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European Jewish Sociology (Jewish Studies)

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  1.  
  2. Introduction
  3. There is wide consensus among historians that European Jewish sociology only comes into being with its institutionalization as a field in the first decade of the 20th century with the establishment of a society, an academic journal, and an office dedicated to the subject. While this institutionalization is recognized to have been advanced primarily by Arthur Ruppin, there is growing agreement among historians that several authors working more or less parallel to Ruppin greatly contributed to the emergence of the field in Italy, Russia, Great Britain, and Germany and to the emergence of a vast body of research in German, Russian, Yiddish, and Hebrew. Although the boundaries between European sociological discourses (e.g., Emile Durkheim and Marcel Mauss in France or Georg Simmel in Germany) and Jewish sociology are not always stable, scholars widely assent that European Jewish sociology denotes the study of contemporary Jewry with the tools of modern social science. Historians have also documented the unstable boundaries between European and American Jewish sociology (e.g., Max Weinreich, Maurice Fishberg, or Joseph Jacobs). Scholars also agree that similarly to broader trends in Europe connected to the emergence of nationalism, its general context was that of attempts to employ scientific tools for the rationalization of society, and more specifically for finding solutions to social tensions and problems. As such, its generators viewed its primary aim to study and understand the condition and future tendencies of Jews in modern non-Jewish-majority societies. In particular, this included degrees of assimilation of Jews into non-Jewish societies and the measurement of anti-Semitic hostility toward Jews. In comparison with other branches of sociology, Jewish sociology tended to focus on empirical questions and showed less interest in general theoretical or methodological concerns. With Ruppin’s immigration to Palestine in 1908 and his position as a professor of sociology (1926–1943) at the newly established Hebrew University, the center of European Jewish sociology shifted to Palestine. Studies in the field were continued by some of Ruppin’s prominent former students.
  4.  
  5. General Overviews
  6. There are as yet no comprehensive overviews of the field of European Jewish sociology in its entirety. The reasons for this are empirical (its emergence in numerous national and linguistic contexts) and conceptual, connected to the subject’s contemporary-pragmatic (rather than reflective) orientation and to a lack of its perception as a separate field of inquiry. There are individual studies of some of the earliest authors who were engaged in sociological studies of Jewry, although none dealing exclusively with that particular facet of their intellectual work. While practically limited to the central European case, Hart 2000 examines the relationship between the intellectual, institutional, ideological, and analytical aspects of Ruppin’s German-Jewish European sociology. In the Eastern European context, Kuznitz 2014 studies the establishment of YIVO by a group of scholars of Eastern European Jewish background in 1925 in Vilna as a center of Jewish scholarship, including philology and social scientific methods.
  7.  
  8. Hart, Mitchell B. Social Science and the Politics of Modern Jewish Identity. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2000.
  9.  
  10. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  11.  
  12. In this comprehensive study of Ruppin’s Jewish sociology, historian Mitchell Hart shows the intricate connections between Ruppin’s project to establish Jewish social science as a field of inquiry and the nexus between Jewish social science and Zionism.
  13.  
  14. Find this resource:
  15.  
  16. Kuznitz, Cecile Esther. YIVO and the Making of Modern Jewish Culture: Scholarship for the Yiddish Nation. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2014.
  17.  
  18. DOI: 10.1017/CBO9781139013604Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  19.  
  20. The most comprehensive history of YIVO, the center for Yiddish scholarship established in Vilna in 1925 by a group of Eastern European scholars and activists. Kuznitz studies the intricate interconnections between secular Jewish ideologies and scientific methods in the institute’s study of contemporary Judaism.
  21.  
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  23.  
  24. Jewish Sociology in the European Context
  25. Individuals who are recognized today as having initiated European Jewish sociology have not been studied jointly, in relation to each other, but only in their various national contexts in Italy, Russia, Great Britain, and Germany. Historians showed that in the Eastern European context Jewish sociology emerged out of various kinds of Jewish political activism whereas in central Europe it more often developed out of general social science. Whereas primary sources show that the political motivation of the different scholars contributed largely to their discussion of the subject, secondary literature on their work reflects to a great extent the fact that most of these authors were not necessarily engaged in an attempt to develop a comprehensive model for the study of Jewry. In contrast, they showed interest in the study of Jews as part of larger respective projects. The boundaries between their contributions to Jewish sociology and to European sociology are therefore difficult to determine.
  26.  
  27. Primary Sources
  28. Studies on European Jewish sociology in the late 19th and early 20th centuries can be grouped along two different structuring principles. The studies by Italian scholars Livio Livi (Livi 1918) on statistics; Corrado Gini’s study of Jewish demography in Padova (Gini 1916) on demography and fascism (Gini 1927); and Russian researcher Andre Palovich Subotin’s unique two-volume description of daily Jewish life (Subotin 1888–1890) do not fully separate their Jewish sociological work from other, interrelated aspects of their research. Gini 1927 and Livi 1918 further address the “Jewish Question” and Jewish statistics against the backdrop of studies on fascism and theories on race. In contrast, Jacobs 2013 and Nossig 2009 respond to the rise of nationalism in general and Zionism in particular. In this context, the works of the Jewish scholars aim at identifying European Jews as a unique nation based on the employment of statistics as scientific evidence.
  29.  
  30. Gini, Corrado. “Alcune Ricerche Demografiche Sugli Israeliti in Padova.” Atti della R. Accademia di Scienze, Lettere e Arti 32.4 (1916): 467–485.
  31.  
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  33.  
  34. Gini’s most important essay regarding Jewish demography in Padova, Italy. There is no English translation available.
  35.  
  36. Find this resource:
  37.  
  38. Gini, Corrado. “The Scientific Basis of Fascism.” Political Science Quarterly 42.1 (March 1927): 99–115.
  39.  
  40. DOI: 10.2307/2142862Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  41.  
  42. Presents parts of Gini’s report about the reorganization of the Senate, which was submitted to the Italian government in 1925, highlighting the Italian fascist experience. This is an integral part of his greater demography research, including his work concerning Italian Jewry and the Karaite communities in Eastern Europe. Available online.
  43.  
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  45.  
