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- SSUUMMMMAARRYY OOFF LLEESSSS CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS
- Commands marked with * may be preceded by a number, _N.
- Notes in parentheses indicate the behavior if _N is given.
- A key preceded by a caret indicates the Ctrl key; thus ^K is ctrl-K.
- h H Display this help.
- q :q Q :Q ZZ Exit.
- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
- MMOOVVIINNGG
- e ^E j ^N CR * Forward one line (or _N lines).
- y ^Y k ^K ^P * Backward one line (or _N lines).
- f ^F ^V SPACE * Forward one window (or _N lines).
- b ^B ESC-v * Backward one window (or _N lines).
- z * Forward one window (and set window to _N).
- w * Backward one window (and set window to _N).
- ESC-SPACE * Forward one window, but don't stop at end-of-file.
- d ^D * Forward one half-window (and set half-window to _N).
- u ^U * Backward one half-window (and set half-window to _N).
- ESC-) RightArrow * Left one half screen width (or _N positions).
- ESC-( LeftArrow * Right one half screen width (or _N positions).
- F Forward forever; like "tail -f".
- r ^R ^L Repaint screen.
- R Repaint screen, discarding buffered input.
- ---------------------------------------------------
- Default "window" is the screen height.
- Default "half-window" is half of the screen height.
- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
- SSEEAARRCCHHIINNGG
- /_p_a_t_t_e_r_n * Search forward for (_N-th) matching line.
- ?_p_a_t_t_e_r_n * Search backward for (_N-th) matching line.
- n * Repeat previous search (for _N-th occurrence).
- N * Repeat previous search in reverse direction.
- ESC-n * Repeat previous search, spanning files.
- ESC-N * Repeat previous search, reverse dir. & spanning files.
- ESC-u Undo (toggle) search highlighting.
- &_p_a_t_t_e_r_n * Display only matching lines
- ---------------------------------------------------
- A search pattern may be preceded by one or more of:
- ^N or ! Search for NON-matching lines.
- ^E or * Search multiple files (pass thru END OF FILE).
- ^F or @ Start search at FIRST file (for /) or last file (for ?).
- ^K Highlight matches, but don't move (KEEP position).
- ^R Don't use REGULAR EXPRESSIONS.
- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
- JJUUMMPPIINNGG
- g < ESC-< * Go to first line in file (or line _N).
- G > ESC-> * Go to last line in file (or line _N).
- p % * Go to beginning of file (or _N percent into file).
- t * Go to the (_N-th) next tag.
- T * Go to the (_N-th) previous tag.
- { ( [ * Find close bracket } ) ].
- } ) ] * Find open bracket { ( [.
- ESC-^F _<_c_1_> _<_c_2_> * Find close bracket _<_c_2_>.
- ESC-^B _<_c_1_> _<_c_2_> * Find open bracket _<_c_1_>
- ---------------------------------------------------
- Each "find close bracket" command goes forward to the close bracket
- matching the (_N-th) open bracket in the top line.
- Each "find open bracket" command goes backward to the open bracket
- matching the (_N-th) close bracket in the bottom line.
- m_<_l_e_t_t_e_r_> Mark the current position with <letter>.
- '_<_l_e_t_t_e_r_> Go to a previously marked position.
- '' Go to the previous position.
- ^X^X Same as '.
- ---------------------------------------------------
- A mark is any upper-case or lower-case letter.
- Certain marks are predefined:
- ^ means beginning of the file
- $ means end of the file
- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
- CCHHAANNGGIINNGG FFIILLEESS
- :e [_f_i_l_e] Examine a new file.
- ^X^V Same as :e.
- :n * Examine the (_N-th) next file from the command line.
- :p * Examine the (_N-th) previous file from the command line.
- :x * Examine the first (or _N-th) file from the command line.
- :d Delete the current file from the command line list.
- = ^G :f Print current file name.
- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
- MMIISSCCEELLLLAANNEEOOUUSS CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS
- -_<_f_l_a_g_> Toggle a command line option [see OPTIONS below].
- --_<_n_a_m_e_> Toggle a command line option, by name.
- __<_f_l_a_g_> Display the setting of a command line option.
- ___<_n_a_m_e_> Display the setting of an option, by name.
- +_c_m_d Execute the less cmd each time a new file is examined.
- !_c_o_m_m_a_n_d Execute the shell command with $SHELL.
- |XX_c_o_m_m_a_n_d Pipe file between current pos & mark XX to shell command.
- v Edit the current file with $VISUAL or $EDITOR.
- V Print version number of "less".
- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
- OOPPTTIIOONNSS
- Most options may be changed either on the command line,
- or from within less by using the - or -- command.
- Options may be given in one of two forms: either a single
- character preceded by a -, or a name preceded by --.
- -? ........ --help
- Display help (from command line).
- -a ........ --search-skip-screen
- Search skips current screen.
- -A ........ --SEARCH-SKIP-SCREEN
- Search starts just after target line.
