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Hegel: Philosophy of Politics

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  1. Introduction
  2.  
  3. G. W. F. Hegel is widely considered to be one of the most important philosophers in the history of philosophy. This entry focuses on his contributions to political philosophy, with particular attention paid to his seminal work: the Philosophy of Right. A particular focus will be placed on Hegel’s theories of freedom, contract and property, punishment, morality, family, civil society, law, and the state.
  4.  
  5. General Overviews
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  7. Hegel’s political philosophy has attracted a great deal of attention, especially since the 1960s, when there was a resurgent and widespread interest in Marx’s ideas and their philosophical foundations. There are several excellent commentaries. Pelczynski 1971 is the classic collection of essays covering most topics in the Philosophy of Right. Findlay 1958 discusses various aspects of Hegel’s philosophy more generally but also includes important, substantive discussions of Hegel’s political philosophy as well. Brooks 2012 offers a comprehensive collection that examines the Philosophy of Right from the perspective of ethics, political philosophy, and legal theory. Other excellent collections, including leading work by German scholars, can be found in Siep 2005 and Pippin and Höffe 2004. Ilting 1971 analyzes how the foundations of Hegel’s philosophical system inform the argumentative structure of his Philosophy of Right. Westphal 1993 offers an excellent account of the Philosophy of Right’s philosophical structure with a special focus on freedom. However, perhaps the single best general overview of Hegel’s political philosophy is Wood 1990. This work is both philosophically and historically rich: readers will walk away with an excellent understanding of Hegel’s views, as well as insight into the philosophical background that shaped his work. Although not widely known as a student of Hegel’s texts, John Rawls was long interested in them, and his lectures on Hegel’s Philosophy of Right (Rawls 2000) are characteristically highly informative, charitable, and philosophically rich.
  8.  
  9. Brooks, Thom, ed. Hegel’s Philosophy of Right. Oxford: Blackwell, 2012.
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  11. A comprehensive collection examining Hegel’s Philosophy of Right from the perspectives of ethics, political philosophy and legal theory.
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  13. Findlay, J. N. Hegel: A Re-examination. London: Allen and Unwin, 1958.
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  15. A classic work on Hegel’s philosophy that helped set the scene for the “analytic” reception of his thought. Although it covers a variety of topics across Hegel’s general philosophy, it also has important substantive discussions of his views on ethics and political philosophy.
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  17. Ilting, K. H. “The Structure of Hegel’s ‘Philosophy of Right.’” In Hegel’s Political Philosophy: Problems and Perspectives. Edited by Z. A. Pelczynski, 90–110. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1971.
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  19. An excellent critical discussion of the dialectical structure of Hegel’s political philosophy as presented in the Philosophy of Right.
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  21. Pelczynski, Z. A., ed. Hegel’s Political Philosophy: Problems and Perspectives. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1971.
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  23. The leading classic collection of essays on Hegel’s Philosophy of Right. This work is comprehensive and highly influential.
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  25. Pippin, Robert B., and Otfried Höffe, eds. Hegel on Ethics and Politics. Translated by Nicholas Walker. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2004.
  26. DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511498176Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  27. An excellent collection of leading work by German scholars translated into English.
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  29. Rawls, John. Lectures on the History of Moral Philosophy. Edited by Barbara Herman. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2000.
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  31. These are excellent lectures on a range of important figures, concluding with Hegel. Although the discussion is relatively brief, it is also clear and insightful.
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  33. Siep, Ludwig, ed. Grundlinien der Philosophie des Rechts. Berlin: Akademie Verlag, 2005.
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  35. An excellent collection of essays on the Philosophy of Right in both English and German.
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  37. Westphal, Kenneth. “The Basic Context and Structure of Hegel’s Philosophy of Right.” In The Cambridge Companion to Hegel. Edited by Frederick C. Beiser, 234–269. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1993.
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  39. An excellent analysis of the philosophical structure of the Philosophy of Right. In addition, there are further chapters of interest in this Companion by Allen Wood on Hegel’s ethics and Hegel and Marxism.
