2019-03-06 TOEFL: word roots, reading paraphrase

Greg Malivuk
gmalivuk@staffordhouse.com
http://www.pastebin.com/u/gmalivuk - notes from all classes
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Word Roots (list 2) - With your partner, try to think of one or two words to explain the meaning of each root.
cert (certain, ascertain, certificate) = sure
chrom (monochrome, achromatic) = color
chron (chronological, anachronism, synchronize) = time
circum (circumscribe, circumspect, circumnavigate) = around
claim/clam (exclaim, proclamation, clamor) = shout/yell
clar (clarify, declare) = clear
cline (inclination, decline, recline) = lean
co (coworker, coeducational, coauthor) = together
            	col before L: (collaborate, colleague)
            	com before M, B, P: (communicate, composition, combine, compete)
            	cor before R: (correlate, corroborate)
            	con before other consonants (not H): (connect, convention, contemporary)
            	(co before H and vowels, and in new words like “copilot”)
cogni (cognizance, incognito) = know/think
contra (contrast, contradict, controversy) = opposite/against (this is “con” + the same “tra” we have in “extra” and “intra”)
corp (corporation, corpse, incorporate) = body
cred (credible, credit, credulous) = believe/trust
crypto (cryptography, cryptic, cryptozoology) = hide (often refers to hiding information in code)
de/di (decelerate, dethrone, decrease, divide, diverge) = down/away/apart
dem/demo (demographics, democracy, epidemic) = people
di (dilemma, dihedral) = two
dia (diameter, dialect, dialogue) = across/between
dict (dictator, dictionary, contradict) = tell/say
domin (dominate, dominion, predominate) = master
don (donate, pardon) = give
duce/duct (introduction, deduct, conduct) = lead/take
dyna (dynamic, dynamite, dynasty) = power/movement
dys (dystopia, dyslexia) = bad
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suffix - something attached to the end of a word
prefix - something attached to the beginning of a word
affix - something attached to (the outside of) a word = prefix OR suffix
infix - something attached inside a word
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TOEFL: 4 hours, 4 sections, 120 total points (30/section), $205
1 reading: 60-80 minutes, 3 or 4 passages, about 14 questions per passage
2 listening: 60-90 minutes, 2 or 3 sets (each set: 3 listenings, 17 questions, 10 minutes to answer)
	(10-minute break)
3 speaking: 20 minutes, 6 tasks, 5.5 minutes of speaking time
4 writing: about 60 minutes, 2 tasks, 20+30 minutes of writing time
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BREAK
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Reading Question Types:
- fact/detail
- negative fact
- vocabulary
- inference
- purpose/method
- paraphrase
- reference (pronouns)
- sentence insertion
- summarize
- organize/categorize
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Paraphrase Questions
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“Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.”
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Handout (Cambridge exercise R13) p. 189-190 - Choose the correct restatement. Pay close attention to who does what in each sentence.
Compare your answers with your partner. Convince them they’re wrong if you disagree.
2 D
3 C
4 B
5 D
6 A
7 B
8 C
9 A
10 A
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Exercise R14 (p. 191-2) - In a paragraph, the highlighted sentence might refer to things introduced in other sentences, so you need to check those sentences to understand the full meaning.
1 A - This is the only choice that mentions tree rings, whic his the subject of the original sentence.
2 C
3 B
4 C
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Homework: Cengage exercise 5.2 (handout)