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Bohemia and Bohemian Crown Lands (Renaissance & Reformation)

Mar 1st, 2017
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  1. Introduction
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  3. “Bohemia” can refer to the Kingdom of Bohemia proper or, as a shortened form, to the Bohemian Crown Lands (Czech Země Koruny české), a small but diverse and important group of lands in premodern Europe consisting of a number of constituent territories: the Kingdom of Bohemia, the Margravates of Moravia, Upper and Lower Lusatia, and the Principality of Silesia, all ruled by the Bohemian crown. Between the early 15th century, when a religious reform movement native to Bohemia evolved into one of the greatest social and political upheavals of the late Middle Ages, known as the Hussite Revolution (beginning 1419), to the early 17th century, when an estate revolt in Bohemia (1618) expanded into the first all-European total war of the modern age, the Thirty Years’ War (1618–1648), Bohemia served as a microcosm, barometer, and focal point for change in central Europe and Europe as a whole. Despite Bohemia’s importance during this period, most of the key scholarship remains unknown and inaccessible to English-speaking readers. Two of the main reasons for this have to do with developments of the late 19th and 20th centuries. Specific aspects of state formation and national revival associated with the foundation of Czechoslovakia (1918), the successor state to the Bohemian Crown Lands, and the emergence of the liberal progressive narrative of European history relegated the history of the Bohemian Crown Lands to the margins of Western civilization. Communist rule throughout most of the second half of the 20th century reinforced the view that these lands were different and served to isolate Czech historians and Czech scholarship from Western historiography. However, since the fall of Communism during the Velvet Revolution (1989) and the subsequent entry of the Czech Republic (one of two successor states to Czechoslovakia) into the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO, 1999) and the European Union (2004), interest has grown among western Europeans and North Americans in premodern Bohemian history, and dialogue has increased among Czech scholars, their neighbors in central Europe, and the broader historical community in western Europe and North America. The late 20th and early 21st centuries witnessed the fruition of efforts since 1989 to reintegrate the Bohemian Crown Lands in the early modern period into the central narrative of early modern European history. This is a core bibliography containing approximately 150 key works dealing with the history of the Bohemian Crown Lands from the aftermath of the Hussite Revolution in the mid–15th century to the late 18th century. Most of the works in this core bibliography are recent monographs and anthologies that provide access to earlier and wider scholarship, but a number of major articles are also included. Most of the works are in Czech, German, or English, which are the major languages of scholarship, but some works in French, Italian, and Dutch are also included, illustrating the connections of this relatively small central European society to other historical and historiographical traditions in Europe.
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  5. Bibliographies
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  7. The most comprehensive bibliography of the history and historiography of the Bohemian Crown Lands is the Bibliography of Historical Monographs administered by the Historical Institute of the Academy Sciences of the Czech Republic. The Historical Institute also publishes in printed form “select bibliographies” on scholarship appearing over a decade or less (Horčáková and Rexová 2005) and a complete register of articles that appeared in the Czech Historical Review, which is available on CD (Horčáková and Rexová 2002) and on the website of the institute (Bibliography of Historical Monographs). Thematic bibliographies are provided by the Collegium Carolinum on religious and church history, by the journal Judaica Bohemiae (Cermanová 1990) on Jewish studies, and by Melanová and Svatoš 1979 on the Charles University. Zeman 1977 is a good starter bibliography for earlier works in English. See also the section Conference Proceedings, Collected Papers, and Festschriften.
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  9. Bibliography of Historical Monographs.
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  11. This online resource, managed by the Historical Institute of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, is the most comprehensive bibliography of historical literature of the Czech lands in the modern age. The site can be searched in Czech, German, and English.
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  13. Cermanová, Iveta ed. “Bibliographic Survey of Volumes 1–25 of Judaica Bohemiae.” Judaica Bohemiae 26.1 (1990).
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  15. Bohemian Jewish communities are among the oldest in Europe, and the Prague synagogue is the oldest in Bohemia. This is an index of articles on Jewish history that appeared in the major journal on Jewish studies, published by the State Jewish Museum in Prague, from the journal’s inception in 1965 to 1990.
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  17. Collegium Carolinum.
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  19. The Collegium Carolinum, an interdisciplinary research institute located in Munich, holds the largest collection of works on Bohemian and Silesian history in Germany. One of the strongest of its specialized bibliographic databases, Forschungsstelle für die Böhmischen Länder, deals with religious and church history.
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  21. Horčáková, Václava, and Kristina Rexová. A Select Bibliography on Czech History, Books and Articles 2000–2004. Edited by Jaroslav Pánek. Prague: Institute of History of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 2005.
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  23. Bibliographic compendia of historical scholarship by Czech and foreign scholars on Bohemian history that appeared in English, French, and German in the journal Historica, published by the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, and in foreign journals. There is also a volume for 1990–1999, published 2000.
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  25. Horčáková, Václava, and Kristina Rexová, eds. Český časopis historický: Bibliografický rejstřík sta ročníků Českého časopisu historického 1895–2002. CD-ROM. Prague: Historický ústav AV ČR, 2002.
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  27. Extremely useful and user-friendly bibliography and index of articles published in the major Czech historical journal Český časopis historický from the journal’s inception in 1895 to 2002.
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  29. Melanová, Michal, and M. Svatoš. Bibliografie k dějinám pražské univerzity (1347–1622). Prague: Charles University, 1979.
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  31. The Charles University in Prague, the oldest university in central Europe, founded in 1347, has attracted much scholarly attention within and outside Bohemia. This bibliography provides references to major Czech works on the history of the university in the late Middle Ages and early modern period up until the 1980s, many of which were supported by the Archives and Institute for the Study of the History of the Charles University.
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  33. Zeman, Jarold K. The Hussite Movement and the Reformation in Bohemia, Moravia, and Slovakia (1350–1650): A Bibliographic Study Guide (with Particular Reference to Resources in North America). Ann Arbor: Center for Reformation Research by Michigan Slavic Publications, 1977.
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  35. Bibliography that is especially good on English-language works up to its date of publication on late medieval and early modern Bohemia (up to 1650). Although the focus is on religious topics, political works are included as well.
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  37. Historical Guides
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  39. Bosl 1974 and Kahn and David 1984 provide good narratives with in-depth coverage and references to other scholarship (especially in German and English) up to their dates of publication. Pánek and Tůma 2009 also provides a good narrative with selected references to Czech scholarship. For easy access to the most current research, see also the section Conference Proceedings, Collected Papers, and Festschriften. Hlaváček, et al. 1997 and Malý and Sivák 1993 are excellent reference guides to auxiliary historical sciences and political and institutional history, respectively.
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  41. Bosl, Karl, ed. Die Böhmischen Länder von der Hochblüte der Ständeherrschaft bis zum Erwachen eines modernen Nationalbewusstseins. Handbuch der Geschichte der Böhmischen Länder 2. Stuttgart: Anton Hiersemann, 1974.
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  43. Volume 2 of this series that surveys Bohemian history over the ages consists of a collection of topical essays that present a wonderful overview of the period from the beginning of estate government to the early 19th century. It is a great survey in itself and a wonderful bibliographic reference for German-language scholarship into the 1970s.
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  45. Hlaváček, Ivan, Jarloslav Kašpar, and Rostislav Nový. Vademecum: Pomocných věd historických. 2d ed. Prague: H and H, 1997.
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  47. Introductory guide to historical auxiliary sciences, including paleography, diplomatics, historical meteorology, codicology, numismatics, and other areas. References to many other works dealing specifically with Bohemia and Europe in general.
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  49. Kahn, Robert A., and Zdeněk V. David. The Peoples of the Eastern Habsburg Lands, 1526–1918. History of East Central Europe 6. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1984.
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  51. This volume presents a summary in English of Bohemian history within the broader context of the lands of the Hapsburg monarchy. It does a good job of balancing the perspectives of Hapsburg history and the national historical traditions of the Czech, Hungarian, and other lands.
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  53. Malý, Karel, and Florian Sivák. Dějiny statu a práva v českých zemich a na Slovensku do r. 1918. 2d ed. Jinočany, Czech Republic: H and H, 1993.
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  55. Useful reference work providing an informative survey of political and legal institutions and their histories.
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  57. Pánek, Jaroslav, and Oldřích Tůma, eds. A History of the Czech Lands. Prague: Karolinum, 2009.
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  59. Translated from the original Czech edition of 2008. Survey of Bohemian history from prehistoric times through the formation of the Czech Republic in 1993 by a leading team of historians. Contains select references to further reading.
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  61. Journals
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  63. Český časopis historický (Czech Historical Review) is the major historical periodical in the Czech Republic. Historica and Folio Historica Bohemica provide short articles and syntheses of Czech historical scholarship in English and other western European languages. Bohemia: Zeitschrift für die Geschichte und Kultur der böhmischen Länder is a major journal on Bohemian studies published in German. Husitský Tábor (Hussite Tábor) and Judaica Bohemiae are major journals specializing in religious history and Jewish studies, respectively. Studia Comeniana et Historica focuses on intellectual and cultural history. Pražský Sborník Historický publishes articles on Prague throughout its history. Časopis Matice Moravské focuses largely on Moravian topics but also addresses broader topics in the history of the Czech lands and central Europe. Important articles on Bohemian subjects can also be found in journals dealing with eastern and east central European history and Slavic studies, in general historical journals, and in journals from the 19th and 20th centuries that are no longer published.
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  65. Bohemia: Zeitschrift für die Geschichte und Kultur der böhmischen Länder.
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  67. Journal devoted to studies on Bohemian topics from a number of disciplines and time periods, published by the Collegium Carolinum, a major German research institute located in Munich. Founded in 1960; appears twice per year.
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  69. Časopis Matice moravské.
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  71. Translates as “Journal of the Moravian Motherland,” conventionally abbreviated ČMM. Journal with a long tradition going back to 1869. Focuses on the history and culture of Moravia, the Bohemian lands, and central Europe. Appears twice a year.
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  73. Český časopis historický.
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  75. Translates as “Czech Historical Review,” conventionally abbreviated ČČH. Major historical journal of the Czech Republic published by the Historical Institute of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic. Founded in 1895; appears quarterly. Contains articles, reviews, and announcements dealing with all areas of historical research.
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  77. Folio Historica Bohemica.
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  79. Publication of the Historical Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences. Contains reports and articles on research in progress and book reviews.
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  81. Historica.
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  83. Contains articles, often synopses of longer articles and books by Czech historians, in western European and other languages. Initial series published 1959–1990; new series (nová řada) began in 1994. Appears yearly (except 2006–2007).
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  85. Husitský Tábor.
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  87. Journal for the history of Reformation thought and culture from the medieval period to the modern age. Published by the Hussite Museum in Tábor, Czech Republic. Founded in 1978.
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  89. Judaica Bohemiae.
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  91. Focuses on Jewish history and culture in Bohemia and Moravia (and other countries of the former Hapsburg monarchy) from the Middle Ages to the present. Special attention is devoted to the work and collections of the Jewish Museum in Prague (until 1994 the State Jewish Museum). Founded in 1965. Originally published twice a year, it became an annual journal in 1994; since 2009 appears biannually.