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  41. Wood, Allen W. Hegel’s Ethical Thought. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1990.
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  43. The leading general commentary on Hegel’s ethical and political philosophy. It is broad and covers most topics in the Philosophy of Right.
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  45. Textbooks
  46.  
  47. There are several excellent textbooks examining Hegel’s political philosophy. The classic textbook is Plant 1983, which offers an excellent examination of the key themes in the Philosophy of Right linking Hegel’s thought with his earlier work and the philosophical debates of his time. It is particularly strong in its analysis of Hegel’s theory of civil society and the state. Perhaps the best textbook available is Knowles 2002. It covers all aspects of Hegel’s Philosophy of Right with depth and clarity. Moreover, it is also particularly well written in a highly engaging style. A further recommended textbook is Rose 2007 that also usefully explains each section of the Philosophy of Right. Beiser 2005 and Houlgate 2005 are both introductions to Hegel’s general philosophy, but each includes important substantive discussions of his political philosophy as well that are insightful. Inwood 1992 offers a “dictionary” that is very useful in understanding Hegel’s technical terminology, including terms pertaining to his political philosophy.
  48.  
  49. Beiser, Frederick. Hegel. London: Routledge, 2005.
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  51. A comprehensive examination of Hegel’s general philosophy. It includes insightful discussion and analysis of Hegel’s political philosophy.
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  53. Houlgate, Stephen. An Introduction to Hegel: Freedom, Truth, and History. 2d ed. Oxford: Blackwell, 2005.
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  55. An introduction to Hegel’s general philosophy. It includes substantive explanation and analysis of Hegel’s ethical and political philosophy as well.
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  57. Inwood, Michael. A Hegel Dictionary. Oxford: Blackwell, 1992.
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  59. This work offers useful explanation of a wide variety of important concepts and phrases that help illuminate Hegel’s difficult terminology.
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  61. Knowles, Dudley. Hegel and the Philosophy of Right. London: Routledge, 2002.
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  63. Perhaps the best introduction to Hegel’s Philosophy of Right available. It is comprehensive, critical, and highly engaging.
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  65. Plant, Raymond. Hegel: An Introduction. 2d ed. Oxford: Blackwell, 1983.
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  67. The classic textbook on Hegel’s Philosophy of Right and beyond. Although not as comprehensive as other introductions, it is strong on situating Hegel’s thought against the background of his time as well as emphasizing the developmental nature of Hegel’s argumentative structure when analyzing the Philosophy of Right.
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  69. Rose, David. Hegel’s Philosophy of Right: A Reader’s Guide. London: Continuum, 2007.
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  71. A well-written general introduction to the Philosophy of Right. A useful text that covers all topics related to Hegel.
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  73. Key Texts
  74.  
  75. Hegel wrote several key texts pertaining to political philosophy. The most important of these is translated either as Elements of the Philosophy of Right or Outlines of the Philosophy of Right but commonly referred to as the Philosophy of Right. (The German title is Grundlinien der Philosophie des Rechts, and Hegel 1970 is the standard German edition of the Philosophy of Right.) This work covers a vast array of topics—including property, contract, punishment, morality, the family, civil society, law, the state, war—and it has been widely influential in the history of philosophy. The classic translation of the Philosophy of Right from the original German into English is the translation of T. M. Knox now recently revised by Stephen Houlgate. The other standard translation is Hegel 1991. These translations include the text from the original 1821 publication of the Philosophy of Right, along with Hegel’s subsequent “remarks” expanding upon various sections. In addition, these translations also include passages from the lecture notes of Hegel’s students and these usefully help unpack Hegel’s sometimes difficult prose. There are several helpful editions of earlier lectures on the Philosophy of Right. These editions are particularly useful in clarifying Hegel’s motivating ideas and charting the development of his work in this area. Of particular interest are Hegel 1995 and Ilting 1973. In addition, Hegel wrote various essays throughout his life on politics and political thought. These essays appear in English in one classic volume as Hegel 1964, and a later translation was published as Hegel 1999. Each includes several of the same pieces, but there are significant differences, and it is worthwhile to consult both texts. Of further interest may be an early essay on natural law (Hegel 1975, also appearing in Hegel 1999, but not in Hegel 1964), as well as Hegel’s first and most famous major philosophical work, the Phenomenology of Spirit (Hegel 1977). The latter covers a wide range of topics but includes various positions that reappear and expanded upon in later work. Finally, Hegel understood the Philosophy of Right to form one part of his larger philosophical system. Those interested in learning more about how his political philosophy is thought to fit into this system should consult Philosophy of Mind (Hegel 1971).