  46. Jacobs, Joseph. Studies in Jewish Statistics: Social, Vital and Anthropometric. West Stockbridge, MA: HardPress, 2013.
  47.  
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  49.  
  50. Original published in 1891. Studying consanguineous marriage, social conditions of London Jews, as well as vital statistics and anthropometry, Jacobs’s study of English Jewry would today be viewed as combining physical anthropology, relating to Jews’ biological history, and sociology.
  51.  
  52. Find this resource:
  53.  
  54. Livi, Livio. Gli Ebrei alla Luce della Statistica: Caratteristiche Antropologiche e Patologiche ed Individualite Etnica. Florence: Libreria Della Voce, 1918.
  55.  
  56. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  57.  
  58. A two volume study, whose chapters cover the history of Jewish migration, Jewish anthropology, characteristics of Jewish pathologies, discussion on Jewish ethnic identity, internal Jewish migration, demographical characteristics of the Jewish population, Jewish professions, and economic conditions. The book chapters are accompanied by numerous statistical tables. There is no English translation.
  59.  
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  61.  
  62. Nossig, Alfred, ed. Jüdische Statistik. Charleston, SC: BiblioBazaar, 2009.
  63.  
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  65.  
  66. In 1902, Nossig founded the Bureau of Jewish Statistics resulting in the publication of his Jüdische Statisik (Jewish Statistics) in 1903. Nossig locates the need for establishing Jewish statistics in the emergence of a “Jewish National Consciousness” (Nationalbewusstsein) and the rise of anti-Semitism in Europe.
  67.  
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  69.  
  70. Subotin, Andrei Pavlovich. In the Jewish Pale of Settlement: Excerpts from Economic Research in Western and Southwestern Russia in 1887. 2 vols. Saint Petersburg, Russia: Ekonomicheskii Zhurnal, 1888–1890.
  71.  
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  73.  
  74. Published in Russian in two volumes, the first in 1888, the second in 1890. The author discusses the economic status of Jews in towns and cities of the Pale of Settlement. Following the pogroms at the beginning of the decade, Subotin’s general impression of Jewish realities was bleak. This unique two-volume study affords a daily description of Jewish life. There is no English translation available.
  75.  
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  77.  
  78. Secondary Sources
  79. Secondary literature on some of the founders of Jewish sociology (apart from Ruppin) is scarce. Anilowicz 1936 on Lestschinsky, Alroey 2006 on Liebmann Hersch, Gillette 2002 on Corrado Gini, Minc 2004 on I. J. Bloch, and Zenderland 2013 on Weinreich touch on their activity in the sphere of the study of modern Jewry, although none is primarily devoted to that subject. Frumkin 1956 emphasizes Hersch’s work on demographic implications of aging. While Efron 1994 offers an inclusive treatment of Jacobs, its discussion is embedded into the author’s writings on race. DellaPergola 2014 reconstructs some of the fundamental concepts of the field of Jewish demography. Hart 2007 links the historical survival and development of the Jews with their adhering to the laws of hygiene, set down for them in the Torah and its rabbinic and medieval commentaries.
  80.  
  81. Alroey, Gur. “Demographers in the Service of the Nation: Liebmann Hersch, Jacob Lestschinsky, and the Early Study of Jewish Migration.” Jewish History 20 (2006): 266–268.
  82.  
  83. DOI: 10.1007/s10835-006-9006-3Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  84.  
  85. Alroey shows that in the context of early European Jewish sociology, Hersch and Lestschinsky developed sociological and demographic models that continued those developed in central Europe by Arthur Ruppin and his colleagues.
  86.  
  87. Find this resource:
  88.  
  89. Anilowicz, J. “Materialen zu a Bibliagraphie von Yaakov Lestschinskys Werk.” YIVO-Bleter 10 (1936): 327–339.
  90.  
  91. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  92.  
  93. A complete bibliography of Lestschinsky’s work between 1903 and 1936, including books, articles in Jewish journals, and others. Most titles are in Yiddish, some others are in German, Hebrew, Polish, and Russian. There is no English translation available.
  94.  
  95. Find this resource:
  96.  
  97. DellaPergola, Sergio. “Jewish Demography: Fundamentals of the Research Field.” In The Social Scientific Study of Jewry: Sources, Approaches, Debates. Edited by Uzi Rebhun, 3–36. New York: Oxford University Press, 2014.
  98.  
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  100.  
  101. A succinct view of researchers on early Jewish demography in Europe, including Zionists such as Alfred Nossig, Arthur Ruppin, and Jacob Lestschinsky; diasporists such as Liebmann Hersch (a Bundist) and Joseph Jacobs; and non-Jews, like Corrado Gini and Livio Livi, who were among the earliest to employ sociological models for the study of modern Jewry.
  102.  
  103. Find this resource:
  104.  
  105. Efron, John M. Defenders of the Race: Jewish Doctors and Race Science in Fin-de-Siècle Europe. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1994.
  106.  
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  108.  
  109. Analyzing Jacobs as the first Jewish racial scientist, chapter four of this book provides a nuanced account of Jacobs in the context of the emerging discipline of social science and the rise of modern, academic anti-Semitism.
  110.  
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  112.  
  113. Frumkin, G. “From Conventional Demography to ‘Potential’ Demography: In Memoriam of Liebmann Hersch (1882–1955).” Population Studies 9.3 (March 1956): 276–280.
  114.  
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  116.  
  117. Frumkin highlights Hersch’s demographical work, in which the notion of “ageing” populations plays a preponderant part. This work is inspired by the tendency to link the past and the present with the future and falls naturally into place in modern concepts, which are common to demographers. Available online.
  118.  
  119. Find this resource:
  120.  
  121. Gillette, Aaron. Racial Theories in Fascist Italy. London and New York: Routledge, 2002.
  122.  
  123. DOI: 10.4324/9780203279212Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  124.  
  125. American historian Aaron Gillette presents Corrado Gini as Italy’s foremost demographer in the late 1920s, including his influence on Mussolini’s policies. His neo-organicism, which was promoted in 1927 in a new sociology program at the University of Rome, and his demographic theory led to the promotion of fertility, resulting in increased birth rates.
  126.  
  127. Find this resource:
  128.  