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  93. Pražský Sborník Historický.
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  95. Contains articles, books reviews, and announcements on Prague history and European urban history. Published by the Archive of the Capital City of Prague. Founded in 1964; appears annually.
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  97. Studia Comeniana et Historica.
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  99. Founded in 1971. Published by the J. A. Comenius Museum in Uherský Brod, Czech Republic. Contains articles on Comenius studies, early modern history, intellectual cultural history, and regional history of the Moravian-Slovak borderland.
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  101. Historiographies
  102.  
  103. The birth of a historical profession in the Bohemian lands dates back to the 19th century, as it does in other countries, and was initially rooted in the Austrian academic world. Later in the 19th century the national revival movement contributed to the development of a Czech national school of history, which at times has consciously distinguished itself from Austrian and other central European scholarly traditions. Major political shifts of the late 19th and 20th centuries make it impossible to provide even a cursory overview of major historiographical trends, but Kutnar and Marek 1997 is a good starting point on longer trends. Pánek 2000–2001 describes changes since the end of Communist rule. Beneš 1993 presents a study of early modern texts that led in some new directions as well as a redirection of earlier research into a broader European and international context. Pešek 2000 presents some current debates among Czech historians. On chronological divisions of Bohemian history, see Political Development.
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  105. Beneš, Zdeněk. Historický text a historická skutečnost: Studie o principech českého humanistického dějepisectví. Acta Universitatis Carolinae, Philosophica, et Historica 141. Prague: Univerzita Karlova, 1993.
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  107. Provides a topology of historical sources (divided into six genres), discussion of humanist influence in Bohemian historical writings, and case study analyses of a few major sources.
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  109. Kutnar, František Kutnar, and Jaroslav Marek. Přehledné dějiny českého a slovenského dějepisectví: Od počátků národní kultury až do sklonku třicátých let 20. Století. Prague: Nakladatelství Lidové noviny, 1997.
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  111. A straightforward, encyclopedic overview of Czech and Slovak historical writing from “the beginning of national culture” in the early Middle Ages to the end of the 1930s. The narrative discusses various general approaches to politics, economics, society, religion, and culture in specific primary sources. The short description and reference to primary sources makes this a great reference work, especially for non-Czech scholars.
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  113. Pánek, Jaroslav, ed. Special Issue: Czech Historiography in the 1990s. Historica 7–8 (2000–2001).
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  115. This volume surveys the major trends and works of Czech historical scholarship in the first ten years after the Velvet Revolution. It is invaluable to the non-Czech researcher in that it provides recommendations and discussion of major works from Czech historians in English.
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  117. Pešek, Jiří. VIII. Sjezd českých historiků, Hradec Králové 10–12. září 1999. Prague: Scriptorium, 2000.
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  119. One of the first complete reports of discussions of periodic meetings of Czech historians. Contributions on regional history, including Silesia, Moravian, East Bohemia, church history, women’s history, environmental history, and problems and perspectives of a new generation of younger historians.
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  121. Conference Proceedings, Collected Papers, and Festschriften
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  123. Conference proceedings, collected papers, and Festschriften provide some of the best access to up-to-date scholarship and trends in the Czech Republic. They also reflect the important growth in topics such as religion and growing contacts between Czech scholars and the international community. Bůžek 2009 presents contributions from exciting conferences organized by the Southern Bohemian University in České Budějovice. David and Holeton 1996–2009 presents papers from the biennial Symposium on the Bohemian Reformation and Religious Practice. Lášek 1995 is a contribution on the Bohemian Reformation from an ecumenical symposium co-organized by Czech and German scholars. Beneš, et al. 1991, Hlaváček, et al. 1998, Mikulec and Polívka 2007, Pánek, et al. 1994, and Rejchrtová 1983 present contributions to Festschriften for leading Czech scholars of the Renaissance and Reformation periods. Some collections are also included in Bohemia and Europe.
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  125. Beneš, Zdeněk, Eduard Maur, and Jaroslav Pánek, eds. Pocta Josefu Petráňovi: Sborník prací z českých dějin k 60. narozeninám prof. dr. Josefa Petráně. Prague: Historický ústav ČSAV, 1991.
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  127. Festschrift presented to Josef Petráň, one of the leading Czech historians of the early modern period. Petráň supervised the dissertations of a large number of the early modernists, many of whom are represented in this volume, and is the author of some important works in social-economic and cultural history (Hroch and Petráň 1981, cited under Demographic, Social, and Economic History; and Petráň 1985–1997, cited under Intellectual and Cultural History).
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  129. Bůžek, Václav, ed. Šlechta raného novověku pohledem českých, francouzských a španělských historiků. Opera Historica. Editio Universitatis Bohemiae Meridonalis 13. České Budějovice, Czech Republic: Historický ústav Jihočeské univerzity v Českých Budějovicích, 2009.
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  131. Papers of annual conferences beginning in 1989, organized by the Historical Institute of the Southern Bohemian University in České Budějovice, on various topics in early modern history, especially relating to the nobility. Represents some of the newest and most interesting trends in contemporary Czech historiography in international dialogue. One of the most recent volumes is listed.
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  133. David, Zdenek V., and David R. Holeton, eds. The Bohemian Reformation and Religious Practice. 7 vols. Prague: Main Library of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 1996–2009.
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  135. These are papers from an interdisciplinary biennial symposium that has taken place since 1999 on the long Bohemian Reformation. Contributions from Czech and North American scholars are either in English or are translated into English by the editors. These volumes display current scholarship drawing on the rich archival collections dealing with religious affairs.
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  137. Hlaváček, Ivan, Jan Hrdina, Zdeňka Hledíková, Jan Kahuda, and Eva Doležalová. Facta probant homines: Sborník příšpevků k životnímu Jibileu Prof. Dr. Zdeňky Hledíková. Prague: Scriptorium, 1998.
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  139. [Facta probant homines: Contributions to the jubilee of Prof Dr. Zdeňka Hledíková.) This Festschrift for Zdeňka Hledíková, one of the leading scholars of church history in the Czech Republic, by her students and colleagues, reflects the development of scholarship on medieval and early modern religious topics by Czech historians from the Communist era to the present. The volume ends with a bibliography of Professor Hledíková’s scholarship.
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  141. Lášek, Jan Blahoslav, ed. Jan Hus mezi epochami, národy a konfesemi: Sborník z mezinárodního sympozia, konaného 22–26. září 1993 v Bayreuth, SRN. Prague: Česká křesťanská akademie ve spolupráce s Husitskou teologickou fakultou Univerzity Karlovy, 1995.
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  143. Contributions by theologians, church historians, and historians from an international ecumenical scholarly conference on the Bohemian Reformation that was co-organized by the Hussite faculty in Prague with scholars in Bayreuth, Germany.
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  145. Mikulec, Jiří, and Miloslav Polívka, eds. Per saecula ad tempora nostra: Sborník prací k šedesátným narozeninám prof. Jaroslava Pánka. Prague: Historický ústav Akademie věd České republiky, 2007.
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  147. Festschrift presented to Jaroslav Pánek, one of the leading Czech historians of early modern Europe.
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  149. Pánek, Jaroslav, Miloslav Polívka, and Noemi Rejchrtová, eds. Husitství—Reformace—Renesance: Sborník k 60. Narozeninám Františka Šmahela. 3 vols. Prague: Historický ústav, 1994.
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  151. This massive Festschrift presented to František Šmahel, the leading Hussite historian and internationally known medievalist, by students and colleagues in the Czech Republic and abroad reflects the conceptual connections in Šmahel’s own work between the Hussite movement, the Bohemian Reformation, and the Renaissance.
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  153. Rejchrtová, Noemi, ed. Směřování: Pohled do badatelské a literární díly Amedea Molnára provazený příspěvky domácích i zahradničních historiků a teologů. Prague: Edice Kalich, 1983.
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  155. Amedeo Molnár was a leading theologian and historian of religion. Through his works, which spanned from the heretical movements through the early Reformation, Molnár argued for the placing of the Bohemian Reformation within a larger world (by which he meant European) Reformation. This volume contains a collection of essays by Molnár and an international group of scholars on patristics, Waldensianism, the Bohemian Reformation, “the world reformation,” and biblical exegesis.
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  157. Political Development
  158.  
  159. Politics holds a central place in the conceptual and chronological frameworks and the central narrative of Czech national historiography. According to one earlier framework, the period from the beginning of the Hussite movement in the early 15th century to the expulsion and emigration of Protestants following the battle of White Mountain represents the “Middle Age” of Bohemian history, during which Bohemia reached the height of its historical significance. Another framework from the late 19th and early 20th centuries distinguishes between a “First Middle Age” that ran to 1200 and a “Second Middle Age” from 1200 to the second half of the 18th century. While long-duration chronologies remain popular among historians of religion, many Czech historians refer to an “early modern period” beginning with the ascent of the Hapsburgs to the Bohemian throne in 1526. At the same time, it is important to note that the early modern period “continues to defy with iron regularity any attempts at a synthetic analysis” (Jaroslav Pánek, “Introduction,” in Czech Historiography in the 1990s, Historica 7–8 (2000–2001), cited under Historiographies) and different conceptual and chronological frameworks still compete with one another.
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  161. Post-Hussite Bohemia
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  163. Most historians agree that the Hussite religious reform movement, which arose a century before the European reformations of the 16th century and erupted into the greatest social and political revolution of the late Middle Ages, influenced later developments. However, many specific questions about its influence have remained unexplored, and discussions about the relationship between “late medieval” and “early modern” developments have been embraced only hesitantly in many circles. Šmahel 1993 examines specific concrete influences of the Hussite Revolution in the late 15th century, while Kalivoda 1983 argues for a long-term impact into the 16th century. Kaminsky 1967 presents a monumental critical narrative of the Hussite Revolution in English.
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  165. Kalivoda, Robert. “Husitství a jeho vyústění v době předbelohorské a pobělohorské.” Studia Comendiana et Historica 25.8 (1983): 3–44.
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  167. One of the most articulate arguments for appreciating and understanding the continuing dynamic importance of Hussitism after the revolution. In an article that synthesizes the main points of a 1976 book, Kalivoda argues that the defeat and elimination of a radical wing from the political scene did not bring about a defeat of the revolution but rather its shift into a transforming, stabilizing, constitutional process that was founded on consensus and coexistence.
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  169. Kaminsky, Howard. A History of the Hussite Revolution. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1967.
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  171. A masterful modern comprehensive history of the Hussite revolution, the most important in English, spanning from its origins in the religious reform movement in the late 14th century through its immediate legacies to radical and conservative groups in the later 15th century. Rests on a critical analysis of a wide variety of sources.
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  173. Šmahel, František. Husitska revoluce. 4 vols. Prague: Univerzita Karlova, 1993.
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  175. The most authoritative history of the Hussite revolution. Its straightforward, positivist reassessment of a broad range of issues challenges Marxist and other interpretations. Volume 4 provides a synthesis of available scholarship on the end of the Hussite wars and the post-Hussite period. A revised German edition published in 2002 in the Monumenta der Germaniae Historica series brings this important work to a broader audience: Die Hussitische Revolution, translated by Thomas Krzenck, Schriften der Monumenta Germaniae Historica 43 (Hannover, Germany: Hansche Buchhandlung, 2002).
