2020-03-17 TOEFL: word roots, reading reference

Greg Malivuk
gmalivuk@staffordhouse.com
http://www.pastebin.com/u/gmalivuk - notes from all classes
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Word Roots (list 2) - With your partner, try to think of one or two words to explain the meaning of each root
cert (certain, ascertain, certificate) = sure
chrom (monochrome, achromatic) = color
chron (chronological, anachronism, synchronize) = time
circum (circumscribe, circumspect, circumnavigate) = around
claim/clam (exclaim, proclamation, clamor) = yell
clar (clarify, declare) = clear
cline (inclination, decline, recline) = lean
co (coworker, coeducational, coauthor) = together
            col before L: (collaborate, colleague)
            com before M, P, B: (communicate, composition, combine)
            cor before R: (correlate, corroborate)
            con before other consonants except H: (concatenate, condone, confer)
            (co before vowels, H, and in new words: coauthor, coeducation, coincidence, copilot, coworker)
cogni (cognizance, incognito) = know/think
contra (contrast, contradict, controversy) = against/opposite (This is “con” plus “tra”, which more or less adds a direction to other roots.)
corp (corporation, corpse, incorporate) = body
cred (credible, credit, credulous) = belief/trust
crypto (cryptography, cryptic, encrypt) = hidden/secret (Many words that start with this root have to do with hiding information with codes.)
dem/demo (demographics, democracy, epidemic, pandemic) = people
di/de (decelerate, dethrone, decrease, divide, diverge) = down/away
di/du (dilemma, dihedral, dual) = two
dia (diameter, dialect) = through/between
dict (dictator, dictionary, contradict) = say/tell
domin (dominate, dominion, predominate) = master
don (donate, pardon) = give
duce/duct (introduction, deduct, conduct) = lead/take
dyna (dynamic, dynamite, dynasty) = power/motion
dys (dysfunction, dystopia, dyslexia) = bad (the opposite prefix is “eu”)
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Reading Question Types:
- purpose
- fact
- negative fact
- inference
- vocabulary
- paraphrase
- reference/pronoun
- sentence insertion
- summarize
- organize
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Reference questions ask you to identify what a pronoun or other word or phrase refers to.
Cambridge exercise R4 - In your own words, identify what each underlined phrase refers to.
1 themselves = arctic people
  they = arctic people
  these natural resources = the environment and wild animals
2 who = “groups” or “individuals”
  their = political prisoners
3 when = 1863
  he = the Hungarian count
  the first European variety = wine grapes
  there = California
4 the lawyer and lexicographer = Noah Webster
  who = Webster
  at this time = 1828
  that = the English
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Cengage 6.1 - Do the same thing for the highlighted words and phrases in these passages.
1 them = paintings
2 their = flowers
3 its = water
4 those = the principles
  itself = the human body
5 themselves = strands
6 These pieces = smaller pieces
7 they = leaves
8 their = ancient Minoans
  their = archaeological sites
9 these organisms = mushrooms and other fungi
10 some of which = machines
11 they = glaciers
   those = glaciers
12 this method = satellite photography
13 them = American importers
14 where = New York City
   the time = the 1920s
   there = Paris
15 this creature = anemone
   it = the nest
16 his = Hamlin Garland
   his mentor = William Dean Howells
17 they = fats
   these = basic types of nutrients
   which = the fat-soluble vitamins
   some = fats
18 there = the Wisconsin Dells
   others = strange formations
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https://www.mass.gov/info-details/covid-19-state-of-emergency - Updated information about COVID in Massachusetts.
edge case = a situation that doesn’t really fit well into either of two (or more) categories
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BREAK
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Longman Reading Exercise 2 - Take 4 minutes to answer the reference questions about these short passages
Animal Congregation
1 C
2 C or B
3 A
4 A - The predator will encounter the confusing mass of the group.
New World Epidemics
10 A
11 C
12 A
13 B - 	“[the answer] has been estimated at as much as an 80 percent decrease”
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Cengage 6.2 - take a few seconds to do number 6 (since the other ones are already marked on the scan)
D - The minerals are what we’d want to save in the mining process.
Take 3 minutes for passage 2
7 B
8 A
9 C
10 C
passage 3
11 A
12 A
13 D
14 B
15 B
passage 4
16 C
17 C
18 D
19 A
20 B
- If a pronoun can grammatically refer to either of two nouns in the previous sentence or clause, it usually refers to the subject of that clause. (This is especially true if the pronoun is also the subject of its own clause.)
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Read the Wired article about turning corpses into compost. Identify the referents of pronoun expressions, and define other highlighted vocabulary in your own words.
bay = large enclosed space
That timeline = four to six weeks
livestock = animals raised for food
carcass = dead body of an animal
just that = (try) composting in a vertical system
aerate = ventilate; add air
loam = soil, often from composting organic material
That = the idea that “we really are part of this system that’s greater than ourselves” in contrast to the desire to be sure the remains are only from one person (The hard sell is specifically the fact that the soil you take home may include remains of other people.)
That = a small clientele
local vernacular = local way of doing things (aesthetics, culture, etc.) (A vernacular is usually an informal way of speaking, but here it has a wider meaning.)
suffused = gently filled
foster = produce/generate (support)
That = the range of possibilities for customized mourning rituals
frills = unneeded “extras” or decorations
embrace = accept/adopt
folks = people (informal; friendly)
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Homework: Finish Cengage exercise 6.2 (passages 5 and 6)