  129. Hart, Mitchell B. The Healthy Jew: The Symbiosis of Judaism and Modern Medicine. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2007.
  130.  
  131. DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511499074Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  132.  
  133. Hart argues that by writing and publishing the book Die Sozialhygiene der Juden und des altorientalischen Volkerkreises (The social hygiene of the Jews and ancient oriental nations) in 1894, Alfred Nossig contributed to the current European debate concerning public health and policy, presenting Judaism as the source from which the science of health and hygiene emerged.
  134.  
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  136.  
  137. Minc, Matityahu. “I. J. Bloch and the Battle of Polish and Russian Jewry against Discrimination.” Gal-Ed: On the History of the Jews in Poland 19 (2004): 13–27.
  138.  
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  140.  
  141. In Hebrew. Andrei Palovich Subotin (b. 1852–d. 1906), a non-Jew, was among the senior researchers at Jan Bloch’s Statistical Bureau in Warsaw (est. 1884). Subotin collected mainly railway data, with the purpose of planning Jewish future movement. Following Bloch’s death in 1903, Subotin published a memorial booklet in his honor (in Russian).
  142.  
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  144.  
  145. Zenderland, Leila. “Social Science as a ‘Weapon of the Weak’: Max Weinreich, the Yiddish Scientific Institute, and the Study of Culture, Personality, and Prejudice.” Isis 104.4 (2013): 742–772.
  146.  
  147. DOI: 10.1086/674942Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  148.  
  149. A well-documented and sensitive study of Weinreich’s development from linguistics to social science involving his Eastern European social background, his German academic education, as well as the encounter with American social and political contexts after his move to America.
  150.  
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  152.  
  153. Arthur Ruppin (b. 1876–d. 1943) and the Institutionalization of Jewish Sociology
  154. European Jewish sociology was only integrated as a unified field conceptually and institutionally with the foundation of a central bureau in Berlin and with the establishment of a journal, Zeitschrift für Demographie und Statistik der Juden (Journal for demography and statistics of the Jews) in the first decade of the 20th century. There is a wide consensus that Arthur Ruppin played the central role in the creation of the field as a whole. There is also wide agreement that this side of Ruppin’s project cannot be fully separated from other aspects of his public activity. Nevertheless, there are serious disagreements among scholars as to the nature of the relationships between his sociology and his political activity. There is wide agreement as to Ruppin’s most important academic publications and private sources. However, central facets of his academic work (e.g., anti-Semitism or “race”) and political activity (e.g., the settlement activity), as well as the relationships between the two are widely contested among historians.
  155.  
  156. Primary Academic Texts
  157. The Jewish publications of Arthur Ruppin span from his second major publication, in 1904, in Germany, till his last major publication written in Palestine and published in Hebrew in 1940. Ruppin was also the founding editor of the Zeitschrift für Demographie und Statistik der Juden (Journal for Jewish demography and statistics) established in 1905. Ruppin developed his model for the study of Jewry gradually and over a long period of time through continuous revisions, adjustments, and rewriting of his major books. There is wide agreement among scholars that there are no major breaks in Ruppin’s intellectual career and that his model was developed through the gradual modification of already existing categories, methods, and statistical techniques. While his major books appeared in several languages, including German, English, and Hebrew, and are in this sense similar, the various translations differ on some occasions in their structure and emphasis. Differences between books were often in their emphasis or in response to political events such as the rise to power of the National Socialist Party in Germany. Ruppin 1904 is his first book on the sociology of contemporary Jewry. The 1911 English version of the book differed conceptually from the earlier version. Some of the books are more detailed in their empirical coverage than others, such as Ruppin 1930a as compared with Ruppin 1934a or Ruppin 1934b, or Ruppin 1940. But whereas Ruppin’s version of sociology and demography remained on the whole stable, in this sequence of books Ruppin updated his empirical findings and sharpened his sociological model. The basic structure of the books, the categories he employed for the study of modern Jewry, and the basic statistical, geographic, or other classifications are consistent throughout his works.
  158.  
  159. Ruppin, Arthur. Die Juden der Gegenwart: Eine sozialwissenschaftliche Studie. Berlin: Calvary, 1904.
  160.  
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  162.  
  163. Ruppin’s first book-length study of contemporary Jewish sociology and demography. The model developed in this book centers on the perils of Jewish assimilation and, although expanded and revised in later publications, remains stable throughout his writing career.
  164.  
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  166.  
  167. Ruppin, Arthur. The Jews of Today: A Social Scientific Study. Translated by Yossef Chaim Brenner. Odessa: Moriah, 1911.
  168.  
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  170.  
  171. In Hebrew. A revised and updated version of the 1904 book.
  172.  
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  174.  
  175. Ruppin, Arthur. Soziologie der Juden. Berlin: Jüdischer Verlag, 1930a.
  176.  
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  178.  
  179. These Hebrew and German editions of the same book are the most elaborated version of Ruppin’s sociological and demographic model. Of particular interest in recent scholarship is his inclusion of an introductory chapter on the study of race and of photographic tables.
  180.  
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  182.  
  183. Ruppin, Arthur. Die soziale Struktur der Juden. Berlin: Jüdischer Verlag, 1930b.
  184.  
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  186.  
  187. An updated and shortened version of The Sociology of the Jews.
  188.  
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  190.  
  191. Ruppin, Arthur. The Sociology of the Jews. 2d ed. 2 vols. Tel-Aviv: Stiebel, 1934a.
  192.  
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  194.  
  195. In Hebrew. Methodologically and empirically the most elaborate expression of Ruppin’s model for the study of contemporary Jewry.
  196.  
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  198.  
  199. Ruppin, Arthur. The Jew in the Modern World. London: Macmillan, 1934b.
  200.  
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  202.  
  203. A shortened version of the 1930 book The Sociology of the Jews in English.
  204.  
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  206.  
  207. Ruppin, Arthur. The Jews’ War of Survival. Tel-Aviv: Dvir, 1940.
  208.  
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  210.  
  211. In Hebrew. Ruppin’s last major publication, discussing the historical context in which it appeared, namely, Germany’s invasion and occupation of Poland with its big Jewish population. The book recaps many of Ruppin’s core sociological beliefs such as the danger of assimilation for the future of Jewish life. Of particular interest is his analysis of National Socialist anti-Semitism.
