432.                     <para>There is a definite respondent; </para>
  433.                 </item>
  434.                 <item num="3.">
  435.                     <para>There are concrete arbitration claims and facts or grounds; and </para>
  436.                 </item>
  437.                 <item num="4.">
  438.                     <para>It falls within the scope of acceptance by the rural land contract arbitration commission. </para>
  439.                 </item>
  440.             </orderedlist>
  441.             <para>Article 21 </para>
  442.             <para>Where a party applies for arbitration, he shall submit an arbitration application to the rural land contract arbitration commission of the place where the land involved in the disputes is located. He may mail the arbitration application or authorize a person to deliver it to the rural land contract arbitration commission. The arbitration application shall specify the basic information about the applicant and the respondent, the arbitration claims and the facts or grounds, and furnish corresponding evidence and sources thereof. </para>
  443.             <para>Where it is really difficult for a party to file a written application, he may file an oral application. The rural land contract arbitration commission shall make transcripts of the oral application and have the transcripts bear the signature, seal or fingerprint of the applicant upon his verification. </para>
  444.             <para>Article 22 </para>
  445.             <para>A rural land contract arbitration commission shall examine the arbitration applications, and shall accept those conforming to the provisions of Article 20 of this Law. It shall not accept any application which is under any of the following circumstances; if it has accepted such an application, it shall terminate the arbitration procedure: </para>
  446.             <orderedlist type="manual">
  447.                 <item num="1.">
  448.                     <para>It does not meet the application requirements; </para>
  449.                 </item>
  450.                 <item num="2.">
  451.                     <para>The disputes have been accepted by the people&#x2019;s court; </para>
  452.                 </item>
  453.                 <item num="3.">
  454.                     <para>It is provided in law that the disputes shall be handled by another institution; or </para>
  455.                 </item>
  456.                 <item num="4.">
  457.                     <para>There is an effective judgment, ruling, arbitral ruling or administrative handling decision about the disputes already. </para>
  458.                 </item>
  459.             </orderedlist>
  460.             <para>Article 23 </para>
  461.             <para>If a rural land contract arbitration commission decides to accept an application, it shall, within 5 working days from the date on which it receives the arbitration application, serve upon the applicant the acceptance notice, arbitration rules and roster of arbitrators. If it decides not to accept the application or decides to terminate the arbitration procedure, it shall, within 5 working days from the date on which it receives the arbitration application or finds the circumstance for termination of the arbitration procedures, notify the applicant in writing and make an explanation. </para>
  462.             <para>Article 24 </para>
  463.             <para>The rural land contract arbitration commission shall, within 5 working days from the date on which it accepts the arbitration application, serve upon the respondent the acceptance notice, duplicate of the arbitration application, arbitration rules and roster of arbitrators. </para>
  464.             <para>Article 25 </para>
  465.             <para>The respondent shall submit a written answer to the rural land contract arbitration commission within 10 days from the date on which he receives the duplicate of the arbitration application. If it is really difficult for him to prepare a written answer, he may make an oral answer. The rural land contract arbitration commission shall make transcripts for the oral answer and have them bear the signature, seal or fingerprint of the respondent upon his verification. The rural land contract arbitration commission shall serve upon the applicant the duplicate of the written answer within 5 working days from the date on which it receives the written answer. The failure of a respondent to submit an answer shall not affect the arbitration procedures. </para>
  466.             <para>Article 26 </para>
  467.             <para>One party may apply for property preservation in the event that the conduct of the other party or other causes may result in the failure or difficulty to execute the award. </para>
  468.             <para>If one party applies for property preservation, the rural land contract arbitration commission shall submit his application to the grassroots people&#x2019;s court of the place where the domicile or property of the respondent is located. </para>
  469.             <para>If the application errs, the applicant shall compensate the respondent for the losses as a result of the property preservation. </para>
  470.             <para>Section 3: Formation of Arbitral Tribunals </para>
  471.             <para>Article 27 </para>
  472.             <para>An arbitral tribunal shall comprise three arbitrators. The chief arbitrator shall be jointly selected by the parties. The other 2 arbitrators shall be respectively selected by the parties, or may be appointed by the director of the rural land contract arbitration commission in the case of the parties&#x2019; failure of selection. </para>
  473.             <para>In the case of clear facts, explicit relationship between rights and obligations, and minor disputes, the disputes over contracted management of rural land may be arbitrated by a sole arbitrator upon consent of both parties. The arbitrator shall be jointly selected by the parties or be appointed by the director of the rural land contract arbitration commission. </para>
  474.             <para>The rural land contract arbitration commission shall notify the parties of the information about the formation of the arbitral tribunal within 2 working days from the date on which the arbitral tribunal is formed. </para>
  475.             <para>Article 28 </para>
  476.             <para>Under any of the following circumstances, an arbitrator shall withdraw, and the parties shall also have the right to apply in writing or orally for his withdrawal: </para>