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  177. The Jagellonian Age
  178.  
  179. The ascent to the Bohemian throne in 1471 of Vladislav of the Jagellonian dynasty, which also ruled bordering Poland and later Hungary, brought about hope for a religious reconciliation of Bohemia with the rest of Western Christendom and ushered in a brief period of rapprochement among the three east central European kingdoms. Eberhard 1981 provides a narrative bridge from the Jagellonian period through the ascent of the Hapsburg dynasty to the Bohemian throne. A team at the Geisteswissenschaftliches Zentrum für die Geschichte und Kultur Ostmitteleuropas in Leipzig, Germany (Fajt, et al. 2004) explores in the Jagellonian influence in Bohemia and neighboring lands from a number of disciplinary approaches. Macek 1992–1999 initiated new interest in Czech historiography in the Jagellonian age as a period or subperiod in its own right.
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  181. Eberhard, Winfried. Konfessionsbildung und Stände in Böhmen 1478–1530. Veröffentlichungen des Collegium Carolinum 38. Munich and Vienna: R. Oldenbourg Verlag, 1981.
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  183. Discusses the political implications of the process of confessional formation in the phase of the first confrontation of Bohemia with the German Reformation. Against traditional Czech historiography that saw Lutheranism as bringing out a fundamental division within Utraquism (“old” and “new”) that ultimately led to its demise, this work points to an important division that took place within Utraquism before its encounter with Lutheranism (which Eberhard refers to as “Left” and “Right” Utraquism) that arose as much out of social and economic differences as it did religious ones.
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  185. Fajt, Jiří, Markus Hörsch, and Evelin Wetter, eds. Die Länder der böhmischen Krone und ihre Nachbaren zur Zeit der Jagiellonenkönige (1471–1526): Kunst, Kultur, Geschichte. Studia Jagellonica Lipsiensia 2. Ostfildern, Germany: Thorbecke, 2004.
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  187. Contributions from a multidisciplinary research project at the Geisteswissenschaftliches Zentrum für die Geschichte und Kultur Ostmitteleuropas (Humanities Center for the Research and Culture of East Central Europe, GWZO) in Leipzig, Germany, the latest of a number of major interdisciplinary, international projects on the Jagellonian age at the institute. Provides contributions on history and historiography, court and city representation, and clergy and monastic culture.
  188. Find this resource:
  189. Macek, Josef. Jagellonský věk v českých zemích. 4 vols. Prague: Academica, 1992–1999.
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  191. The most important work in Czech historical scholarship on the Jagellonian age focuses on the Jagellonians in the Bohemian Crown Lands. This four-volume work, one of the last works by a well-known Czech historian, is of great value both as a reference and as a creative synthesis of an age that has not yet been fully integrated into the Czech national historical tradition.
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  193. The Pre–White Mountain Age
  194.  
  195. The ascent of the Hapsburgs to the Bohemian throne was precipitated by the death of Ludvik Jagiellon in 1526 at the battle of Mohács fighting the Ottoman Turks. Early Czech historiography tended to view the entire 16th century as an inevitable path to the battle of White Mountain. However, modern Czech historians do not take such a teleological view. New interest developed in the “pre–White Mountain age” in the 1960s as a long-term prelude, without necessarily viewing at least the early period as leading to an inevitable end. Special Issue: Bohemian History 1526–1620: The Pre-White Mountain Age1987 of Folio Historical Bohemia provides discussion of important reassessments of the early modern chronology of the Bohemian lands that took place in Czechoslovakia in the 1980s. Válka 1994 emphasizes connections between Bohemian and Hapsburg histories in chronological frameworks. Bahlcke 1994 highlights the mutual effects and relationships between the constituent lands of the Bohemian crown. Válka 1972 integrates social and cultural developments into the political narrative.
  196.  
  197. Bahlcke, Joachim. Regionalismus und Staatsintegration im Widerstreit: Die Länder der Böhmischen Krone im ersten Jahrhundert der Habsburgerherrschaft (1526–1619). Schriften des Bundesinstituts für ostdeutsche Kultur und Geschichte. Munich: R. Oldenbourg Verlag, 1994.
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  199. Pioneering and acclaimed study of the effects of the relationships between the constituent lands of the Bohemian crown on confessional political development and new views on the regional integration in the Bohemian Crown Lands in east central Europe.
  200. Find this resource:
  201. Special Issue: Bohemian History 1526–1620: The Pre-White Mountain Age. Folio Historica Bohemica 11 (1987).
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  203. Important historiographic and programmatic discussions of the concept and chronology of the pre–White Mountain age that took place among Czech historians just before the Velvet Revolution and continue to shape discussions.
  204. Find this resource:
  205. Válka, Josef. Česká společnost v 15–18. století. Vol. 1, Předbělohorská doba. Úvod do problematiky sociálních dějin feudalismu. Brno, Czech Republic: SPN, 1972.
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  207. Survey of Bohemian history in the early modern period that seeks ties between social and cultural developments and the national political narrative.
  208. Find this resource:
  209. Válka, Josef. “Problémy syntézy moderních českých dějin.” In Husíství—Reformace—Renesance: Sborník k 60. Narozenám Františka Šmahela. Vol. 3. Edited by Jaroslav Pánek, Miloslva Polívka, and Noemi Rejchrtová, 1049–1057. Prague: Historický ústav, 1994.
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  211. Proposal by one of the leading early modern historians in the Czech Republic that modern Czech historiography stop lamenting the loss of sovereignty found in the medieval Czech state and appropriate the Hapsburg monarchy for itself, emphasizing the close connection between the histories of the Holy Roman Empire, the Bohemian crown, and the Bohemian crown’s constituent territories.
  212. Find this resource:
  213. The First Decades of Hapsburg Rule
  214.  
  215. The beginning of Ferdinand I Hapsburg’s reign in Bohemia brought no drastic changes in society, politics, and religion; the king himself resided mostly in Vienna. Janáček 1971 and Eberhard 1985 provide close examinations of continuity and change from within, initiated not directly by the Hapsburgs but as internal responses to a number of changes, especially the arrival of Lutheranism in the 1520s from the German lands.
  216.  
  217. Eberhard, Winfried. Monarchie und Widerstand: Zur ständischen Oppositionsbildung im Herrschaftssystem Ferdinands I. in Böhmen. Veröffentlichungen des Collegium Carolinum 54. Munich: R. Oldenbourg Verlag, 1985.
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  219. Provides a close, critical examination of the development and escalation of estate opposition to Hapsburg rule. Argues that the estate revolt fulfilled all the conditions both in program and action for a revolution but was thwarted because the estates did not agree as a whole on the transformation from a legal, nonviolent movement into an active, violent one with international cooperation.
  220. Find this resource:
  221. Janáček, Josef. České dějiny: Doba předbělohorská. Vol. 1, 1526–1547. Pts. 1–2. Prague: Československé akademie věd, 1971.
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  223. Continued in Volume 2, published in 1984. These two book-length parts that make up Volume 1 of an intended larger study present an extensive and detailed narrative of Bohemian history from the beginning of Hapsburg rule up to the estate revolt of 1547. Provides explication of the author’s conceptual framework of the pre–White Mountain age beginning in 1526.
  224. Find this resource:
  225. Estate Revolt of 1547
  226.  
  227. Opposition to King Ferdinand I’s call for Bohemian participation in the Schmalkaldic War on the Catholic-imperial side, led by his brother, Emperor Charles V, evolved into an estate revolt that represented the first open and violent opposition to Hapsburg rule in Bohemia. Vorel 1999 presents some new reflections on and studies of the revolt. In the wake of the revolt, religion was placed at the forefront of new measures aimed at centralization of power, and the king sent his son, Archduke Ferdinand, to reside in Bohemia. Bůžek 2006 provides a study of the archduke’s court and its influence. To some (Pánek 1982) this period represents the real beginning of the pre–White Mountain age.
  228.  
  229. Bůžek, Václav. Ferdinand Tyrolský mezi Prahou a Innsbruckem: Šlechta z českých zemí na cestě ke dvorům prvních Habsburků. České Budějovice, Czech Republic: Historický ústav Filozofické fakulty Jihočeské univerzity, 2006.
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  231. An important study of the structure and role of the court of Archduke Ferdinand I in Bohemia. Bůžek argues that Archduke Ferdinand played an important role in the Hapsburg plans to centralize power by successfully integrating members of the Bohemian nobility at his court in Prague and Innsbruck and taking them on trips and arranging marriages at other European courts.
  232. Find this resource:
  233. Pánek, Jaroslav. Stavovská opozice a její zápas s Habsburky 1547–1700: K politické krizi feudální třídy v předbělohorském českém státě. Prague: Academia, 1982.
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  235. One of the first and most important studies of the development of estate opposition to Hapsburg rule in the second half of the 16th century. Points to the period after the estate revolt of 1547 as representing the real beginning of the pre–White Mountain age. Provides also a Czech perspective on the beginning of Hapsburg rule.
  236. Find this resource:
  237. Vorel, Petr, ed. Stavovský odboj roku 1547, První krize habsburské monarchie: Sborník příspěvků z vědecké konference konané v Pardubicích 29–30.9.1997. Pardubice and Prague, Czech Republic: Východočeské muzeum v Pardubicích, 1999.
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  239. An interesting collection of papers from both well-known and established and younger Czech historians presenting various studies and reflections and the most contemporary discussion of the estate revolt of 1547 (“the first crisis of the Habsburg Monarchy”).
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  241. Bohemia in the Age of Rudolf II
  242.  
  243. Earlier historiography viewed Rudolf II (who ruled as king of Bohemia and Holy Roman emperor from 1576 to 1612) as a loner, distracted from affairs, even mentally ill. Beginning in the 1970s new interest developed in Rudolf and his reign, initiated in part by Evans 1973. The imperial court, which Rudolf II moved from Prague to Vienna in 1583, became the focus of international, interdisiciplinary attention and placed Rudolfine Prague on the cultural historical map of Europe. This is reflected in the contributions of two major exhibitions and scholarly conferences (Fučíková 1988 and Fučíková 1997) and the cultural historical studies of Karl Vocelka (Vocelka 1985 and Vocelka 1981).
  244.  
  245. Evans, R. J. W. Rudolf II and His World: A Study in Intellectual History 1576–1612. Oxford: Clarendon, 1973.
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  247. One of the first works (in any language) to draw attention to the court of Rudolf II as a major political and cultural center of its day. Rather than seeing Rudolf as a mentally ill loner, Evans describes how the king cultivated a major group of artisans, intellectuals, and alchemists at his court whose work was representative of late Renaissance mannerist culture.
  248. Find this resource:
  249. Fučíková, Eliška, ed. Prag um 1600: Beiträge zur Kunst und Kultur am Hofe Rudolf II. Papers presented at a conference held in Prague in June 1987. Freren, Germany: Luca Verlag, 1988.
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  251. Papers from the first of two international conferences on Prague in the age of Rudolf II, with contributions by art historians and historians.