  212.  
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  214.  
  215. Zeitschrift für Demographie und Statistik der Juden.
  216.  
  217. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  218.  
  219. The flagship journal of Jewish sociology and demography between 1905 and 1931, founded by Ruppin. Ruppin served as the editor in chief from 1905 to 1908. The journal generated research on all aspects of contemporary Jewish sociology and demography.
  220.  
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  222.  
  223. Primary Private Sources
  224. From his youth, Ruppin kept a diary of his activities, thoughts, and reflections. Bein 1968, Bein 1971, and Krolik 1985 are publications of major parts of these diaries in Hebrew, English, and German, respectively. The English and the Hebrew editions were edited by Alex Bein, and the German edition by Shlomo Krolik. The different language editions only partially overlap. Diary entries serve as good sources for the development of his scholarly work as well, although historians caution that some of Ruppin’s memoirs were written many years after the occasion.
  225.  
  226. Bein, Alex, ed. Arthur Ruppin, Chapters in My Life in the Building of the Land and the Nation, 1920–1942. Tel-Aviv: Am Oved, 1968.
  227.  
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  229.  
  230. A three-volume selection of Ruppin’s unpublished sources in Hebrew. The selection is wider and slightly different than the English version. Other than unpublished archival materials this is the best way to learn about Ruppin’s ideas, language, thought-processes, and the kinds of assumptions involved in his sociology.
  231.  
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  233.  
  234. Bein, Alex, ed. Arthur Ruppin: Memoirs, Diaries, Letters. London and Jerusalem: Herzl, 1971.
  235.  
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  237.  
  238. An English translation of a selection of Ruppin’s memories, diaries, and letters by Israel’s chief archivist, including an introduction and annotations. While Bein was necessarily selective, this is an excellent primary source for the study of Ruppin and the history of Jewish sociology in its various contexts.
  239.  
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  241.  
  242. Krolik, Schlomo, ed. Arthur Ruppin: Briefe, Tagebücher, Erinnerungen. Königstein/Ts., Germany: Athenäum, 1985.
  243.  
  244. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  245.  
  246. A German selection of translations of Ruppin’s letters, diary entries, and memories. This selection only partially overlaps with the English and the Hebrew editions. There is no English translation available.
  247.  
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  249.  
  250. General Overviews on Ruppin’s Career
  251. There is one biography of Arthur Ruppin and several books that treat major aspects of Ruppin’s life, scientific work, and political career. Bein 1972 provides an early overview of Ruppin’s life. To a great extent based on Ruppin’s own archive, Goren 2005 affords a more recent, comprehensive biography of Ruppin’s life and career. Hart 2000 offers the fullest English-language treatment of Ruppin’s role in the creation and establishment of Jewish sociology and demography.
  252.  
  253. Bein, Alex. “Arthur Ruppin: The Man and His Work.” Leo Baeck Yearbook XVII 17.1 (1972): 117–141.
  254.  
  255. DOI: 10.1093/leobaeck/17.1.117Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  256.  
  257. The historian and editor of Arthur Ruppin’s diaries provides an elaborate and sensitive portrayal of Ruppin’s career.
  258.  
  259. Find this resource:
  260.  
  261. Goren, Yaacov. Arthur Ruppin—His Life and Work. Tel Aviv: Yad Tabenkin, 2005.
  262.  
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  264.  
  265. Israeli historian Yaacov Goren’s biography (in Hebrew) is the most comprehensive account of Ruppin’s life from his childhood in Germany to his life and death in Palestine. The biography is based on exhaustive archival materials through which Goren chronologically reconstructs Ruppin’s biography.
  266.  
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  268.  
  269. Hart, Mitchell B. Social Science and the Politics of Modern Jewish Identity. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2000.
  270.  
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  272.  
  273. American Jewish historian Mitchell Hart provides the most contextualizing and in-depth study of the development of Ruppin’s Jewish sociology and shows its intertwinement with the emergence of modern Jewish nationalism.
  274.  
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  276.  
  277. The Study of Assimilation
  278. There is wide scholarly agreement that the two most important tasks of Jewish sociology, as conceived by Ruppin, were the analysis of Jewish life as determined by processes of Jewish assimilation into non-Jewish societies, on the one hand, and anti-Jewish sentiment, on the other. Scholars have shown that Ruppin’s conceptualization of assimilation as a collective teleological process that, if continued uninterrupted, will culminate in the practical disappearance of the Jews as a people was developed in his first book Die Juden der Gegenwart (The Jews of today, 1904) and remained a cornerstone of his sociological model throughout his entire career. DellaPergola 1999 returns to Ruppin’s basic assumptions and model for the study of assimilation on the occasion of the 100th anniversary of that book, whereas DellaPergola 2002 examines changes in Ruppin’s model over time. Although Hart 2000 does not isolate the subject of assimilation, its discussion is interwoven with numerous subjects of the book’s chapters. In its discussion on the role of race in Ruppin, Morris-Reich 2006 examines the close relationship between Ruppin’s conception of assimilation and race. In the same venue, Haber 2006 emphasizes the negative and problematic nature of assimilation in Ruppin.
  279.  
  280. DellaPergola, Sergio. “Arthur Ruppin Revisited: The Jews of Today, 1904–1994.” In National Variations in Jewish Identity: Implications for Jewish Education. Edited by Steven M. Cohen and Gabriel Horencyzk, 53–83. New York: State University of New York Press, 1999.
  281.  
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  283.  
  284. Israeli demographer Sergio DellaPergola returns to Ruppin’s predicament regarding the disappearance of the Jewish people through processes of assimilation. He further addresses the incongruity between Ruppin’s projection and actual historical developments.
  285.  
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  287.  
  288. DellaPergola, Sergio. “Jewish Identity/Assimilation/Continuity: Approaches to a Changing Reality.” Cadernos de Língua e Literatura Hebraica 3 (2002): 17–51.
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  291.  
  292. This is a later, updated, and different analysis of Arthur Ruppin’s understanding of the assimilation process. The practicing demographer DellaPergola points to changes in Ruppin’s analysis of assimilation in his earlier and his later work and further points to the relevance of Ruppin’s model for ongoing debates about Jewish continuity.