  76.  
  77. Hegel, G. W. F. Hegel’s Political Writings. Translated by T. M. Knox. Oxford: Clarendon, 1964.
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  79. A collection of Hegel’s essays on politics and political philosophy written throughout his lifetime. It includes an excellent introduction by Knox.
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  81. Hegel, G. W. F. Grundlinien der Philosophie des Rechts. Vol. 7. Edited by E. Moldenhauer and K. M. Michel. Frankfurt am Main, Germany: Surhkamp Verlag, 1970.
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  83. The standard German edition of Hegel’s Philosophy of Right. It is recommended that those interested in Hegel’s work at least acquaint themselves with the German original texts in general. A revised edition of Knox’s translation is Outlines of the Philosophy of Right, edited and revised by Stephen Houlgate (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008).
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  85. Hegel, G. W. F. Hegel’s Philosophy of Mind: Being Part Three of the “Encyclopedia of the Philosophical Sciences” (1830) together with the Zusätze in Boumann’s Text (1845). Translated by William Wallace and A. V. Miller. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1971.
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  87. The last in a trilogy of books by Hegel that outlines his philosophical system. In this text, Hegel situates the Philosophy of Right in the section “Objective Spirit.” This is a difficult work, but it highlights how Hegel saw his political philosophy fitting into his larger philosophical system.
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  89. Hegel, G. W. F. Natural Law: The Scientific Ways of Treating Natural Law, Its Place in Moral Philosophy, and Its Relation to the Positive Sciences of Law. Translated by T. M. Knox. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1975.
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  91. An early essay by Hegel that covers various topics, such as ethics, political philosophy, and legal theory. Many of the ideas here will be expanded upon elsewhere in his more mature work.
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  93. Hegel, G. W. F. Phenomenology of Spirit. Translated by A. V. Miller. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1977.
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  95. The Phenomenology is perhaps Hegel’s most famous philosophical work. It was written earlier in Hegel’s career and it covers a wide variety of topics, many of which reappear and are expanded in the Philosophy of Right in some form.
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  97. Hegel, G. W. F. Elements of the Philosophy of Right. Translated by H. B. Nisbet, edited by Allen W. Wood. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1991.
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  99. Hegel’s primary contribution to political philosophy. This is an excellent translation with helpful editorial notes throughout.
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  101. Hegel, G. W. F. Lectures on Natural Right and Political Science: The First Philosophy of Right, Heidelberg 1817–1818 with Additions from the Lectures of 1818–1819. Translated by J. Michael Stewart and Peter C. Hodgson. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995.
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  103. A translation of Hegel’s original Heidelberg lectures, which were later revised and became the Philosophy of Right. There is much of interest in this volume. Helps chart the development of Hegel’s ideas and gives us an additional insight into his views on political philosophy.
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  105. Hegel, G. W. F. Political Writings. Edited by Laurence Dickey and H. B. Nisbet. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1999.
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  107. A collection of Hegel’s essays on politics and political philosophy written throughout his lifetime. Although there is much overlap between this collection and the earlier edition by Knox, there are also significant differences. Therefore, both should be consulted. Moreover, there are differences in translation as well.
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  109. Ilting, K. H., ed. G. W. F. Hegel: Vorlesungen über Rechtsphilosophie, 1818–1831. 4 vols. Stuttgart-Bad Cannstatt, Germany: Frommann-Holzboog, 1973–.
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  111. Comprehensive transcription of Hegel’s lectures on social and political philosophy from 1818 until his death in 1931.