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  253. Fučíková, Eliška, ed. Rudolf II and Prague: The Imperial Court and Residential City as the Cultural and Spiritual Home of Central Europe. Papers collected for the exhibition “Rudolf II and Prague, the Imperial Court and Residential City as the Cultural and Spiritual Heart of Central Europe,” 30 May–7 September 1997. London: Thames and Hudson 1997.
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  255. Contributions of the second major international conference on Rudolfine Prague held under the auspices of the Office of the President of the Czech Republic. A major focus of this conference was the interplay between the imperial court and the residential city.
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  257. Vocelka, Karl. Die politische Propoganda Rudolfs II (1576–1612). Vienna: Verlag des Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1981.
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  259. Study of political propaganda during the reign of Rudolf II by an Austrian historian. Unlike the more traditional political historical perspective in Austrian Hapsburg scholarship dealing with this period, this book deals also with cultural historical questions.
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  261. Vocelka, Karl. Rudolf II. und seine Zeit. Cologne and Vienna: Böhlau, 1985.
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  263. Interdisciplinary study of Rudolf II and his court, culture, and impact from an Austrian historian who has long been engaged in dialogue with Czech scholars and scholarship. Reflects some new trends in cultural history.
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  265. The Estate Revolt of 1618 and the Battle of White Mountain
  266.  
  267. On 8 November 1620 Catholic imperial forces defeated Bohemian and Protestant Union forces on the field of White Mountain outside Prague. The battle put an end to a revolt that began on 23 May 1618, when a group of radical Protestant estate leaders assaulted a group of Bohemian Catholic nobles and an assistant who were loyal to the Hapsburg king and emperor Ferdinand II, tossing them out of a window of the Prague Castle (the “Prague defenestration”). A year later the Bohemian estates recognized Elector Frederick of the Palatinate as their king. In the years following the battle of White Mountain, Bohemia was reintegrated into the Austrian Hapsburg realm. Like the Hussite revolution, the battle of White Mountain is viewed as a major watershed event that holds an important place not just in the national historical narrative but in the national historical consciousness as well. Kavka 2003 and Chaline 2004 provide contemporary Czech and French reflections on this event. Polišenský 1971 presents a good narrative of the Thirty Years’ War, underscoring the importance of long-term Bohemian developments in its outbreak. Čechura 2004 presents a contemporary biography of Elector Frederick from a Czech perspective. Bobková 1999 presents a detailed reassessment of Protestant exile from Bohemia following White Mountain. Hausenblasová and Šroněk 1998 provides an interdisciplinary perspective on the Thirty Years’ War. Catalano 2005 is a close study of the Counter-Reformation activities of the archbishop following the battle of White Mountain. Louthan 2009 presents a new, broader study of the dynamic of the Counter-Reformation in Bohemia. Older historiography (and the popular historical consciousness) viewed the post–White Mountain period as a “dark age.” In recent years there has been a major, more differentiated assessment of the impact of the measures introduced after the battle of White Mountain and of Baroque Catholicism in general, as in Válka 1983. See also Urbánek 2008, cited under Intellectual and Cultural History.
  268.  
  269. Bobková, Lenka. Exulanti z Prahy a Severozápadních Čech v Pirně v letech 1621–1639. Documenta Pragensia Monographia 8. Prague: Scriptorium, 1999.
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  271. Prosopographical study of a few dozen individuals who emigrated from Prague and northern Bohemia to the nearby Saxon city of Pirna in the two decades following the battle of White Mountain. An important critical contribution to this topic.
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  273. Catalano, Alessandro. La Boemia e la riconquista delle conscienze: Ernst Adalbert von Harrach e la Controriforma in Europa central (1620–1667). Edizione di storia e letteratura, Termi e testi 55, Serie Tribunali della Fede. Rome: Storia e letteratura, 2005.
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  275. Study of the role of Archbishop Ernst Adalbert von Harrach in Counter-Reformation activities after the battle of White Mountain. Draws on the diary of the archbishop, recently edited by the same author, which has been recognized as one of the most extensive ego-documents of the 17th century. Czech translation, 2008.
  276. Find this resource:
  277. Čechura, Jaroslav. Zimní kral aneb české dobrodružství Fridricha Falcého. Prague: Rybka, 2004.
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  279. Most contemporary biography and study of Elector Friedrich of the Palatinate (the Winter King) from Czech historical scholarship.
  280. Find this resource:
  281. Chaline, Olivier. La bataille de la Montagne Blanche (8 novembre 1620): Un mystique chez les guerriers. Paris: Noësis, 2004.
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  283. The Thirty Years’ War caught the attention of a number of earlier French historians, such as Ernest Denis and Georges Pagès. This is an interesting new study and analysis of the battle of White Mountain from a French historian.
  284. Find this resource:
  285. Hausenblasová, Jaroslava, and Michal Šroněk. Gloria et miseria 1618–1648: Prague during the Thirty Years War. Prague: Gallery, 1998.
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  287. Collection of essays from different disciplinary perspectives on Prague during the Thirty Years’ War. Reflects the most recent Czech scholarship on this subject.
  288. Find this resource:
  289. Kavka, František. Bílá hora a české dějiny. 2d ed. Prague: Garamond, 2003.
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  291. New edition of a work evaluating the battle of White Mountain in Czech history. Thoughtful commentary that could serve as a good background before reading similar books by many other Czech historians on the subject. First edition, 1962.
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  293. Louthan, Howard. Converting Bohemia: Force and Persuasion in the Catholic Reformation. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2009.
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  295. New study of the Catholic reform and Counter-Reformation movement in the early 17th century, viewing it as a program that was successful in gaining adherents from within rather than just being imposed by outside forces.
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  297. Polišenský, Josef. The Thirty Years War. Translated by R. J. W. Evans. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1971.
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  299. An important and well-received work that represents a major Czech contribution to a major international reassessment of the Thirty Years’ War that took place in the 1970s. Discusses some key connections between developments in the 16th (pre–White Mountain) and 17th (post–White Mountain) centuries. First edition, Třicetiletá válka a evropské krize 17. století (Prague: Svoboda, 1970).
  300. Find this resource:
  301. Válka, Josef Česká. Společnost v 15.–16. Století. Vol. 2, Bělohorská doba. Brno, Czech Republic: SPN, 1983.
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  303. Second volume of a survey of Bohemian history by one of the leading early modern historians that deals with the White Mountain and the post–White Mountain periods.
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  305. The Eighteenth Century
  306.  
  307. While Czech historians long recognized the reforms that took place in the Hapsburg monarchy in the 18th century, the study of that century lagged behind other periods owing to the persisting image of the post–White Mountain period as one of darkness and other factors. New studies have drawn renewed attention to this century as an important period (or subperiod) of transition to the modern age. Vlnas 2001 presents a study of Eugene of Savoy, a military leader and cultural patron who served as a bridge from the post–White Mountain age into the 18th century. Ducreux 1989 studies the sources and culture of death and dying in Bohemia in this period. Winter 1945 and Melmuková 1999 are studies of the reign of Emperor Joseph II and the Patent of Toleration he proclaimed in 1781. Krueger 2009 is a study of the role of the nobility in Bohemia’s transition from the mid–18th to the mid–19th centuries.
  308.  
  309. Ducreux, Marie-Elizabeth. “Reading unto Death: Books and Readers in Eighteenth-Century Bohemia.” In The Culture of Print. Edited by Roger Chartier, 191–229. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1989.
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  311. Cultural-historical study drawing on a rich group of sources in Czech and other collections on death and dying, informed by new methodological and theoretical approaches to reading and readership. Translated from French, “Lire à en mourir: livres et lecteurs en Bohême au XVIIIe siècle,” in Les usages de l’imprimé (Paris: Fayard, 1987), pp. 253–303.
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  313. Krueger, Rita. Czech, German, and Noble Status and National Identity in Habsburg Bohemia. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009.
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  315. Study of the transition in Bohemia from the old regime (c. 1750) to a new nationalized society (c. 1848) through the lens of the nobility. Argues that the traditional, hierarchical, privileged life of the aristocracy was undermined by the ideas of the Enlightenment and of progress, often propagated by the nobles themselves, and that the enlightened nobles founded institutions that both created and reflected a new public.
  316. Find this resource:
  317. Melmuková, Eva. Patent zvaný toleranční. Prague: Mladá fronta, 1999.
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  319. Introduces and analyzes the edict proclaimed in 1781 by the Holy Roman emperor and Bohemian king, Josef II, which allowed the practice, alongside Roman Catholicism, of Lutheranism, Calvinism, and Orthodox Christianity. Places the edict within the broader historical context of religious change in Bohemia (vis-à-vis earlier proclamations) and provides critical analysis of its effects.
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  321. Vlnas, Vít. Princ Evžen Savojský: Život a sláva barokního válečníka. Prague and Litomyšl, Czech Republic: Paseka, 2001.
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  323. Interdisciplinary study by one of the foremost cultural historians in the Czech Republic of the life, formative influences, myth building, and cultural activities of Eugene of Savoy (b. 1663–d. 1736). The Italian-born, French-bred aristocrat rose to become one of the most influential military leaders of the Austrian Empire, a diplomat and counsel to Emperors Leopold I, Josef I, and Charles IV, and a major art collector.
  324. Find this resource:
  325. Winter, Eduard. Josephismus a jeho dějiny: Příspěvky k duchovním dějinám Čech a Moravy 1740–1848. Prague: Jelínek, 1945.
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  327. Older but important Czech study on the legacy of the policies and culture of the reign of Josef II (r. 1780–1790), known as Josephism, and its legacy in the Bohemian lands.
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  329. Hapsburg Rulers and Monarchy
  330.  
  331. Hapsburg monarchs ruled as kings of Bohemia continuously from 1526 until the end of World War I, which brought an end to the Austrian Empire and the foundation of the Czechoslovak state. The ascent of the Hapsburgs to the Bohemian throne in the early 16th century represented an important moment in the expansion of the dynasty into a central European monarchy and its further expansion into an empire. Modern Hapsburg historiography has viewed Bohemia as an important part of broader central European history seen from a dynastic or regional (Evans 1979) perspective. Some trends of modern Czech national historiography avoid the broader perspective in favor of a national one; others have embraced it in new ways (see Nobility and Bohemia in the Age of Rudolf II). The scholarship on the Hapsburg Empire, even considering only the central European lands under its rule, is huge, representing a field of its own. In this section is a small selection of works that are devoted to or substantially address Bohemian issues, such as the seminal work Evans 1979, the biographies of Hapsburg rulers by Czech scholars (Mikulec 1997 and Urfus 2004), and a few surveys in English and German that provide background, perspective, and references to broader scholarship (Fichtner 2003, Ingrao 1994, Maťa and Winkelbauer 2006). Bůžek, et al. 2006 is an excellent review of contemporary scholarship from a number of national perspectives. Evans and Thomas 1991 presents essays on the interplay of politics, religion, and culture within the Hapsburg and central European lands at the time.
  332.  
  333. Bůžek, Václav, Katrin Keller, Eva Kowalská, and Géza Pálffy. “Společnost zemí Habsburké monarchie 1526–1740) v české, maďarské, rakouské a slovenské historické vědě posledního destiletí.” Český Časopis Historický 104.3 (2006): 485–526.