  293.  
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  295.  
  296. Haber, Peter. “Integration und Assimilation.” In Jüdische Identität und Nation: Fallbeispiele aus Mitteleuropa. Edited by Peter Haber, Erik Petry, and Daniel Wildman, 119–129. Cologne and Weimar, Germany: Böhlau, 2006.
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  299.  
  300. In his article on the notions of integration and assimilation, German historian Peter Haber situates Ruppin’s understanding of assimilation in the German context and shows its negative connotations. There is no English translation available.
  301.  
  302. Find this resource:
  303.  
  304. Hart, Mitchell B. Social Science and the Politics of Modern Jewish Identity. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2000.
  305.  
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  307.  
  308. Although Hart devotes no chapter to the subject of assimilation in Ruppin’s model, on numerous occasions throughout the book the subject is discussed. Hart’s discussion emphasizes Ruppin’s commitment to national regeneration as the opposite of assimilation, analyzing Ruppin’s creation of such categories as “intermarriage,” “conversion,” or “dissociation” for its measurement and evaluation.
  309.  
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  311.  
  312. Morris-Reich, Amos. “Arthur Ruppin’s Concept of Race.” Israel Studies 11.3 (2006): 1–30.
  313.  
  314. DOI: 10.1353/is.2006.0028Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  315.  
  316. In his review of Ruppin’s academic publications on race, Morris-Reich explores the close intertwinement between assimilation, race, and nation in Ruppin’s assumptions.
  317.  
  318. Find this resource:
  319.  
  320. The Sociological Study of Anti-Semitism
  321. Scholars agree that the study of anti-Semitism as a central facet in Jewish history is one of the cornerstones of Ruppin’s sociological model. But scholars have differed widely on the historical and intellectual sources of his model. Discussions range from a changing emphasis in his treatment of anti-Semitism in his major monographs to the possible effect of anti-Semitism on his settlement activity. Positions on Ruppin and anti-Semitism span from viewing him as combating anti-Semitism in his scholarly and political activities to interpreting him as anti-Semitic himself. Doron 1977 and Doron 1983 employ biographical and autobiographical materials to point at the degree to which the young Ruppin internalized anti-Semitic views existing in his non-Jewish German environment. Hart 2000 and Morris-Reich 2010 emphasize the implications of Ruppin’s model for the study of anti-Semitism as a historical and social phenomenon, essential to understanding modern Jewry.
  322.  
  323. Doron, Joachim. “Zionist in Central Europe vis-à-vis German Ideologies, 1885–1914: Parallels and Influences.” PhD diss., Tel-Aviv University, 1977.
  324.  
  325. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  326.  
  327. In Hebrew. Based on archival work, but arguably overstretching his argument, historian Joachim Doron attempts to portray Ruppin as deeply influenced by voelkisch ideology.
  328.  
  329. Find this resource:
  330.  
  331. Doron, Joachim. “Classical Zionism and Modern Anti-Semitism—Comparisons and Influences (1883–1914).” Hatzionut 8 (1983): 57–101.
  332.  
  333. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  334.  
  335. In Hebrew. Discussion of Ruppin within the context of the relationship between Zionism and anti-Semitism (particularly p. 91). Based on Ruppin’s own account in his diary, particularly as a youth and a young man, Doron provides a powerful analysis of the effect of social anti-Semitism on the early Ruppin. There is no English translation available.
  336.  
  337. Find this resource:
  338.  
  339. Hart, Mitchell B. Social Science and the Politics of Modern Jewish Identity. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2000.
  340.  
  341. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  342.  
  343. By linking Ruppin’s sociological model to questions of the generation of modern Jewish identity, Hart shows how Ruppin was engaged not only in refuting anti-Semitic notions of Jewish inferiority, but also in enhancing Jewish pride and self-esteem.
  344.  
  345. Find this resource:
  346.  
  347. Morris-Reich, Amos. “Argumentative Patterns and Epistemic Considerations: Responses to Anti-Semitism in the Conceptual History of Social Science.” Jewish Quarterly Review 100.3 (2010): 454–482.
  348.  
  349. DOI: 10.1353/jqr.0.0097Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  350.  
  351. Through a conceptual and rhetorical analysis of Ruppin’s academic publications, Morris-Reich argues that Ruppin gradually came to see anti-Semitism as a constant factor in Jewish history, in itself independent of assimilation and inherently ambiguous. He also shows that Ruppin resisted the subordination of anti-Semitism to a universal class (such as racism) resistant to rational explanations.
  352.  
  353. Find this resource:
  354.  
  355. Jewish Sociology and Jewish Nationalism
  356. While earlier scholarship tended to focus on Ruppin’s Zionist activity or studied his Zionist activity and his sociological model separately, the relationship between his sociology and his Zionist outlook has increasingly been the subject of research since the late 20th century. Several articles or book-length studies show that Ruppin’s sociological model stands in close relationship to his Zionist outlook. Goren 2005 and Hart 2000 show the degree to which the emergence of Ruppin’s Jewish sociology is inseparable from that of his conversion to Jewish nationalism and specifically Zionism. Hirsch 2009 analyzes how the development and introduction of certain statistical categories were transplanted and gained different meaning with their transplantation to Palestine. Weiss 2004 illustrates how in his attempt to employ sociological and political science models for the solution of national problems in Palestine, Ruppin was importing ideas and categories from the German context.
  357.  
  358. Goren, Yaacov. Arthur Ruppin—His Life and Work. Tel Aviv: Yad Tabenkin, 2005.
  359.  
  360. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  361.  
  362. In Hebrew. While descriptive rather than analytical in its approach, Goren’s study of the development of Ruppin both as a scholar as well as a Zionist activist or political leader, is arguably the best empirical resource on the subject. There is no English translation available.
  363.  
  364. Find this resource:
  365.  
  366. Hart, Mitchell B. Social Science and the Politics of Modern Jewish Identity. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2000.
  367.  
  368. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  369.  
  370. Arguably the most important study on the relationship between Ruppin’s political beliefs and the model he developed for the study of contemporary Jewry. Hart shows that Ruppin’s sociology cannot be understood without the wider context of the emergence of Zionism. Furthermore, the sociological study of modern Jewry was essential for the constitution of a modern Jewish national body.
