2019-05-30 TOEFL: reading purpose, listening function

Homework: p. 348-355 reading practice 3 and 4 (answer the purpose and summary questions in exercises 6R7 and 6R13)
p. 349 exercise 6R7
1 d
2 c (It shows that dolphins and bonobos are similar.)
3 b
4 d (This is a lead-in for the rest of the text, which will be about some of those reasons.)
5 c (Not d because it's not an opinion. In addition, the statement is about viewing altruism on a group scale, not an individual scale.)
6 b ("In other words" signals a restatement of the same information, often in simpler terms.)
7 d
8 a b e
---
A "layman" or "layperson" is an average non-expert. Sometimes we see phrases like "in layman's terms" instead of "in other words".)
---
The point about the brain explains why animals are altruistic, but it doesn't explain why the brain works like that in the first place. There's still a question of how it evolved.
---
p. 353 exercise 6R13
1 b (Both numbers are given, but they’re not compared. This number just emphasizes the quantity.)
2 b
3 b
4 b (Not a, because the existence of a beauty premium is a fact, not a theory.)
5 c (It refers to the findings throughout the paragraph, not just to the conclusion in the last sentence.)
6 b (The sentence is an example. It doesn’t itself explain why it happens.)
7 b (These are traits beautiful people are believed to have but which they don’t in fact have.)
8 d
9 c
10 b (This is one reason or part of a reason, but nothing says it’s the main reason for surgery.)
11 a c d
---
commodity = something that can be bought or sold; figuratively: something that is useful or valued
---
Listening Question Types:
- main idea
- prediction
- function
- purpose
- complete a table or chart
- detail
- inference
- attitude
---
p. 364 - Attitude and Function questions
- In lectures and discussions, there are sometimes “attitude” questions about how sure the professor is about something.
- Feelings and opinions are more often expressed in tone of voice and manner of speaking than in specific phrases like “In my opinion”. (In this way, some attitude questions require you to make an inference.)
- Function questions usually involve listening again to part of the passage and identifying why a speaker uses a specific phrase or expression.
- Function questions can require you to identify tone of voice as well as the meanings of idioms and other expressions.
---
p. 370 - Listen and take notes, then answer the questions in 6L1.
1 d
2 d
3 a (b and c are the same, so they’re both wrong)
---
p. 371 - 6L2
1 c
2 b
3 b
4 c
5 b
---
BREAK
---
p. 372 - 6L3
1 d
2 c
3 b (Often, function questions are about rhetorical questions from a speaker.)
4 b
5 d
---
Three types of rhetorical question
- The answer is obvious and the speaker is just calling attention to it.
- The speaker wants the audience to consider the question.
- The speaker will answer the question.
---
p. 373 - 6L4
1 c (She wants to know if this is what the professor means. The professor’s suggestion already tells her that a survey could be the correct approach.)
2 b (The professor gives more suggestions of what she should or could do, because he thinks it’s “OK” but it needs work.)
3 c (He’s giving an example of a hypothesis.)
4 d (There’s no sarcasm or uncertainty in her voice. She’s honestly stating that (now that the professor has explained it) the project sounds easy enough to be able to do it.)
---
p. 374 - 6L5
1 d (She mentions that he’s a Harvard law professor, an author, an activist and lawyer, and a legal expert, so she’s completely certain of his qualifications.)
2 b (Not ‘d’ because there’s no indication that he thinks animals have these qualities as much as humans do.)
3 d (When we say, “I don’t know about you,” we typically expect that the other person does agree with us.)
4 a
5 c
6 b
(Killing that chimpanzee was already against the law. This is clear from her description of the “illegal” hunter and the “black market”.)
p. 375-6 - 6L6
1 b
2 c d
3 a (Her tone suggests that she’s frustrated with options he refuses.)
4 a c e
5 d
p. 376-7 - 6L7
- Check your answers on p. 576 and ask me tomorrow if you don’t understand any explanations.