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  335. Important review of recent scholarship on the societies in the Hapsburg Empire in the early modern period from a number of perspectives. Shows some comparative trends and convergences as well as different directions in the national historical traditions. Contains extensive references to current scholarship.
  336. Find this resource:
  337. Evans, R. J. W. The Making of the Habsburg Monarchy 1500–1700. Oxford: Clarendon, 1979.
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  339. A seminal and highly acclaimed work based on a critical analysis of a vast and varied amount of scholarship from a number of central European traditions and languages. Presented when it came out and continues to present an important new interpretation of the Hapsburg monarchy.
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  341. Evans, R. J. W., and T. V. Thomas, eds. Crown, Church, and Estates: Central European Politics in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries. London: Macmillan, 1991.
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  343. Important collection of essays on the relationship between religion, politics, and society in central Europe from an international group of scholars coming from a number of traditions and approaches.
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  345. Fichtner, Paula Sutter. The Habsburg Monarchy, 1490–1848: Attributes of Empire. Houndsmills, UK, and New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003.
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  347. Good, short survey of the major themes, developments, and individuals of the Hapsburg monarchy over a long duration from the dynasty’s assumption of the Burgundian inheritance to the revolutions of 1848.
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  349. Ingrao, Charles. The Habsburg Monarchy, 1618–1815. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1994.
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  351. Informative survey of developments in the Hapsburg monarchy from the beginning of the Thirty Years’ War to the Congress of Vienna. Good references to wider Hapsburg scholarship.
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  353. Maťa, Petr, and Thomas Winkelbauer, eds. Die Habsburgermonarchie 1620 bis 1740: Leistungen und Grenzen des Absolitismusparadigmas. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag, 2006.
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  355. Important new work that critically discusses the realities and limits of the absolutist model, seriously engaging Bohemian and other regional issues of the monarchy.
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  357. Mikulec, Jiří. Leopold I: Život a vláda barokního Habsburka. Prague and Litomyšl, Czech Republic: Paseka, 1997.
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  359. Fresh look at the Holy Roman emperor and king of Bohemia Leopold I and his relations to the Bohemian lands. Although Leopold was long neglected within Czech historiography, Mikulec reports that this monarch, who ruled Bohemia for forty-eight years (1657–1705), the second longest reign in Bohemian history, strove to keep Bohemia bound to the Hapsburg monarchy and ushered in a needed period of peace to the land.
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  361. Urfus, Valentin. Císař Josef I: Nekorunovaný Habsburk na českém trůně. Prague: Libri, 2004.
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  363. General historical study by a legal scholar of the Holy Roman emperor and king of Bohemia and Hungary Josef I (r. 1705–1711). Urfus follows the legacy of Josef well after his reign.
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  365. Moravia, Silesia, and Lusatia
  366.  
  367. The Kingdom of Bohemia has dominated mainstream Czech scholarship at the expense of wider recognition of the other constituent territories and regions. Moravia has often been treated practically as a region (Líbor, et al. 2000 and Válka 1995) rather than as a constituent land; Upper and Lower Lusatia and Silesia have received treatment in German and Polish historiography. Bůžek 2000 provides a wonderful overview of regional studies. Bahlcke 1994 (cited under The Pre–White Mountain Age) and the more recent editions (Bahlcke 2007 and Bahlcke 2005) listed in this section highlight the constituent territories and their role in state development. Lambrecht 1995 is an interesting study of the witch hunt in Silesia. Bořák 1998 reflects some interest in Silesia among Czech scholars. Hlobil, et al. 1999 provides an overview of the beginnings of the Renaissance in Moravia. Jakubec 2003 presents an interdisciplinary study of the Counter-Reformation in Moravia. Zuber 1987 is on the Moravian church in the 18th century. See also Teufel 1971 (cited under Jewish Life) for studies of Moravian Jewry.
  368.  
  369. Bahlcke, Joachim. Die Oberlausitz im frühneuzeitlichen Mitteleuropa: Beziehungen-Strukturen-Prozesse. Leipzig and Stuttgart: Verlag der Sächischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Leipzig im Kommission bei Franz Steiner Verlag, 2007.
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  371. Massive collection of essays from scholars from a number of lands dealing with a number of issues, showing how Lusatia stood at the crossroads of the Bohemian Crown Lands, the empire, and central Europe. Interesting essays on language issues, migration, politics, religion, and education.
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  373. Bahlcke, Joachim, ed. Historische Schlesienforschung: Methoden, Themen und Perspektiven zwischen traditioneller Landesforschung und moderner Kulturwissenschaft. Cologne: Böhlau, 2005.
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  375. Silesia and Silesian identity have been the focus of much conflict in the latter 20th century between German and Polish politicians, scholars, and exile organizations. This book introduces and provides an overview of new approaches to historical Silesia from historians, ethnographers, literary scholars, and art and architectural historians. Eschews problematic nationalistic notions and seeks bridges to constructive dialogue.
  376. Find this resource:
  377. Borák, Mečislav, ed. Slezsko v dejinách českého státu: Sborník příspěvků z vědecké konference pořádané po záštítou prezidenta České republiky Václav Havla u příležitosti 50. Výročí Slezského ústavu Slezského tzemského musea v Opavě. Opava, Czech Republic: Tilia, 1998.
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  379. Contributions from a conference at the Silesian University of Opava (Czech Republic) on Silesia in Bohemian history.
  380. Find this resource:
  381. Bůžek, Václav. “Stand, Tendenzen und Perspektiven der frühneuzeitlichen Regionalforschung in der Tschechischen Republik.” In Regionalgeschichte in Europa: Methoden und Erträge der Forschung zum 16. bis 19. Jahrhundert. Edited by Stefan Brakensick and Axel Flügel, 67–94. Paderborn, Germany: Ferdinand Schöningh, 2000.
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  383. Interesting discussion about how regional history has been conceptualized and practiced in early modern Czech historiography. Contains extensive references.
  384. Find this resource:
  385. Hlobil, Ivo, Eduard Petrů, and Marke Perůtka. Humanism and the Early Renaissance in Moravia. Prague: Votobia, 1999.
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  387. Often-cited work on humanist culture in Moravia by Moravian scholars. Expanded from the original by Hlobil and Petrů, Humanismus und raná renesance na Moravě (Prague: Academia, 1992).
  388. Find this resource:
  389. Jakubec, Ondřej. Kulturní prostředí a mecenát olomouckých biskupů potridenské doby. Olomouc, Czech Republic: Univerzita Palackého, 2003.
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  391. Interdisciplinary study of Baroque Catholic culture in Moravia supported by the bishops of Olomouc. Draws on approaches from the history of art, religion, and culture.
  392. Find this resource:
  393. Lambrecht, Karen. Hexenverfolgung und Zaubereiprozesse in den schlesischen Territorien. Neue Forschungen zur Schlesischen Geschichte 4. Cologne, Vienna, and Weimar, Germany: Böhlau, 1995.
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  395. Critical study of magic and witch trials in Silesia.
  396. Find this resource:
  397. Líbor, Jan, Bohuslav Chodáč, Tomáš Knoz, Jiří Malíř, and Líbor Vykoupil, eds. Dějiny Moravy a Matice moravské: Problémy a perspektivy. Brno, Czech Republic: Matice Moravské, 2000.
  398. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  399. Essays on current debates and issues in Moravian history.
  400. Find this resource:
  401. Válka, Josef. Dějiny Moravy. Vol. 2, Morava reformace, renesance a baroka. Brno, Czech Republic: Muzejní a vlastivědná společnost, 1995.
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  403. History of Moravia in the early modern period by one of the major early modern historians in the Czech Republic.
  404. Find this resource:
  405. Zuber, Rudolf. Osudy moravské církve v 18. století. Vol. 1. Prague: ČKCh, 1987.
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  407. First of a two-volume history of the diocese of Olomouc in the 18th century. Volume 1 discusses the development of the administration of the diocese. Volume 2 (Olomouc, Czech Republic: Matice Cyrilometodějská, 2003) focuses on the spiritual life of the general population in Moravia. Good discussion of scholarship and a bibliography.
  408. Find this resource:
  409. Nobility
  410.  
  411. The nobility held an infamous place in modern Czech history, often associated with foreign influence in Bohemia and demonized by the Communists. After 1989 the nobility emerged as perhaps one of the strongest areas of historical research within the Czech Republic. Pánek 1989 was a pioneering study. Since then some important conferences (see Conference Proceedings, Collected Papers, and Festschriften), monographs (Vorel 1999, Král 2002, Hrdlička 2000, Smíšek 2009), and syntheses (Bůžek 2002, Maťa 2004) have been devoted to the subject. Bérenger, et al. 2007 presents a summary of research and demonstrates its reception within broader European scholarship.
  412.  
  413. Bérenger, Jean, and Václav Bůžek, et al. “Familles nobles, châteaux et seigneuries en Bohême, XVIe–XIXe siècles.” Histoire, Économie, et Société Époques Moderne et Contemporaine 3 (2007): 7–20.
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  415. Recent summary of current research on the Bohemian nobility by Czech historians in dialogue with French colleagues.
  416. Find this resource:
  417. Bůžek, Václav, Josef Hrdlička, Pavel Král, and Zdeněk Vybíral. Věk urozených: Šlechta v českých zemích na prahu novověku. Prague and Litomyšl, Czech Republic: Paseka, 2002.
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  419. A tour de force synthesis of the lives and activities of the nobility in the early modern period from a team of early modern historians at the Southern Bohemian University in České Budějovice. A work of contemporary Czech historical scholarship that does one of the best jobs of integrating Bohemia history into the broader European picture.
  420. Find this resource:
  421. Hrdlička, Josef. Hodovní stůl a dvorská společnost: Strava na raně novověkých aristokratických dvorech v českých zemích (1550–1650). České Budějovice, Czech Republic: Historický ústav Jihočeské Univerzity, 2000.
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  423. Study of food culture at early modern Bohemian courts drawing on extensive archival records in southern Bohemia, Moravia, and elsewhere. Discusses foodstuffs, markets, finance, material culture, and setting.
  424. Find this resource:
  425. Král, Pavel. Mezi životem a smrtí: Testamenty české šlechty v letech 1550 až 1650. České Budějovice, Czech Republic: Historický ústav Jihočeské univerzity v Českých Budějovicích, 2002.
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  427. Comprehensive, critical study of the last wills of Bohemian nobles and what they reveal about noble society. Engages methodological issues of ritual in western European and North American scholarship.
  428. Find this resource:
  429. Maťa, Petr. Svět české aristokracie (1500–1700). Prague: Nakladelství Lidové noviny, 2004.
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  431. Monumental synthesis of the nobility from one of the most talented younger historians from the Czech Republic, reflecting trends from broader European scholarship.
  432. Find this resource:
  433. Pánek, Jaroslav. Poslední Rožmberkové: Velmoži české renesance. Prague: Panorama, 1989.
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  435. A study of the last members of the Rozmberg dynasty by one of the leading Czech early modern historians. One of the first works that pointed to the possibilities offered by the vast collections of sources of nobles in southern Bohemia. Helped to renew interest in the nobility after the Velvet Revolution.