  371.  
  372. Find this resource:
  373.  
  374. Hirsch, Dafna. “Zionist Physicians, Mixed Marriage, and the Creation of a New Jewish Type.” Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 15 (2009): 592–609.
  375.  
  376. DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-9655.2009.01575.xSave Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  377.  
  378. Looking at a lower register of Ruppin’s activity through the sociological category of “mixed marriage,” Israeli historian and anthropologist Dafna Hirsch argues in this article that Ruppin’s categories of classification actively reified views of Jewish identity in national, ethnic, and racial, rather than religious, terms.
  379.  
  380. Find this resource:
  381.  
  382. Weiss, Yfaat. “Central European Ethnonationalism and Zionist Binationalism.” Jewish Social Studies 11.1 (2004): 93–117.
  383.  
  384. DOI: 10.1353/jss.2005.0009Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  385.  
  386. In this article, Yfaat Weiss compares Ruppin and Hans Kohn. She shows that Ruppin imported ideas and models from Germany into the Palestinian context. In particular, political thought and sociological models drawn from the struggle between Germans and Poles in the eastern border regions of Germany.
  387.  
  388. Find this resource:
  389.  
  390. Political Work in Palestine
  391. Scholars have studied various facets of the relationship between Ruppin’s sociological model and his Zionist activity. Ruppin 1936 provides his own documentation of his public and political activity. Of particular importance in this respect are studies that focus on the work Ruppin carried out as the founder of the Palestine Office in pre-state Palestine. Penslar 1991 situates Ruppin’s engagement in the context of practical work in Palestine within other facets of the emergence of the Zionist project. Shilo 1988 studies more concrete aspects of his settlement activity; Bertisch 1980 develops the economic perspective of that activity; and in a highly provocative fashion, Bloom 2011 insinuates that Israeli structures of social inequality and prejudice originated in Ruppin’s settlement activities.
  392.  
  393. Bertisch, Abraham M. “A Study of the Political Economic Philosophy of Arthur Ruppin and His Role in the Economic Development of the Zionist Settlement in Palestine from 1907–1943.” PhD diss., New York University, 1980.
  394.  
  395. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  396.  
  397. Israeli-American economist Bertisch traces the economic aspects of Ruppin’s work and political-Zionist ideology in Palestine, analyzing the work of the Palestine office.
  398.  
  399. Find this resource:
  400.  
  401. Bloom, Etan. Arthur Ruppin and the Production of Pre-Israeli Culture. Leiden, The Netherlands, and Boston: Brill, 2011.
  402.  
  403. DOI: 10.1163/ej.9789004203792.i-418Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  404.  
  405. In a controversial study Bloom argues that Ruppin’s planning of Jewish settlements in Palestine was guided by the hidden objective to segregate Ashkenazi from non-European Jews.
  406.  
  407. Find this resource:
  408.  
  409. Penslar, Derek Jonathan. Zionism and Technocracy: The Engineering of Jewish Settlement in Palestine, 1870–1918. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1991.
  410.  
  411. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  412.  
  413. Chapter four (pages 80–110) of Derek Penslar’s book is devoted to Arthur Ruppin. Penslar identifies the intellectual, economical, and political strains of thought, e.g., his social democratic outlook, elements of vitalist and agrarian philosophy, and belief in social engineering, that Ruppin acquired in Germany in his youth and brought with him to Palestine.
  414.  
  415. Find this resource:
  416.  
  417. Ruppin, Arthur. Three Decades of Palestine: Speeches and Papers on the Upbuilding of the Jewish National Home. Tel-Aviv: Schocken, 1936.
  418.  
  419. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  420.  
  421. Translation from Hebrew. In this volume, Ruppin collects some of his speeches and articles from his political, rather than scientific, work. This remains a good source for his activities and ideas in this context.
  422.  
  423. Find this resource:
  424.  
  425. Shilo, Margalit. The Attempts of Colonization: The Palestine Office 1908–1914. Jerusalem: Yad Izhak Ben-Zvi, 1988.
  426.  
  427. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  428.  
  429. In Hebrew. Focusing mainly on the work of the Palestine Office headed by Ruppin (1908–1914) Shilo highlights Ruppin’s role in the initiation of the cooperative, the small group (later known as the kibbutz), the national-agricultural farms, etc.
  430.  
  431. Find this resource:
  432.  
  433. Methodology and Epistemic Assumptions
  434. Little scholarship was devoted to Ruppin’s ontological, methodological, and epistemic assumptions, and their role in shaping the fundamental categories and analytical model of Jewish sociology. Indirectly, through more local issues or on lower registers, several studies of Ruppin situate his version of sociology within the larger framework of emerging European, particularly German, sociology. DellaPergola 1999 touches on this in its attempt to revisit Ruppin’s model on the occasion of the 100th anniversary of his first book. Morris-Reich 2006 reconstructs the conceptual role of “race” in Ruppin’s model. Morris-Reich 2010 analyzes Ruppin’s epistemological assumptions through a comparison with Franz Boas and Georg Simmel, whereas Bloom 2011 (cited under Political Work in Palestine) touches on related subjects in his study of Ruppin’s settlement activity in Palestine.
  435.  
  436. DellaPergola, Sergio. “Arthur Ruppin Revisited: The Jews of Today, 1904–1994.” In National Variations in Jewish Identity: Implications for Jewish Education. Edited by Steven M. Cohen and Gabriel Horencyzk, 53–83. New York: State University of New York Press, 1999.
  437.  
  438. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  439.  
  440. Israeli Jewish demographer Sergio DellaPergola provides an assessment of Ruppin’s sociological and demographic model, including some of its basic assumptions, on the occasion of the 100th anniversary of the appearance of Ruppin’s first book on the subject.
  441.  
  442. Find this resource:
  443.  
  444. Morris-Reich, Amos. “Arthur Ruppin’s Concept of Race.” Israel Studies 11.3 (2006): 1–30.
  445.  
  446. DOI: 10.1353/is.2006.0028Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  447.  
  448. Morris-Reich attempts to situate the status of race in Ruppin’s work through its comparison with the status of statistics.
