-- passing result of SELECT to SP
SELECT a, b FROM t
EXEC my_sp a, b

-- passing result of SP to INSERT
INSERT INTO t
EXEC my_sp a, b

create table #results (col1 int, col2 varchar(5) ...)

INSERT INTO #results
   EXEC YourProcedure @parma...

SELECT
    *
    FROM YourTable     y
        JOIN #results  r ON ...
    ....