  436. Find this resource:
  437. Smíšek, Rostislav. Císařský dvůr a dvorská kariéra Ditrichštejnů a Schwarzenberků za vlády Leopolda I. České Budějovice, Czech Republic: Historický ústav Jihočeské univerzity v Českých Budějovicích, 2009.
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  439. Study of the careers of leading members of the leading Bohemian noble families of Dietrichstein and Schwarzenberg over the nearly fifty-year reign of Leopold I: how they strove for court careers, how they viewed court life and themselves, and their activities. Draws on a large number and variety of sources in archives in Prague, Brno, Vienna, and the Vatican.
  440. Find this resource:
  441. Vorel, Petr. Pání z Pernštejna: Vzestup a pád rodu zubří hlavy v dějínách Čech a Moravy. Prague: Rybka, 1999.
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  443. Fine study of the lords of Pernstein, a leading Bohemian noble family, whose dynastic home is in eastern Bohemia. Reflects excellent scholarship coming out of and about different regions.
  444. Find this resource:
  445. Cities
  446.  
  447. Prague has received much scholarly attention both within and outside the Czech lands as a result of its importance as a major political, religious, and cultural center (Tomek 1901, Vlk 1997, Palmitessa 1997). Prague was the location of the residences of the Bohemian kings and archbishops, the offices of estate government, and the sites of major events, such as the Hussite revolution of the early 15th century and the first phase of the Thirty Years’ War, 1618–1620. Twice in its history Prague also served as an imperial residence and capital under Holy Roman emperors and kings of Bohemia: Charles IV (mid- to late 14th century) and Rudolf II (1583–1612). In addition to Prague, more than twenty other royal Bohemian cities were represented in the Bohemian diet as the urban estate. In this section are selected works on Prague and general urban developments. Pešek 1993 synthesizes modern Czech scholarship, especially that dealing with culture and education. Miller 2008, Cohen and Szabo 2008, and Dmitrieva and Lambrecht 2009 discuss Bohemian studies in a number of comparative frameworks. Modern histories exist of at least half a dozen other major royal Bohemian cities (e.g., Pilsen, Ústi nad Labem, Litoměřice, and Pardubice) that could not be cited here owing to space limitation. Pánek 1991 and Kokojanova 1997 present scholarship on some of these cities. See also the article Cities and Urban Patriciates.
  448.  
  449. Cohen, Gary B., and Franz A. J. Szabo, eds. Embodiments of Power: Building Baroque Cities in Europe. Papers originally presented at an international conference in Minneapolis in September 1993. New York: Berghahn, 2008.
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  451. Papers from a conference organized by the Center for Austrian Studies at the University of Minneapolis and the University of Alberta, bringing together a multidisciplinary group of scholars who see the European city as a center of Counter-Reformation and Baroque culture.
  452. Find this resource:
  453. Dmitrieva, Marina, and Karen Lambrecht, eds. Krakau, Prag und Wien: Funktionen von Metropolen im frühmodernen Staat. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner, 2009.
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  455. Collection of essays coming out of a multidisciplinary research project in Leipzig, Germany, that focuses on cities as social, political, cultural, and religious centers in east central Europe in the early modern period.
  456. Find this resource:
  457. Kokojanova, Michaela, ed. Měsťané, šlechta a duchovenstvo v rezidenčních městech raného novověku (16–18. století): Bürger, Adel und Klerus in den Residenzstädten der frühen Neuzeit. Papers presented at a conference in Prostějov, 25–27 April 1995. Prostějov, Czech Republic: Museum Prostějovska v Prostějově, 1997.
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  459. Papers in Czech and German from a conference on the relationships between burghers, clerics, and nobles in residential cities in the early period, jointly sponsored by the Prostějov Museum in the Czech Republic and the Austrian Institute for East and Southeast European Studies. Includes coverage of a wide range of topics and cities, showing the richness of regional urban archives and regional centers.
  460. Find this resource:
  461. Miller, Jaroslav. Urban Societies in East-Central Europe, 1500–1700. Aldershot, UK: Ashgate, 2008.
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  463. Comparative study of early modern urban development in Poland, Bohemia, Moravia, Silesia, and Hungary focusing on urban demography, immigration, and migration.
  464. Find this resource:
  465. Palmitessa, James. Material Culture and Daily Life in the New City of Prague in the Age of Rudolf II. Krems, Austria: Medium Aevum Quotidianum, 1997.
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  467. Study of the transformation of a small neighborhood in the new city of Prague as Prague was transformed into a Hapsburg residential city in the late 16th and early 17th centuries. Based on an in-depth analysis of probate inventories, civic wills, building disputes, and marriage contracts identified with specific parcels.
  468. Find this resource:
  469. Pánek, Jaroslav, ed. Česká města v 16–18. století: Sborník příspěvku z conference v Pardubicích 14. a 15. listopadu 1990. Prague: Historický ústav ČSAV, 1991.
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  471. Contributions on cities within the political structure of pre–White Mountain Bohemia, law, urban government, economics, religion, and culture; from a conference on urban history held shortly after the fall of Communism.
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  473. Pešek, Jiří. Měšťanská vzdělanost a kultura v předbělohorských Čechách 1547–1620 (Všedny dny kulturního života). Prague: Univerzita Karlova, 1993.
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  475. This is a synthesis of the ideas and work of one of the leading Czech urban historians on intellectual and cultural life of the pre–White Mountain period. Its draws on the author’s extensive archival work with notarial records, especially probate inventories, and knowledge of the large scholarship on educational life.
  476. Find this resource:
  477. Tomek, Václav Vladivoj. Dějepis města Prahy. 12 vols. Prague: František Říwnáče, 1901.
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  479. Extensive and monumental history of Prague. Despite its date, this is still an authoritative source since many of its discussions are based on primary source collections that are no longer available.
  480. Find this resource:
  481. Vlk, Jan, ed. Dějiny Prahy. Vol. 1. Prague: Paseka, 1997.
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  483. Most current narrative history of Prague by a large collective of Czech historians. This volume covers from the beginning of settlement in the Prague basin to the amalgamation that gave birth to modern Prague in 1784.
  484. Find this resource:
  485. Rural Life
  486.  
  487. With the focus in earlier Czech historiography on political history, rural life has not been as fully studied as in the historiographies of other nations. However, new interest in the nobility and social and economic history have stimulated new strides in rural history. Grulich 2008 provides a critical demographic study of rural life in southern Bohemia, while Himl 2003 provides a case study of one rural territory in southern Bohemia. Štefanová 2009 studies the status of property transfer for a region in northern Bohemia. Čechura 1997 and Petráň 1973 introduce major serf revolts in the 17th and 18th centuries. See also Nobility, Demographic, Social, and Economic History, and Law, Crime, and Society.
  488.  
  489. Čechura, Jaroslav. Broumovské rebelie. Prague: Lidové noviny, 1997.
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  491. Study of the causes, motives, and course of the serf revolt in 1680 in the Broumov region of northeastern Bohemia.
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  493. Grulich, Josef. Populační vývoj a životní cyklus venkovského obyvatelstva na jihu Čech v 16. až 18. Století. České Budějovice, Czech Republic: Historický ůstav Filozofické fakulty Jihočeské univerzity v České Budějovicích, 2008.
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  495. Study of rural life in southern Bohemia that combines a critical analysis of primary sources based on methodological and theoretical approaches of modern social-economic and demographic history.
  496. Find this resource:
  497. Himl, Pavel. Die “armben Leüte” und die Macht. Stuttgart: Lucius and Lucius, 2003.
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  499. Wide and stimulating study of estate life and rural community, both collectively and from the perspective of individuals, in the southern Bohemian territory of Český Krumlov. Draws on extensive archival sources of the region and engages new European scholarship on estate research.
  500. Find this resource:
  501. Petráň, Josef. Nevolnické povstání 1775. Prague: Univerzita Karlova, 1973.
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  503. Study of the last large serf revolt in Bohemian history, which broke out following economic reform efforts by Empress Maria Theresa to deal with economic difficulties relating to the Seven Years’ War.
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  505. Štefanová, Dana. Erbschaftspraxis, Besitztransfer und Handlungsspielräume von Untertanen in der Gutsherrschaft: Die Herrschaft Frydland in Nordböhmen, 1558–1750. Vienna: Böhlau, 2009.
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  507. Study of a broad spectrum of property transfer practices in the North Bohemian territory of Friedland.
  508. Find this resource:
  509. Jewish Life
  510.  
  511. Jewish communities in Bohemia are among the oldest in Europe, and the first synagogue in central Europe was founded in Prague in the 10th century. In the 16th century Prague’s Jewish community was the largest of any city in central Europe, and Jewish life thrived despite a major expulsion in 1541. During this period Prague was home to some influential rabbis and thinkers, including Judah Liwa ben Bezalell, also known as Rabbi Loew or the Maharal, and the historian and astronomer David Gans. Putík 2009 presents a study of Rabbi Loew. Kestenberg-Gladstein 1969, Seibt 1983, and Teufel 1971 provide narratives and studies of Jewish life during the period.
  512.  
  513. Kestenberg-Gladstein, Ruth. Neuere Geschichte der Juden in den böhmischen Ländern. Schriftenreihe des Leo Baeck Instituts 18.1. Tübingen, Germany: J. C. B. Mohr, 1969.
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  515. Major history of Jewish life in Bohemia. Good modern reference for earlier German-language scholarship on the subject.
  516. Find this resource:
  517. Putík, Alexandr, ed. Path of Life: Rabbi Judah ben Bezalel (1529–1609). Prague: Academia and Židovské muzeum v Praze, 2009.
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  519. Catalogue containing photographs of rich visual and material culture and written contributions of a conference associated with a major recent exhibition at the Jewish Museum in Prague on the legacy of Rabbi Loew (the Maharal), one of the leading rabbis of the 16th century.
  520. Find this resource:
  521. Seibt, Ferdinand. Die Juden in den böhmischen Ländern: Vorträge der Tagung des Collegium Carolinum in Bad Wiessee vom 27–29. November 1981. Munich and Vienna: R. Oldenbourg Verlag, 1983.
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  523. Collection of papers from a scholarly conference on Jewish life in Bohemia edited by one of the major German scholars of Bohemian history.
  524. Find this resource:
  525. Teufel, Helmut. “Zur politischen und sozialen Geschichte der Juden in Mähren vom Antritt der Habsburger bis zur Schlacht am Weissen Berg (l526–l620).” PhD diss., University of Erlangen Nuremberg, 1971.
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  527. Study of Moravian Jewry in the pre–White Mountain period.
  528. Find this resource:
  529. Religion and Society
  530.  