  449.  
  450. Find this resource:
  451.  
  452. Morris-Reich, Amos. “Argumentative Patterns and Epistemic Considerations: Responses to Anti-Semitism in the Conceptual History of Social Science.” Jewish Quarterly Review 100.3 (2010): 454–482.
  453.  
  454. DOI: 10.1353/jqr.0.0097Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  455.  
  456. Through a comparative framework, the author looks at some of Ruppin’s basic assumptions, analyzing his response to anti-Semitism. Morris-Reich argues that Ruppin’s response to anti-Semitism was empirical and in its epistemic and ontological social assumptions to a great extent realistic (rather than constructivistic).
  457.  
  458. Find this resource:
  459.  
  460. Race
  461. For many years the subject of “race” in Ruppin’s sociology and demography received no historical discussion. In the 21st century, Ruppin’s beliefs on race became a matter of increased historical interest and have been studied by several authors with regard to various related aspects of his sociology and political activity. Given Ruppin’s prominence and the possible ramifications of this subject, race in Ruppin became a site of major controversy. There is no common agreement on the significance of race for understanding Ruppin’s work. Two important studies on Ruppin published in recent years do not analyze racial aspects in his work. Goren 2005 expresses the older historiographic position that race is, after all, an emblem of anachronistic thought that is unessential for understanding Ruppin and his writings. On the other side of the spectrum, Bloom 2011 insinuates that Ruppin pursued a hidden racial theory that was aimed at Jews from Arab states. Penslar 1991 and Hart 2000, in contrast, afford a historically less controversial treatment of race in the biography and the early work of Ruppin. Based on mostly biographical materials, Doron 1980 analyzes völkisch influences on Ruppin. Drawing on close readings of Ruppin’s professional publications, Reuveni 1984 illustrates how the treatment of the subject alters in Ruppin’s various publications. Morris-Reich 2006 draws on the then contemporary science to contextualize Ruppin’s racial beliefs. Lipphardt 2008 analyzes Ruppin’s writing on race in the context of the history of Jewish writing on race in Germany.
  462.  
  463. Bloom, Etan. Arthur Ruppin and the Production of Pre-Israeli Culture. Leiden, The Netherlands, and Boston: Brill, 2011.
  464.  
  465. DOI: 10.1163/ej.9789004203792.i-418Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  466.  
  467. Israeli cultural scholar Etan Bloom suggests in this highly contested book that following a psychological crisis, Ruppin interiorized German anti-Semitic beliefs, applying them to non-European Jews. His settlement activities created long-lasting patterns of discrimination against non-European Jews in Palestine.
  468.  
  469. Find this resource:
  470.  
  471. Doron, Joachim. “Rassenbewusstsein und Naturwissenschaftliches Denken im Deutschen Zionismus während der Wilhelminischen Ära.” Jahrbuch des Institutes für deutsche Geschichte 9 (1980): 389–427.
  472.  
  473. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  474.  
  475. One of the pioneer discussions of the subject. Doron argues for the presence of völkisch influences on Ruppin. There is no English translation available.
  476.  
  477. Find this resource:
  478.  
  479. Goren, Yaacov. Arthur Ruppin—His Life and Work. Tel Aviv: Yad Tabenkin, 2005.
  480.  
  481. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  482.  
  483. In Hebrew. Yaacov Goren’s biography of Arthur Ruppin regards the term “race” as marginal to Ruppin’s sociological work, discussing the topic as a remnant of early-20th-century anthropological views, from which Ruppin never freed himself. More recent studies differed not on the presence of race in his model, but on its importance for understanding his sociological model and political work. There is no English translation available.
  484.  
  485. Find this resource:
  486.  
  487. Hart, Mitchell B. Social Science and the Politics of Modern Jewish Identity. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2000, 169–193.
  488.  
  489. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  490.  
  491. American historian Mitchell Hart’s book systematically treats the links between the foundation of modern Jewish sociology and the Zionist movement in Germany. In various parts of his book, Hart examines the racial dimensions of Ruppin’s work and devotes an important chapter to “Measuring and Picturing Jews: Racial Anthropology and Iconography.”
  492.  
  493. Find this resource:
  494.  
  495. Lipphardt, Veronika. Biologie der Juden: Jüdische Wissenschaftler über “Rasse” und Vererbung, 1900–1935. Göttingen, Germany: Vandenhoeck & Rupecht, 2008.
  496.  
  497. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  498.  
  499. In the context of German biological sciences between 1900 and 1935, historian of genetics Lipphardt provides a rich historical context for the discussion of Ruppin’s views as part of the mapping out of various competing and sometimes contrasting views concerning race, Jews, the biologization of social questions, or “Jewish difference.” There is no English translation available.
  500.  
  501. Find this resource:
  502.  
  503. Morris-Reich, Amos. “Arthur Ruppin’s Concept of Race.” Israel Studies 11.3 (2006): 1–30.
  504.  
  505. DOI: 10.1353/is.2006.0028Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  506.  
  507. Morris-Reich attempts to answer the question of whether Ruppin developed a racial theory. Rooted in the history of science, the article both shows the significance of race in Ruppin’s model and situates it in the complex understanding of “race” in the early 20th century.
  508.  
  509. Find this resource:
  510.  
  511. Penslar, Derek Jonathan. Zionism and Technocracy: The Engineering of Jewish Settlement in Palestine, 1870–1918. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1991.
  512.  
  513. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  514.  
  515. A key chapter of this book is devoted to Ruppin’s role in the establishment of the Zionist colonial project in Eretz Israel. In this context, Penslar discusses Ruppin’s early racial views.
  516.  
  517. Find this resource:
  518.  
  519. Reuveni, Yaakov. “Sociology and Ideology: Studies in Arthur Ruppin’s Philosophy.” Kivunim 23 (1984): 25–48.
  520.  
  521. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  522.  
  523. In Hebrew. Reuveni’s article focuses mainly on the relationship between Ruppin’s sociological view and his Zionist outlook. In this context he points to the racial component in Ruppin’s thought. Reuveni compares different editions of Ruppin’s books and evaluates their significance.
  524.  
  525. Find this resource:
  526.  