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  113. Freedom
  114.  
  115. An excellent account of Hegel’s theory of freedom with a focus on his Philosophy of Right can be found in Franco 1999. Earlier debates on Hegel’s theory of freedom were divided between those such as Popper, who argued that Hegel’s views were essentially conservative and that they embrace a strong—perhaps even dangerous—state (Popper 1969), and those such as Knox, who argued against this position and, in fact, that Hegel’s theory of freedom is better located within liberalism instead (Knox 1970). Today, most scholars recognize Hegel’s theory as politically moderate. Pippin 2006 provides a good analysis of freedom in Hegel’s earlier work prior to the Philosophy of Right. Pippin 2008 presents an insightful critical discussion of freedom in the Philosophy of Right. Both also proceed to offer new accounts of Hegelian freedom that are outstanding philosophical contributions in their own right. The most comprehensive study of the role of recognition in Hegel’s theory of freedom is found in Williams 1997, looking at Hegel’s use of recognition across a wide range of works, from his earlier writings through to the Philosophy of Right. Honneth 1996 offers an interesting development and critique of Hegel’s theory of recognition. Hardimon 1994 presents an excellent account of how recognition should inform Hegel’s views on the reconciliation of individual with the modern social world in a highly influential account.
  116.  
  117. Franco, Paul. Hegel’s Philosophy of Freedom. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1999.
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  119. A thorough analysis of Hegel’s theory of freedom with a focus on the Philosophy of Right.
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  121. Hardimon, Michael O. Hegel’s Social Philosophy: The Project of Reconciliation. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1994.
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  123. An excellent account of how recognition contributes to Hegel’s larger political project of reconciling individuals with the modern social world. There are several helpful interpretations of other concepts in Hegel’s political philosophy offered as well.
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  125. Honneth, Axel. The Struggle for Recognition: The Moral Grammar of Social Conflicts. Translated by Joel Anderson. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1996.
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  127. An interesting development and critique of Hegel’s theory of recognition.
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  129. Knox, T. M. “Hegel and Prussianism.” In Hegel’s Political Philosophy. Edited by Walter Kaufmann, 13–29. New York: Atherton, 1970.
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  131. The classic rebuttal of the view that Hegel’s theory of freedom is conservative, arguing that it is actually quite the opposite.
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  133. Pippin, Robert B. “Recognition and Reconciliation: Actualized Agency in Hegel’s Jena Phenomenology.” In Hegel: New Directions. Edited by Katerina Deligiorgi, 125–142. Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 2006.
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  135. Provides an interesting critical examination of recognition in Hegel’s work prior to the Philosophy of Right.
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  137. Pippin, Robert B. Hegel’s Practical Philosophy: Rational Agency as Ethical Life. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2008.
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  139. A superb interpretation of Hegel’s practical philosophy, especially in the role recognition plays in its development. The work is comprehensive and highly insightful while offering a new perspective on rational agency as well.
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  141. Popper, Karl R. The Open Society and Its Enemies: The High Tide of Prophecy; Hegel, Marx, and the Aftermath. 5th ed. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1969.
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  143. The classic defense of Hegel’s theory of freedom as conservative and that it even embraces a dangerous view of the state.
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  145. Siep, Ludwig. “Constitution, Fundamental Rights, and Social Welfare in Hegel’s Philosophy of Right.” In Hegel on Ethics and Politics. Edited by Robert B. Pippin and Otfried Höffe, 268–290. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2004.
  146. DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511498176Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  147. An excellent analysis of Hegel’s theory of individual rights and their safeguarding from abuses of state power.
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  149. Williams, Robert R. Hegel’s Ethics of Recognition. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997.
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  151. The most comprehensive examination of Hegel’s views on recognition available. It charts the concept throughout Hegel’s early writings and Philosophy of Right.
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  153. Contract and Property
  154.  