  531. Religion represents a major focus of scholarly research on Bohemia. For some scholars, including theologians and historians of religion, the interest directly relates to the distinctive nature of the Hussite movement and the Bohemian Reformation. For others, the interplay between religion and politics is at the heart of the central historical narrative. Although religion was a sensitive subject (and Catholicism almost a taboo one) during the Communist years, studies of religion and society have experienced enormous growth since the Velvet Revolution. Krofta 1936, Kavka and Skýbová 1968, and Kalivoda 1983 (cited under Post-Hussite Bohemia) point out that the Compaktata (1436) agreed to at the Council of Basel between the Universal Church and the Utraquists, and the Peace of Kutná Hora (1485), which established Catholicism and Utraquism as the only legally recognized confessions, never became the basis for a permanent peace, but the provisional nature of these agreements and the status quo shaped subsequent developments, such as the attempt to create a Bohemian Confession (1575) and a short-lived Letter of Majesty (1609), which declared freedom of religion in Bohemia. David 2003 describes the role of Utraquism in religion and society over the long term. Rejchrtová 1989 presents a biographical study of a member of the estates and leader of the Brethren who fought for religious toleration. Just 2009 introduces the Letter of Majesty. Mikulec 2000 describes the role of religious brotherhoods in Catholic reform. Vlnas 1993 presents a study of a Counter-Reformation saint. Seibt 1974 represents dialogue between Czech and German scholars during the Communist years. Bahlcke, et al. 2006 presents recent contributions by an international group of scholars. Válka 1988 responds to fundamental questions on the nature of religious toleration during the period. Also see Post-Hussite Bohemia, The Jagellonian Age, The First Decades of Hapsburg Rule, and Conference Proceedings, Collected Papers, and Festschriften. See also the article on German Reformation.
  532.  
  533. Bahlcke, Joachim, Karen Lambrecht, and Hans-Christian Maner, eds. Konfessionelle Pluralität als Herausforderung. Leipzig: Leipziger Universitätsverlag, 2006.
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  535. Collection of essays presented to Winfried Eberhard on his sixty-fifth birthday by an international group of scholars. Represents new questions, discussions and directions in east central European history and raises important questions of continuity and change over the traditional medieval–early modern divide, which reflects the spirit of much of Eberhard’s own contributions to historical scholarship.
  536. Find this resource:
  537. David, Zdeněk V. Finding the Middle Way: The Utraquists’ Liberal Challenge to Rome and Luther. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2003.
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  539. An analysis and critique of bias in 19th- and 20th-century Czech religious scholarship, in particular about Utraquism and the view that throughout the 16th century Utraquism slowly dissolved and became a part of Lutheranism. David argues that mainstream Utraquism remained a vital force into the 17th century and represented a kind of middle way (via media), similar to the Anglican movement in England.
  540. Find this resource:
  541. Just, Jiří. 9.7.1609. Rudolfův Majestát: Světla a stíny nábozenské svobody. Prague: Havran, 2009.
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  543. Introduction and good synthesis on the Letter of Majesty issued by Rudolf II in 1609 granting freedom of religion in Bohemia. Volume from a new series, Days That Formed Czech History, geared toward a broad audience. Good overview of the problematic issues of the history and historiography and good bibliographic references to earlier works.
  544. Find this resource:
  545. Kavka, František, and Anna Skýbová. Husitský epilog na koncilu Tridenském a původní koncepce Habsburské Rekatolizace Čech. Prague: Univerzita Karlova, 1968.
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  547. Seminal work on the re-Catholicization of Bohemia published during the Prague Spring (1968–1970). Studies the renewal of the archbishopric of Prague in 1561, which had been vacant since the last archbishop had converted to the Hussite cause in 1419. The authors show that the impetus to renew the archbishopric touched upon the problematic and complicated issue of the status of ecclesiastical properties.
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  549. Krofta, Kamil. Listy z náboženských dějin českÿch. Prague: Historický klub v Praze, 1936.
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  551. Collection of the most important articles on religion and society in the early modern period from one of the leading historians of the early 20th century. Good starter work for exploring earlier scholarship.
  552. Find this resource:
  553. Mikulec, Jiří. Barokní náboženská bratrstva v Čechách. Prague: Knižnice dějin a součastnosti, 2000.
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  555. Pioneering archivally based study of literary and religious brotherhoods in Bohemia from a nonconfessional perspective. Examines types, locations, and social-economic backgrounds of brotherhoods and their membership and convincingly shows that religious brotherhoods were a major form of religious practice in Catholic reform and the Counter-Reformation.
  556. Find this resource:
  557. Rejchrtová, Noemi. Václav Budovec z Budova. Prague: Melantrich, 1989.
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  559. Biography of a leading member of the Bohemian estates at the beginning of the 17th century who was a member of the Unity of the Brethren.
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  561. Seibt, Ferdinand, ed. Bohemia Sacra: Das Christentum in Böhmen 973–1973. Düsseldorf: Schwann, 1974.
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  563. Important collection of essays on religious history published on the millennium of the introduction of Christianity in Bohemia. Edited by the German historian Ferdinand Seibt, this volume contains contributions by German and Czech scholars.
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  565. Válka, Josef. “Tolerance či koexistence? K povaze soužití různých náboženských vyznání v českých zemích v 15. až 17. století.” Studia Comeniana et Historica 18 (1988): 63–75.
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  567. Seminal article that raises fundamental questions and issues relating to the multiconfessional religious situation in Bohemia in the 16th century. Argues that confessional relations at the time could best be described as peaceful coexistence rather than tolerance.
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  569. Vlnas, Vít. Jan Nepomucký: Česká leganda. Prague: Mladá fronta, 1993.
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  571. Study of the life, martyrdom, and myth making of one of Bohemia’s most important Counter-Reformation saints. One of the first works in the wake of the Velvet Revolution to examine the Catholic reform and Counter-Reformation in other than a negative light.
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  573. Intellectual and Cultural History
  574.  
  575. The Bohemian Crown Lands present an excellent example that culture can and often does thrive in less than ideal political and economic conditions. Čornejová, et al. 2001 provides a narrative of the Charles University, the oldest university in central Europe. Kaufmann 1995 presents a synthesis of art and cultural history during the period, while Petráň 1985–1997 focuses on material culture. Seibt 1985 presents essays on the Renaissance in Bohemia from an interdisciplinary perspective. Royt 1999 is a study of visual culture during the Baroque. Bečková, et al. 1991, Blekastad 1969, Patočka 1997–2003, and Urbánek 2008 are studies of the philosopher and educational reformer Jan Amos Komenský (Johannes Comenius). See also Bibliographies and Bohemia in the Age of Rudolf II.
  576.  
  577. Bečková, Marta, Tadeusz Bieńkowski, and Dagmar Čapková. Znajomość dieł Jana Amosa Komeńskiego na ziemiach czeskich, słowackich i polskich od połowy XVII w. do czasów obecnych. Warsaw: Institut Historii Nauki, Oswiaty i Techniki PAN, 1991.
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  579. Best overview of Johannes Comenius studies and Comenius research from the beginning until the late 1980s.
  580. Find this resource:
  581. Blekastad, Milada. Comenius: Versuch eines Umrisses von Leben, Werk und Schicksal des Jan Amos Komenský. Oslo: Universitetsforlaget, 1969.
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  583. This biography is somewhat outdated but still the standard and most authoritative international work on Johannes Comenius, with an excellent bibliography.
  584. Find this resource:
  585. Čornejová, Ivana, Michal Svatoš, and Petr Svobodný, eds. A History of Charles University. Vol. 1, 1348–1802. Prague: Karolinum, 2001.
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  587. Concise English version of a larger two-volume Czech-language edition on the history of the Charles University in Prague edited by Čornejová and Svatoš.
  588. Find this resource:
  589. Kaufmann, Thomas DaCosta. Court, Cloister, and City: The Art and Culture of Central Europe 1450–1800. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995.
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  591. Monumental synthesis and interpretation of art and cultural history. Places major chapters of art and culture in Bohemia in the broader central European context. Presents a convincing critique of national bias in art historical and cultural scholarship and advances a new perspective and analysis of central European art and culture based on critical evaluation of the sources.
  592. Find this resource:
  593. Patočka, Jan. Komeniologické studie. Edited by Věra Schifferová. 3 vols. Prague: Filosofia, 1997–2003.
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  595. The most authoritative collection of essays, papers, reviews (published and unpublished) by the outstanding Czech philosopher and one of the most influential Czech Johannes Comenius scholars, which were originally written between 1940 and 1971.
  596. Find this resource:
  597. Petráň, Josef, and Lydia Petráňová. Dějiny hmotné kultury: Kultura každodenního života od 16. do 18. století. 2 vols. Prague: Karolinum, 1985–1997.
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  599. Broad and rich study and survey of material culture in the Bohemian lands from one of the leading Czech modern historians. Reflects some new interdisciplinary directions in the late 1980s and early 1990s in Czechoslovakia, drawing on social-economic history.
  600. Find this resource:
  601. Royt, Jan. Obraz a kult v Čechách 17. a 18. století. Prague: Karolinium, 1999.
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  603. Important study of visual and artistic culture of the Baroque, focusing on ideas and practices surrounding the worshipping of images, by one of the best art and cultural historians in the Czech Republic.
  604. Find this resource:
  605. Seibt, Ferdinand. Renaissance in Böhmen: Geschichte, Wissenschaft, Architektur, Plastik, Malerei, Kunsthandwerk. Munich: Prestel Verlag, 1985.
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  607. Interesting and richly illustrated collection of essays that examine Renaissance culture in the Bohemian lands from a number of disciplinary perspectives and directions.
  608. Find this resource:
  609. Urbánek, Vladimír. Eschatologie, vědění a politika: Příspěvek k dějinám myšlení pobělohorského exilu. České Budějovice, Czech Republic: Jihočeská Univerzita, 2008.
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  611. Study of eschatological thought among Bohemian Protestant intellectuals in the years before and after the battle of White Mountain. Focuses on the lives, connections, influences, and works of three lesser-known figures (Simon Partlicius, Paul Felgenauer, and Ondřej Habervešl of Habernfeld). Urbánek concludes that eschatological thought among exiles was not just the result of the extreme religious-political situation after 1620 but also drew on impulses found throughout Europe before White Mountain.
  612. Find this resource:
  613. Demographic, Social, and Economic History
  614.  
  615. The strongest trends in social economic history of the Bohemian Crown Lands in earlier Czech scholarship can be found in subtle ways in the Marxist-informed work (e.g., Hroch and Petráň 1981). Josef Petráň also presented a critical reconstruction of price and wage series for Bohemia (Petráň 1971). Another major area is seen in Janáček 1955 and Janáček 1961, which focus on cities that relate, on the one hand, to the author’s own interest in cities and, on the other, to the role of cities as centers. Ledvinka 1985 presents a social-economic study of a feudal estate. Mauer 1976 examines the feudal estate from another perspective. Fialová, et al. 1996 presents the results of extensive demographic research on the Czech lands. Cerman and Zeithofer 2002 and Cerman and Luft 2005 present the work of recent international collaborative research on social economic structures and patterns in Bohemia in comparison with some other European lands.
  616.  
  617. Cerman, Markus, and Robert Luft, eds. Untertanen, Herrschaft und Staat in Böhmen und im “Alten Reicht.” Sozialgeschichtliche Studien in Frühen Neuzeit. Munich: Oldenbourg, 2005.
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  619. Successor volume to Cerman and Zeithofer 2002, showing the results of a Czech, Austrian, German, and British collaborative project that took place over the 1990s, a comparative study of the society and economic status of estates from the 16th to 19th centuries.
