2020-03-14 Saturday: 10 No limits

Greg Malivuk
gmalivuk@staffordhouse.com
http://www.pastebin.com/u/gmalivuk - Notes from all classes.
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Homework: write an online ad to sell the item you tried to sell in class today (You can model it after the one on p. 113 or ads you can find on websites.)
	Also: read p. 123 and do parts 2, 5, 6 on p. 122
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part 2
1 Diane van Deren
2 Yukon Arctic Ultra
3 February, 2009
4 400 miles
5 At least 11 days
6 frozen fruit and nut bars
1 John Dau
2 South Sudan and Ethiopia
3 1987
4 1000 miles
5 14 years for the full “journey” (1987-2001)
6 grass and mud
part 5
Diane:
1 After an operation, she found that she could run for hours without remembering the effort
2 choice
3 became the first woman to finish the race
4 demonstrated to the world what women can do; is an inspiration to many
John:
1 He was running from soldiers sent to destroy his village.
2 necessity
3 He survived and got the opportunity to start a new life in the US.
4 He led and took care of a large group of people. He demonstrated to the world that nothing is impossible.
part 6
1 Diane
2 Diane
3 John
4 both
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If we move to online classes (which we probably will):
- Classes will be taught through Zoom.
	website: https://zoom.us/ - If you have a computer, that’s the best option.
	apps: search for “zoom” or “zoom cloud meetings”
- You can register for a free account from the website or the app
- I will send an invite link to your email.
- The first time you click on a link from a computer, it will ask you to install the Zoom software on the computer.
- If you click on the link from your phone, you should open it in the Zoom app.
- The first number in the link is the Meeting ID, and after we start I will also send the 6-digit password you can use to join manually from the app, if the link doesn’t work for you.

This will be a learning experience for everyone. We will try to figure out any technical problems together.
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p. 118 part 2 - Listen to the TV preview show and match the beginning and end of each sentence.
1 The Bionic Woman was a TV series in which the character was part machine and part human.
2 The documentary is about a woman whose arm was amputated.
3 Doctors have developed a process which grows new organs.
4 Amanda Kitts is learning to do things that we take for granted.
5 Bionics can help people who have lost limbs.
6 There’ll be a time when blind people will use bionic devices to see.
things we take for granted = things we are so used to having or doing that we never think about them
	(Especially to talk about things someone else might not have.)
bionic = biology/biological + electronic
limbs = arms and/or legs
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Grammar: defining relative clauses

The second halves of the sentences are defining relative clauses.
clause = a group of words with a subject and verb
relative clause = a clause whose meaning is relative to another noun in the sentence
	(Starts with a relative pronoun like “that” or “whose”)
defining relative clause = a relative clause that gives necessary information about the noun
	(Without this information, we don’t know which noun(s) the sentence is about.)

defining: All of my students who do their homework are great.
	= Some of my students do their homework, and those students are great.
	(The relative clause tells you which specific students I’m talking about.)
non-defining: All of my students, who do their homework, are great.
	= All of my students do their homework, and all of my students are great.
	(The relative clause just gives extra information about my students, and could be removed.)
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Relative Pronouns:
who = a person or people, especially the subject of the clause
(whom = a person or people, as the object of the clause, if we’re being formal)
whose = a person (or thing), when we’re talking about a possession
which = a thing or things
that = person/people or thing(s), if it’s NOT after a preposition or a comma
when = a time
where = a place
why = a reason (and often we can eliminate “why”: That’s the reason why I did it.)

Note: We can remove “that” IF it’s not the subject of the relative clause
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p. 119 part 7 - Write the correct relative pronouns to complete each clause.
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BREAK
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1 who/that
2 who/that
3 which/that
4 when
5 where (or “to which” or “which...attached to”)
6 whose (It is the limbs’ movement, so use possessive.)
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One way to check or figure out the correct relative pronoun is to put the informaion in a separate sentence with a “normal” personal pronoun:
1 They are deaf. -> who/that
2 They are waiting for a transplant. -> who/that
3 It can receive signals from the brain. -> which/that
4 Then bionics was an idea from science fiction.
  OR: Bionics was an idea from science fiction then. -> when
5 The bionic limb is attached there. -> where
  The bionic limb is attached to it. -> to which
6 Their movement mimics the body’s natural steps. -> whose
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Parts 9 and 10 - make sure you understand all this vocabulary, and in particular the differences between the options in part 9
1 “injured” is correct. “wounded” is more common for victims of violence. (Also sometimes “wound” refers specifically to injuries that go through the skin, such as cuts.)
2 heal - this is what injuries do on their own
  (“treat” is what we (or doctors) do to an injury or condition)
3 appointment - this is for formal businesslike arrangements
  (“dates” are social, usually romantic)
4 cure = fix an illness or condition completely
5 hurt - this is usually the verb
  (pain is usually the noun)
6 treatment - this is the noun for “treat”, which is what you or doctors do for a condition
  side effect = an effect from a treatment that is not what it’s intended for
7 monitoring - watching carefully
  (You can control something specific, like the dosage of a medicine, but you can’t control someone’s condition.)
8 painful - this is physical
  (hurtful - this is emotional)
part 10 (Can you use relative clauses to explain these?)
Surgery is a treatment where the doctor cuts into the patient’s body.
	(It could be to fix something, remove something, or add something.)
A surgeon is the doctor who does surgery.
An operating room is the room where surgeons do surgery.
Stitches are threads used to sew a cut together to help it heal.
A donor is someone who gives blood or a body part.
A ward is part of a hospital where the same type of patient is treated (e.g. maternity ward), and typically where patients can stay overnight or longer.
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p. 120 lesson B

Would you move to Mars if you had the chance? Why or why not?
If no, then at which stage in the picture would you change your mind?
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Grammar: second conditional = present/future unreal conditional
“If I had a lot of money, I would buy a house.” - I don’t have a lot of money, so I won’t buy a house.
if + [past without “was”], subj + would/could/might + base form
subj + would/could/might + base form + if + [past without “was”]

- If you’re sure about it, use “would”.
- If you’re unsure but it’s a possible choice, use “might”.
- If you’re talking about ability, use “could”.
(If it’s not a choice, “could” and “might” are the same.)

We often say only the result clause (not the if-clause) if the condition is obvious or understood:
	With a million dollars, I would buy a house. = If I had a million dollars, I would…
	I would call the police. = I would call the police if I were you.

“would” is the standard option - Most second-conditional sentences use “would”.
Use “might” if you’re emphasizing that you’re unsure.
Use “could” if you’re emphasizing that in reality you can’t do something.
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p. 121 part 10 - complete the sentences with the correct forms of the verbs
1 had, would be
2 would it take
3 Would it be
4 would happen, melted
5 would...change, increased
6 would we learn
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p. 170 practice 2
2 passed, would go (If she doesn’t now.) / could go (If she can’t now.)
3 wouldn’t have, didn’t need
4 Would you live, had
5 liked, would go
6 Could humans change, wanted (I’m asking if it’s even possible, because maybe we can’t.)
7 had, would...take
8 were, would rest
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Homework: units 9-10 test