  477.             <orderedlist type="manual">
  478.                 <item num="1.">
  479.                     <para>being a party or close relative of a party or agent in the case; </para>
  480.                 </item>
  481.                 <item num="2.">
  482.                     <para>having interests in the case; </para>
  483.                 </item>
  484.                 <item num="3.">
  485.                     <para>having any other relationship with a party to the case or his agent, which may affect the impartiality of the arbitration; or </para>
  486.                 </item>
  487.                 <item num="4.">
  488.                     <para>privately meeting a party or his agent, or accepting a treat or gift from a party or agent thereof. </para>
  489.                 </item>
  490.             </orderedlist>
  491.             <para>To apply for the withdrawal of an arbitrator, the party shall specify the grounds and file an application prior to the initial hearing of the arbitral tribunal. If the party knows the withdrawal grounds after the initial hearing of the arbitral tribunal, he may file an application prior to the end of the final hearing of the arbitral tribunal. </para>
  492.             <para>Article 29 </para>
  493.             <para>The rural land contract arbitration commission shall timely make a decision about the application for withdrawal and notify the party orally or in writing, and make an explanation. </para>
  494.             <para>The withdrawal of an arbitrator shall be decided by the director of the rural land contract arbitration commission. If the director of the rural land contract arbitration commission serves as an arbitrator, the his withdrawal shall be collectively decided by the rural land contract arbitration commission. </para>
  495.             <para>Where an arbitrator is unable to perform his duties because of withdrawal or for any other reason, a new arbitrator shall be selected or appointed under this Law. </para>
  496.             <para>Section 4: Hearing of Arbitral Tribunal and Awards </para>
  497.             <para>Article 30 </para>
  498.             <para>The disputes over the contracted management of rural land shall be heard by the arbitral tribunal. </para>
  499.             <para>The hearing may be held in the township (town) or village of the place where the land involved in the disputes is located, or may be held at the location of the rural land contract arbitration commission. If both parties request that the hearing be held in the township (town) or village, the hearing shall be held in the township (town) or village. </para>
  500.             <para>The hearing shall be held in public, except the situation that the case involves any state secret, business secret or personal privacy or the parties stipulate not to hold the hearing in public. </para>
  501.             <para>Article 31 </para>
  502.             <para>The arbitral tribunal shall notify the parties and other arbitration participants of the time and place of the hearing to be held. </para>
  503.             <para>A party may apply to the arbitral tribunal for changing the time and place of the hearing if he has a good reason. The arbitral tribunal shall decide on whether to make the change. </para>
  504.             <para>Article 32 </para>
  505.             <para>The parties may make reconciliation by themselves after filing an arbitration application. If they reach a reconciliation agreement, they may request the arbitral tribunal to make an award according to the reconciliation agreement, or may withdraw the arbitration application. </para>
  506.             <para>Article 33 </para>
  507.             <para>The applicant may waive or change the arbitration claims. The respondent may admit or argue against the arbitration claims and has the right to make counterclaims. </para>
  508.             <para>Article 34 </para>
  509.             <para>If the applicant withdraws the arbitration claims before the arbitral tribunal renders an award, the arbitral tribunal shall terminate the arbitration unless the respondent makes counterclaims. </para>
  510.             <para>Article 35 </para>
  511.             <para>If the applicant fails, without good reason, to participate in the hearing disregarding the written notice given to him, or if he quits the tribunal in the midst of the hearing without permission of the arbitral tribunal, he may be deemed to have withdrawn the arbitration application. </para>
  512.             <para>If the respondent fails to participate in the hearing disregarding the written notice given to him, or if he quits the tribunal in the midst of the hearing without permission of the arbitral tribunal, a default award may be made. </para>
  513.             <para>Article 36 </para>
  514.             <para>During the course of a hearing, the parties have the right to express their opinions, state the facts and grounds, present evidence, cross-examine the evidence and make arguments. If any party does not know the language commonly used in that place, the rural land contract arbitration commission shall provide a translator for him. </para>
  515.             <para>Article 37 </para>
  516.             <para>A party shall provide evidence to support his own claims. If the evidence related to the disputes is in the control of the contract-issuer who is one party, the party shall provide the relevant evidence within the time limit as specified by the arbitral tribunal; if he fails to furnish the evidence with the time limit, he shall bear the unfavorable consequences. </para>
  517.             <para>Article 38 </para>
  518.             <para>The arbitral tribunal may collect the evidence, which it considers necessary, by itself. </para>
  519.             <para>Article 39 </para>
  520.             <para>If the arbitral tribunal deems it necessary to authenticate a specific issue, it may have it authenticated by the authentication institution as agreed on by the parties. If no authentication institution is agreed on by the parties, the arbitral tribunal shall designate an authentication institution to conduct the authentication. </para>
  521.             <para>Upon request of the parties or upon requirement of the arbitral tribunal, the authentication institution shall assign an authenticator to participate in the hearing. Upon permission of the arbitral tribunal, the parties may ask the authenticator questions. </para>
  522.             <para>Article 40 </para>
