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Unit Three, Sub Unit One Vocabulary: India and South Africa
Guerilla warfare:
•	Warfare in which non-military people and civilians attack a larger, more authoritative military.
•	A very powerful and common force used by many countries (such as India and South Africa) in the fight for independence during the 20th century.
Decolonization:
•	The undoing of colonialism, where a nation grants independence over its territories.
•	Very common during the 20th century, led to the rise and fall of many nations.
Nationalism:
•	The belief that common people in a nation-state or territory deserve independence.
•	A much shared belief during the fight for independence in the 20th century.
Self-determination:
•	The idea that nations should be allowed to choose control, sovereignty, and political status without external influence.
•	A very common mindset of those fighting for independence in the 20th century.
Conjuncture:
•	The coming together of several separate developments at a particular time.
•	Many nations and platforms joined together in a conjuncture to form a main anticolonial ideal.
Elite:
•	Well-educated individuals in society.
•	Made up much of both the Indian and African National Congress.
Agency:
•	The deliberate initiatives of historical actors – for example, Ghandi or Nelson Mandela.
•	A potential reason for the massive decolonization in the 20th century.
Assimilation:
•	The deliberate absorption from one culture into another.
•	Many colonial and European powers both assimilated themselves into their colonies’ cultures and their colonies’ cultures into their own.
Indian National Congress:
•	A political group and expression of Indian identity composed of elites in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
•	A driving force behind India’s eventual independence.
Amritsar:
•	A city in which 400 Indians were killed who defied a ban on public meetings.
•	The site of a very repressive act of the British force in India and exhibits the brutality of their governing power.
Mohandas Gandhi:
•	An Indian nationalist who used peaceful tactics to protest the authority of the British in India.
•	A very prominent world figure and agent of change, Gandhi was one of the central contributing factors to India’s independence.
Satyagraha:
•	Gandhi’s political philosophy, meaning “truth force” – a non-violet approach to political action and force against British oppression.
•	Gandhi constantly exercised this ideal during his battle against the British in India, and preached others to fight the authority of the British without using combat.
Non-violence:
•	Conscious suffering, pitting of one’s whole soul against the will of the tyrant.
•	Gandhi’s ideal and philosophy in fighting British oppression, and the main aspect of all of his protests.
Civil disobedience:
•	Boycotts, strikes, demonstrations, burning of passes, and other non-violent tactics carried out by Indians and South Africans.
•	Were used in effect to combat the oppressive rule of the white-only South African government and the British Indian Government.
Caste hierarchy:
•	A status system present in a nation or society.
•	Gandhi worked to raise those in the lowest groups of the caste system and ultimately revaluate it.
Jawaharlal Nehru:
•	Gandhi’s chief lieutenant.
•	Contradicted many of Gandhi’s beliefs, such as in industrialization.
All-India Muslim League:
•	An Indian political group contradicting the INC.
•	Argued that parts of India with a Muslim majority should have a separate political status.
Muhammad Ali Jinnah:
•	Leader of the All-India Muslim League.
•	Argued greatly on the behalf of his party and their values of a separate nation for Muslims.
Pakistan:
•	A country in the middle-east Northwest of India.
•	Formed after Muslims, notable the All-India Muslim League, insisted on parts of India with a Muslim majority forming their own nation.
Partition:
•	The division of a country, usually after a national political affair.
•	India was partitioned into India and Pakistan, with civil war following.
Settler colony:
•	A colony in which foreign people move into the region.
•	South Africa was a settler colony of Britain looking for freedom from a white-only government in the 20th century.
Apartheid:
•	A system in which the white-only government of South Africa tried to segregate their black population.
•	Very similar to the British system of oppression in India, and a battle that had to be fought in order for South Africa to truly be free.
Pass Laws:
•	Laws in place in South Africa that monitored and tried to control the movement of Africans into cities.
•	One of the many ways that the South African government used the apartheid system.
Bantustans:
•	“Native Reserves” used by the white South African government to house black Africans.
•	Another one of the many ways that the South African government used the apartheid system to separate the races.
African National Congress:
•	Similar to Indian National Congress, made up of educated, elite South Africans.
•	Sought to fight for acceptance in the oppressive South African government.
National Party:
•	Came to power in South Africa in 1948 on a platform of apartheid.
•	Displayed how little effect that earlier “constitutional” protest in South Africa had on the government there.


Sharpville:
•	A village in South Africa where 69 unarmed demonstrators were shot in 1960 in response to the non-violent protests.
•	Exhibited the brutality of the South African government and their severe repression.
Black Consciousness:
•	A student effort to foster pride, unity, and political awareness among South Africa’s African majority.
•	Active opposition towards the repressive South African government.
Soweto Massacre:
•	A massacre by the South African government in which hundreds were killed in a neighborhood named Soweto.
•	Happened in response to a large-scale uprising against the oppressive schooling system of South Africa.
General strike:
•	A working strike orchestrated in June of 1986 involving two million workers.
•	Happened in commemoration of the tenth anniversary of the Soweto uprising.
Pan Africanist Congress:
•	A small political group of South African Nationalists.
•	Contrasted the African National Congress in that they rejected cooperation with other racial groups and limited their membership to black Africans.
Inkatha Freedom Party:
•	A separatist Zulu-based South African political party.
•	Endorsed apartheid and got into conflict with followers in the ANC.
Global South:
•	Third-world countries that emerged after years of political experimentation.
•	These were a result of the new independence of many nations and faced many economic and political challenges.
Public employment:
•	Where common citizens are employed in government organization and employers are matched to employees.
•	Mushroomed as the developing countries assumed greater responsibility for economic development.


Democratic institutions:
•	Legislatures, suggested elections, operation of political parties, and development of new democratic ideas.
•	Introduced by the mother countries of many new independent countries in the 20th century. In Africa’s case, hampered the country more than it helped initially.
Universal suffrage:
•	A system in which everyone has the right to vote.
•	Demanded heavily in the new democratic nations, whereas was not initially in Europe.
One-party systems:
•	A system in which the political system is stated as democratic, but only one party controls the government for extended periods of time.
•	Many of the new democratic nations evolved into this one party system after experimenting with various political systems.
Mr. Ten Percent:
•	A title given to government ministers in many countries in reference to the bribes or gifts they received from private contractors working for the state.
•	Represented the resentment of the government and its ministers by peasants, leading to rebellions.