- -b [_N] .... --buffers=[_N]
- Number of buffers.
- -B ........ --auto-buffers
- Don't automatically allocate buffers for pipes.
- -c ........ --clear-screen
- Repaint by clearing rather than scrolling.
- -d ........ --dumb
- Dumb terminal.
- -D [_x_n_._n] . --color=_x_n_._n
- Set screen colors. (MS-DOS only)
- -e -E .... --quit-at-eof --QUIT-AT-EOF
- Quit at end of file.
- -f ........ --force
- Force open non-regular files.
- -F ........ --quit-if-one-screen
- Quit if entire file fits on first screen.
- -g ........ --hilite-search
- Highlight only last match for searches.
- -G ........ --HILITE-SEARCH
- Don't highlight any matches for searches.
- -h [_N] .... --max-back-scroll=[_N]
- Backward scroll limit.
- -i ........ --ignore-case
- Ignore case in searches that do not contain uppercase.
- -I ........ --IGNORE-CASE
- Ignore case in all searches.
- -j [_N] .... --jump-target=[_N]
- Screen position of target lines.
- -J ........ --status-column
- Display a status column at left edge of screen.
- -k [_f_i_l_e] . --lesskey-file=[_f_i_l_e]
- Use a lesskey file.
- -K --quit-on-intr
- Exit less in response to ctrl-C.
- -L ........ --no-lessopen
- Ignore the LESSOPEN environment variable.
- -m -M .... --long-prompt --LONG-PROMPT
- Set prompt style.
- -n -N .... --line-numbers --LINE-NUMBERS
- Don't use line numbers.
- -o [_f_i_l_e] . --log-file=[_f_i_l_e]
- Copy to log file (standard input only).
- -O [_f_i_l_e] . --LOG-FILE=[_f_i_l_e]
- Copy to log file (unconditionally overwrite).
- -p [_p_a_t_t_e_r_n] --pattern=[_p_a_t_t_e_r_n]
- Start at pattern (from command line).
- -P [_p_r_o_m_p_t] --prompt=[_p_r_o_m_p_t]
- Define new prompt.
- -q -Q .... --quiet --QUIET --silent --SILENT
- Quiet the terminal bell.
- -r -R .... --raw-control-chars --RAW-CONTROL-CHARS
- Output "raw" control characters.
- -s ........ --squeeze-blank-lines
- Squeeze multiple blank lines.
- -S ........ --chop-long-lines
- Chop (truncate) long lines rather than wrapping.
- -t [_t_a_g] .. --tag=[_t_a_g]
- Find a tag.
- -T [_t_a_g_s_f_i_l_e] --tag-file=[_t_a_g_s_f_i_l_e]
- Use an alternate tags file.
- -u -U .... --underline-special --UNDERLINE-SPECIAL
- Change handling of backspaces.
- -V ........ --version
- Display the version number of "less".
- -w ........ --hilite-unread
- Highlight first new line after forward-screen.
- -W ........ --HILITE-UNREAD
- Highlight first new line after any forward movement.
- -x [_N[,...]] --tabs=[_N[,...]]
- Set tab stops.
- -X ........ --no-init
- Don't use termcap init/deinit strings.
- -y [_N] .... --max-forw-scroll=[_N]
- Forward scroll limit.
- -z [_N] .... --window=[_N]
- Set size of window.
- -" [_c[_c]] . --quotes=[_c[_c]]
- Set shell quote characters.
- -~ ........ --tilde
- Don't display tildes after end of file.
- -# [_N] .... --shift=[_N]
- Horizontal scroll amount (0 = one half screen width)
- ........ --no-keypad
- Don't send termcap keypad init/deinit strings.
- ........ --follow-name
- The F command changes files if the input file is renamed.
- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
- LLIINNEE EEDDIITTIINNGG
- These keys can be used to edit text being entered
- on the "command line" at the bottom of the screen.
- RightArrow ESC-l Move cursor right one character.
- LeftArrow ESC-h Move cursor left one character.
- ctrl-RightArrow ESC-RightArrow ESC-w Move cursor right one word.
- ctrl-LeftArrow ESC-LeftArrow ESC-b Move cursor left one word.
- HOME ESC-0 Move cursor to start of line.
- END ESC-$ Move cursor to end of line.
- BACKSPACE Delete char to left of cursor.
- DELETE ESC-x Delete char under cursor.
- ctrl-BACKSPACE ESC-BACKSPACE Delete word to left of cursor.
- ctrl-DELETE ESC-DELETE ESC-X Delete word under cursor.
- ctrl-U ESC (MS-DOS only) Delete entire line.
- UpArrow ESC-k Retrieve previous command line.
- DownArrow ESC-j Retrieve next command line.
- TAB Complete filename & cycle.
- SHIFT-TAB ESC-TAB Complete filename & reverse cycle.
- ctrl-L Complete filename, list all.
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