  523.             <para>The evidence shall be presented during the course of the hearing, but the evidence involving any state secret, business secret or personal privacy shall not be presented during the hearing in public. </para>
  524.             <para>The arbitral tribunal shall hold a hearing under the arbitration rules, offer both parties equal opportunities to make statements and arguments, and organize them to cross-examine the evidence. </para>
  525.             <para>The evidence which the arbitral tribunal confirms true upon investigation shall be regarded as the basis for finding the facts. </para>
  526.             <para>Article 41 </para>
  527.             <para>Where there is a likelihood that the evidence may be destroyed, lost or too difficult to obtain later, a party may apply for preservation of the evidence. If a party applies for preservation of the evidence, the rural land contract arbitration commission shall submit the application of the party to the grassroots people&#x2019;s court of the place where the evidence is located. </para>
  528.             <para>Article 42 </para>
  529.             <para>For disputes involved in a case where the relationships of rights and obligations between the parties are clear, the arbitral tribunal may, at the request of the parties, first render an award to maintain the status quo, resume the agricultural production and stop fetching earth, occupying the land, etc. </para>
  530.             <para>If one party does not execute the pre-award, the other party may apply to the people&#x2019;s court for enforcement, but he shall provide a corresponding guarantee. </para>
  531.             <para>Article 43 </para>
  532.             <para>The arbitral tribunal shall make transcripts of the hearing information and have them bear the signatures, seals or fingerprints of the arbitrators, recorder, parties and other arbitration participants. </para>
  533.             <para>If a party or any other arbitration participant considers that there is any omission or error in the records of his statements, he has the right to apply for making a supplement or correction. If he is not allowed to make a supplement or correction, a record of the application shall be made. </para>
  534.             <para>Article 44 </para>
  535.             <para>The arbitral tribunal shall make an award on the basis of the confirmed facts and under the relevant laws and state policies, and prepare an arbitral award. </para>
  536.             <para>An award shall be made on the basis of the opinions of the majority of arbitrators and the dissentient opinions of a minority of arbitrators shall be recorded in writing. Where an arbitral tribunal fails to form the opinions by a majority, the arbitral award shall be rendered according to the opinion of the chief arbitrator. </para>
  537.             <para>Article 45 </para>
  538.             <para>An arbitral award shall expressly state the arbitration claims, disputed facts, reasons, results and date of the award, as well as the right of a party to lodge a lawsuit and the time limit for a party to lodge a lawsuit in the case of dissatisfaction with the arbitral award, and shall bear the signature of the arbitrators and the seal of the rural land contract arbitration commission. </para>
  539.             <para>The rural land contract arbitration commission shall serve the arbitral award on the parties within 3 working days as of the date on which the award is made, and notify the parties of their right to lodge a lawsuit and the time limit for them to lodge a lawsuit in the case of dissatisfaction with the arbitral award. </para>
  540.             <para>Article 46 </para>
  541.             <para>The arbitral tribunal shall independently perform its functions according to law, and shall not be subject to any interference of any administrative organ, social group, or individual. </para>
  542.             <para>Article 47 </para>
  543.             <para>The arbitration of disputes over the contracted management of rural land shall be ended within 60 days from the date of acceptance of the arbitration application. If it is necessary to extend the time limit because of the complexity of the case, an extension may be made upon approval of the director of the rural land contract arbitration commission and a written notice shall be given to the parties, but the maximum extension shall not exceed 30 days. </para>
  544.             <para>Article 48 </para>
  545.             <para>Where a party is dissatisfied with the arbitral award, he may lodge a lawsuit in the people&#x2019;s court within 30 days from the date on which he receives the arbitral award. If he fails to lodge a lawsuit within the time limit, the arbitral award shall become legally effective thereupon. </para>
  546.             <para>Article 49 </para>
  547.             <para>The parties shall execute the legally effective mediation paper or arbitral award within the specified time limit. If one party fails to execute it within the time limit, the other party may file an enforcement application with the grassroots people&#x2019;s court of the place where the domicile or property of the respondent is located. The people&#x2019;s court which accepts the application shall enforce the said mediation paper or arbitral award in pursuance of law. </para>
  548.         </section>
  549.         <section level="sect1">
  550.             <title>Chapter 4 Supplementary Provisions</title>
  551.             <para>Article 50 </para>
  552.             <para>The term &#x201C;rural land&#x201D; as used in this Law refers to the farmland, woodland and grass land collectively owned by farmers or owned by the state but collectively used by farmers, and other types of land used for agriculture according to law. </para>
  553.             <para>Article 51 </para>
  554.             <para>The arbitration rules on contracted management of rural land and the model bylaws of the rural land contract arbitration commissions shall be jointly formulated by the agriculture and forestry administrative departments of the State Council under this Law. </para>
  555.             <para>Article 52 </para>
  556.             <para>No fees may be charged from any party for the arbitration of disputes over the contracted management of rural land. The operating funds for the arbitration work shall be guaranteed by the fiscal budget. </para>
  557.             <para>Article 53 </para>
  558.             <para>This Law shall come into force as of 1 January 2010. </para>
  559.         </section>
  560.     </chapter>
  561. </part>
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