  620. Find this resource:
  621. Cerman, Markus, and Herman Zeithofer, eds. Soziale Strukturen in Böhmen: Ein regionaler Vergleich von Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft in Gutsherrschaften, 16–19. Jahrhundert. Munich and Vienna: Oldenbourg, 2002.
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  623. First of two volumes showing the results of a Czech, Austrian, German, and British collaborative project that took place over the 1990s on a comparative study of society and economic status of land estates from the 16th to 19th centuries. The second volume is Cerman and Luft 2005.
  624. Find this resource:
  625. Fialová, L., P. Horská, M. Kučera, E. Maur, J. Musil, and M. Stloukal. Dějiny obyvatelstva českých zemí. Prague: Mladá fronta, 1996.
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  627. Summary of demographic history by a leading scholarly team.
  628. Find this resource:
  629. Hroch, Miroslav, and Josef Petráň. Das 17. Jahrhundert: Krise der feudalen Gesellschaft. Translated by Eliška Melville and Ralph Melville. Hamburg: Hoffman and Campe, 1981.
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  631. A Bohemian contribution to a broader European discussion in the 1970s about the crisis of the 17th century.
  632. Find this resource:
  633. Janáček, Josef. Dějiny obchodu v předbělohrské Praze. Prague: Česká akademie věd, 1955.
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  635. Modern study of trade in pre–White Mountain Prague. Provides critical revision and update of work of the 19th-century historian Zikmund Winter’s findings.
  636. Find this resource:
  637. Janáček, Josef. Řemeslná výroba v českých městech v 16. století. Prague: Československá akademie věd, 1961.
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  639. Modern study of artisanal production in pre–White Mountain Prague that acknowledges the contributions of Zikmund Winter but presents a more critical, nonanecdotal analysis.
  640. Find this resource:
  641. Ledvinka, Václav. Úvěr a zadlužení feudálního velkostatku v předbělohorských Čechách: Finanční hospodaření pánů z Hradce 1560–1596. Prague: Československé akademie věd, 1985.
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  643. Masterful study of the financial structure and activities of the lords of Neuhaus. Draws on detailed analysis of records in southern Bohemiuan archives.
  644. Find this resource:
  645. Mauer, Eduard. Český komorní velkostatek v 17. století: Příspěvek k otázce “druhého revolnictví” v českých zemích. Prague: Univerzita Karlova, 1976.
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  647. Leading work by one of the major figures of Czech social-economic and demographic history of the last few decades.
  648. Find this resource:
  649. Petráň, Josef. Problémy cen, mezd a materiálních podminek života od 16. do poloviny 19. století. Acta Universitatis Carolinae: Philosophica et Historica 1 and 3. Prague: Univerzita Karlova, 1971.
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  651. Critical reconstruction of price and wages series in early modern Bohemia. Continuation of earlier discussions from the early 1960s.
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  653. Law, Crime, and Society
  654.  
  655. Legal history has a long, esteemed tradition in the Czech lands, rooted in modern times at the law faculty of the Charles University (e.g., Malý 1982, Kreuz 2000). There has also been a fruitful exchange between legal and political historians over issues of estate law and government institutions and law and crime at a number of levels, most recently on the structure and nature of estate law (Malý and Pánek 2001). The social history of crime and cultural anthropological approaches are new to the scene (e.g., Čechura 2008, Tinková 2004).
  656.  
  657. Čechura, Jaroslav. Kriminalita a každodennost v raném novověku: Jižní Čechy 1650–1780. Prague: Argo, 2008.
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  659. New study of crime and daily life in early modern Bohemia drawing on social historical approaches.
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  661. Kreuz, Petr. Postavení a působnost komorního soudu v soustavě českého zemského trestního soudnictví doby předbělohorské v letzech 1526–1627. Prague: Karolinum, 2000.
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  663. Legal historical study of the Bohemian Chamber Court. Provides good background to the history of the Chamber Court and detailed statistical analysis of cases before the court.
  664. Find this resource:
  665. Malý, Karel, ed. Městské právo v 16–18. Století v Evropě: Sborník příspěvků z mezinárodní konference uspořádáné právníckou fakultou UK ve dnech 26–27. září 1979 v Praze. Prague: Univerzita Karlova v Praze, 1982.
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  667. Contains contributions on the legal status and internal organization of Bohemian cities in the early modern period and the development of the first unified urban law code in Bohemia, written by Pavel Kristián z Koldína and ratified in 1579; in comparison with developments in neighboring lands (especially Poland, Slovakia, and eastern Europe).
  668. Find this resource:
  669. Malý, Karel, and Jaroslav Pánek, eds. Vladislavské zřízení zemské počátky ústavního zřízení v českých zemích (1500–1619). Prague: Historický ústav Akademie věd České republiky, Ústav právních dějin Právnícké fakulty Univerzity Karlovy, 2001.
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  671. Recent discussions by legal historians and political historians on the first codification of estate law in 1500 during the reign of King Vladislav II Jagiellon and its renewal in subsequent years.
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  673. Tinková, Daniela. Hřích, zločin, šilenství v čase odkouzlování světa. Prague: Argo, 2004.
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  675. New study informed by the history of ideas and cultural anthropology. Examines the relationship of sin and illness in the 18th century.
  676. Find this resource:
  677. Women’s History and Gender Studies
  678.  
  679. Although the Czech Republic and Czechoslovakia can look back to a number of major successes in the 20th century with respect to women’s rights, in both European and global contexts feminism and gender studies, at least as we understand them in North America and western Europe, have only begun to make inroads (Pešek and Ledvinka 1996), but the availability of sources, suggested by Janáček 1987, Klassen 1999, and Rožmberk and Rožmberk 2001, point to this as a potentially fruitful area for future research.
  680.  
  681. Janáček, Josef. Ženy české renesance. Prague: Československý spisovatel, 1987.
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  683. One of the first works of early modern Czech scholarship to seriously address women’s history. Consists of case studies, mostly of leading noblewomen and a few prominent burghers, such as Polyxena z Pernštejna, the daughter of a member of one leading noble family, Vratislav z Pernštejna, and his wife, the Spaniard Marie Manrique de Lara, who later married Vilém of Rosenberg, described as “the first lady of Bohemia.”
  684. Find this resource:
  685. Klassen, John. Warring Maidens, Captive Wives, and Hussite Queens. New York: Columbia University Press, 1999.
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  687. Interesting study of the lives and activities of women who played a prominent role in the Hussite period and how the Hussite movement affected women’s lives.
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  689. Pešek, Jiří, and Václav Ledvinka, eds. Žena v dějinách Prahy. Documenta Pragensia 13. Prague: Scriptorium, 1996.
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  691. Papers on various aspects of women’s life and history in Prague, from a conference organized by the Archive of the Capital City of Prague and a newly formed foundation for gender studies. Reflects approaches to women’s history in contemporary Czech scholarship.
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  693. Rožmberk, Perchta, and Anezka Rožmberk. The Letters of the Rožmberk Sisters: Noblewomen in Fifteenth-Century Bohemia. Edited by John Klassen. Translated with introduction, notes, and interpretative essay by John M. Klassen with Eva Doležalová and Lynn Szabo. Woodbridge, UK: D. S. Brewer, 2001.
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  695. Preface, introduction, and interpretative essay relating to the excellent translation of the letters of Aněžka Rožmberk and Perchta Rožmberk, from one of the leading Bohemian noble families, presents interesting and critical reflections on women’s lives, thoughts, and role and status of women in late medieval Bohemian society.
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  697. Bohemia and Europe
  698.  
  699. One of the earliest and most productive trends in history after the fall of Communism has been reestablishing contact with the Czech Republic’s European neighbors. Beyond close ties with immediately neighboring regions, such as Austria, Bavaria, Saxony, Poland (Winkelbauer 1993, Komlosy, et al. 1995, Luft and Eiber 2007, Kaiserova 1993, and Gmiterek and Iwańczak 2004), historical scholarship has reached out to explore Bohemia’s late medieval and early modern connections to other countries as well, such as the Low Countries, Spain, and Italy (Mout 1975, Graciotti 1999). These themes are also reflected strongly in works cited under Religion and Society, Nobility, and Demographic, Social, and Economic History.
  700.  
  701. Gmiterek, Henryk, and Wojciech Iwańczak, eds. Polacy w Czechach. Czesi w Polsce. X–XVIII wiek. Lublin, Poland: Wydawn, Universitetu Marii Curie-Sklodowskiej, 2004.
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  703. Examines Bohemian-Polish interactions over a long period.
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  705. Graciotti, Sante, ed. Italia e Boemia nella cornice del Rinascimento europeo. Conference held in Venice in spring 1996. Florence: L. S. Olschki, 1999.
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  707. Editor notes that between 1985 and 1995 there were five major conferences examining Czech and German interaction during the Renaissance. This book contains the contributions of a 1996 conference that examined the relationship of Bohemia to the Italian states during the period.
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  709. Kaiserova, Kristina, ed. Čechy a Sasko a poměnách dějin: Sborník příspěvků konference, která se konala 10.–11.11.1993 v Ústí nad Labem = Böhmen und Sachsen im Wandel der Geschichte: Sammelbankd von den Beiträgen der Konferenz, die den 10.–11.11.1993 in Aussig a. Elbe staffand. AUP-Slavogermanica 2. Ústí nad Labem, Czech Republic: Universita J. E. Purkyne, 1993.
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  711. Contributions from an early post–Velvet Revolution conference on Bohemian-Saxon relations.
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  713. Komlosy, Andrea, Václav Bůžek, and František Svátek, eds. Kulturen an der Grenze: Waldviertel, Weinviertel, Südböhmen, Südmähren. Vienna: Promedia, 1995.
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  715. Contributions from the second symposium “Connections and Divisions at the Border.” The first volume is Winkelbauer 1993.
  716. Find this resource:
  717. Luft, Robert, and Ludwig Eiber, eds. Bayern und Böhmen: Kontakt, Konflikt, Kultur. Veröffentlichung des Collegium Carolinum 111. Munich: R. Oldenbourg Verlag, 2007.
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  719. Late medieval and early modern ties between Bohemia and Bavarian, focusing on the Upper Palatinate, the nobility, religion, and culture.
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  721. Mout, Nicolette. Bohemen en de Nederlanden in de zestiende eeuw. Leiden, The Netherlands: Universitaire Pers Leiden, 1975.
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  723. Important work on multiple connections between Bohemia and the Low Countries in the 16th century.
  724. Find this resource:
  725. Winkelbauer, Thomas, ed. Kontakte und Konflikte: Böhmen, Mähren und Österreich; Aspekte eines Jahrhunderts gemeinsamer Geschichte; Referate des Symposiums ‘Verbindendes und Trennendes an der Grenze III’ vom 24. bis 27. Oktober 1992 in Zwettl. Waldhofen an der Thaya, Austria: Waldviertler Heimatbund, 1993.
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  727. Collections of essays that were part of the symposium “Connections and Divisions at the Border,” one of the first professional conferences of Czech and Austrian historians after 1989 on a thousand years of encounters on the borderlands of Bohemia, Moravia, and Austria. Shows more important perspectives of regional and borderlands history.
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