  527. European Jewish Sociology after Ruppin
  528. There is no comprehensive study of European Jewish sociology after Ruppin’s death. It is possible, however, to reconstruct Ruppin’s sociological and demographic legacy from the genealogy that led from Roberto Bachi to Uzi Rebhun at the Institute for Contemporary Jewry at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. Roberto Bachi, who was a student of Corrado Gini in Italy, and not directly a student of Ruppin, created the Division for Jewish Statistics and Demography, further developing Ruppin’s model. Austrian-born Uziel Oscar Schmelz and Italian born Sergio DellaPergola were both students of Bachi. Schmelz obtained his master’s degree under Ruppin in Jerusalem before he earned his PhD with Bachi. Further, DellaPergola is the mentor of Israeli-born Uzi Rebhun. As can be observed with regard to the Papers in Jewish Demography publication series, prefaces to monographs and edited volumes, and the vast amount of co-edited and co-written articles and monographs, these four scholars created a dense network of intergenerational and international scientific cooperation. This network is composed of a dynamic database, based on a stable set of questions, categories of classification and analysis, and standard ongoing publications and publishing avenues. This network drew on Ruppin’s model, but also on those of Liebman Hersch and Jacob Lestschinsky. Members of this “school” also cooperated with numerous fellow scholars in Europe, the United States, South America, and South Africa (among others Marshall Sklare and Sidney Goldstein from the United States). Given this exchange, the boundaries between European, Israeli, or North/South American Jewish demography and sociology are increasingly hard to ascertain. Institutionally, European Jewish sociology, which was developed and first institutionalized on the European continent, was transplanted to Palestine later in the State of Israel. Methodologically, the statistical methods employed by contemporary scholars are far more elaborate than those applied by Ruppin. Substantively, Ruppin’s interest in measuring assimilation processes and their effects were continued under the rubric of “Jewish continuity.” Many of the categories of classification applied by Ruppin (e.g., “mixed marriage”) remain significant, but their underlying biological assumptions have disappeared from the scientific discourse. The annual Papers in Jewish Demography (1970–2003) was one of the central platforms of publications emerging from this sociological and demographic school. DellaPergola 2001 provides a reflective overview of its recent history. Bachi 1976, Schmelz 1971, and Rebhun 2011 express the extension of this school’s coverage and the degree of its conceptual and empirical interdependence. The memories collected in In Memory of Roberto Bachi on the Occasion of the 30th Day Anniversary of His Death (1987) provide the context for Bachi’s contribution to the field in Israel. Schmelz and Glikson 1970 introduces readers to the questions, methods, and cases in Jewish demography.
  529.  
  530. Bachi, Roberto. Population Trends of World Jewry. Jerusalem: Hebrew University, 1976.
  531.  
  532. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  533.  
  534. Bachi’s most comprehensive sociological and demographic study of world Jewry. Covers the subjects of the evolution of population determinants, changes in world Jewish population over time, characteristics of pre-modern Jewry, demographic trends from the beginning of the 19th century to the Holocaust, and after.
  535.  
  536. Find this resource:
  537.  
  538. DellaPergola, Sergio. Population: Demographic Trends in the World among Diaspora Jews and in Israel. Jerusalem: Israel Information Center, 1976.
  539.  
  540. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  541.  
  542. In Hebrew. A short book intended for the wider public in which DellaPergola situates sociological and demographic tendencies in modern Jewry in the wider context of world demographic tendencies in the 1970s and their future projections.
  543.  
  544. Find this resource:
  545.  
  546. DellaPergola, Sergio. “Thoughts of a Jewish Demographer in the Year 2000.” Contemporary Jewry 21 (2001): 98–116.
  547.  
  548. DOI: 10.1007/BF02962405Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  549.  
  550. The most synthetic account of biographical, institutional, and conceptual developments in the tradition of European Jewish sociology in the second half of the 20th century, after World War II and the Shoah. Told from a biographical point of view.
  551.  
  552. Find this resource:
  553.  
  554. In Memory of Roberto Bachi on the Occasion of the 30th Day Anniversary of His Death. Jerusalem: Israel Academy of Science, 1987.
  555.  
  556. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  557.  
  558. Personal observations on Roberto Bachi on the occasion of his death. Shumeul Noah Eisenstadt, Sergio DellaPergola, and Gad Nathan discuss his early formation as a demographer and statistician and the circumstances internal to the situation in Israel and the Hebrew University of the reestablishment of the field of Jewish sociology and demography.
  559.  
  560. Find this resource:
  561.  
  562. Papers in Jewish Demography. Jerusalem: Hebrew University, 1970–2003.
  563.  
  564. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  565.  
  566. Annual publication forum of the World Congress of Jewish Studies and Institute of Contemporary Jewry that appeared in print between 1970 and 2003. Serves as the richest source for the study of Jewish demography in this period. This is an excellent source for observing various tendencies in this field.
  567.  
  568. Find this resource:
  569.  
  570. Rebhun, Uzi. The Wandering Jew in America. Boston: Academic Studies Press, 2011.
  571.  
  572. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  573.  
  574. Rebhun offers a multifaceted sociological and demographic analysis of trends in American Jewry with special emphasis on the complex relationship between internal migration in the United States, ethnicity, and Jewish identification.
  575.  
  576. Find this resource:
  577.  
  578. Schmelz, Uziel Oscar. Infant and Early Childhood Mortality among the Jews in the Diaspora. 1971.
  579.  
  580. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  581.  
  582. In his most important study, Schmelz focuses on infant and child mortality in their sociological, demographic, geographical, and historical contexts. Based on data from both Diaspora and Israeli sources, Schmelz offers the most detailed account of Jewish birth and death in Europe, Asia, and Africa accompanied by an analysis and explanation of the findings, significance, and bibliography.
  583.  
  584. Find this resource:
  585.  
  586. Schmelz, Uziel Oscar, and Paul Glikson, eds. Jewish Populations Studies, 1961–1968. Jerusalem: Hebrew University, 1970.
  587.  
  588. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  589.  
  590. The first part of the volume provides a succinct guide to Jewish population studies, its questions, sources, and methods. The second part offers state-by-state case studies. The third section presents a selected bibliography for the years 1961–1968.
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