  155. A key part of the Philosophy of Right concerns Hegel’s theory of contract and property. Knowles 1983 offers an excellent account of Hegel’s concept of property and how it leads to the development of personality. Plant 1983 provides a more general (but no less insightful or influential) analysis of property in the Philosophy of Right. Brooks 2013 argues for a new understanding of Hegel’s concept of property grounded in a systematic reading situating this discussion in the Philosophy of Right within his larger philosophical system. Finally, although McCracken 1999 is published in a law review, it offers a comprehensive account of Hegel’s theory of contract that is easily accessible to non-lawyers.
  156.  
  157. Brooks, Thom. Hegel’s Political Philosophy: A Systematic Reading of the Philosophy of Right, 2nd Edition. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2013.
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  159. Offers a systematic reading of the Philosophy of Right situating the text within Hegel’s larger philosophical system. This reading highlights the need to understand Hegel’s discussion of “property” as focused upon mutual recognition and not property rights.
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  161. Knowles, Dudley. “Hegel on Property and Personality.” Philosophical Quarterly 33 (1983): 45–62.
  162. DOI: 10.2307/2219203Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  163. An excellent account of Hegel’s concept of property and how it feeds into the development of personality.
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  165. McCracken, Chad. “Hegel and the Autonomy of Contract Law.” Texas Law Review 77 (1999): 719–751.
  166. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  167. A comprehensive account of Hegel’s theory of contract throughout the Philosophy of Right.
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  169. Plant, Raymond. Hegel: An Introduction. 2d ed. Oxford: Blackwell, 1983.
  170. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  171. A wide-ranging, classic analysis of property throughout the Philosophy of Right.
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  173. Punishment
  174.  
  175. Hegel’s theory of punishment has received increasing attention in recent years. The classic discussion of Hegel’s theory of punishment is Cooper 1971. This piece argues that Hegel’s view is solidly retributivist and has been widely influential. A second classic piece is Cottingham 1979; although this is about retributivism in general, it offers a distinctly unique retributivist argument in understanding punishment as the annulment of a crime. Another influential study is Wood 1990, which carefully unpacks the theory as presented in the Philosophy of Right’s section “abstract right.” Some scholars have questioned the completeness of these accounts. One example is Nicholson 1982, which raises doubts and suggests what a more complete theory might look like. Brooks (Brooks 2012, Brooks 2013) goes further and argues that, in fact, Hegel’s theory of punishment was not retributivist in any sense currently understood by the word. Instead, Hegel’s theory was an attempt to offer a unified account bringing together retributivism, deterrence, and rehabilitation into a single coherent theory.
  176.  
  177. Brooks, Thom. Hegel’s Political Philosophy: A Systematic Reading of the Philosophy of Right. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2013.
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  179. Argues that most commentators have offered incomplete accounts of Hegel’s theory of punishment. On this view, previous accounts have failed to recognize how the “abstract right” discussion of punishment is readdressed later in “ethical life.” Such a recognition leads us to discover that Hegel did not defend a retributivist theory of punishment but rather a unified theory of punishment bringing together retributivism, deterrence, and rehabilitation into one coherent theory.
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  181. Brooks, Thom. Punishment. London: Routledge, 2012.
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  183. Offers a comprehensive analysis of the philosophy of punishment, including a chapter devoted to the unified theory of punishment defended by Hegel and several British Idealists.
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  185. Cooper, David E. “Hegel’s Theory of Punishment.” In Hegel’s Political Philosophy: Problems and Perspectives. Edited by Z. A. Pelczynski, 151–167. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1971.
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  187. The classic piece on Hegel’s theory of punishment and most influential. It argues that Hegel defends a retributivist theory of punishment.
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  189. Cottingham, John. “Varieties of Retributivism.” Philosophical Quarterly 29 (1979): 238–246.
  190. DOI: 10.2307/2218820Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  191. A highly influential essay separating different understandings of what retributivism actually is. On this view, Hegel offers a unique position in arguing that punishment should annul crime.
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  193. Nicholson, Peter P. “Hegel on Crime.” History of Political Thought 3 (1982): 103–121.
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  195. This article is critical of earlier work on Hegel’s theory of punishment, arguing that previous commentators failed to sufficiently recognize that this theory is readdressed with modifications in later sections.
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  197. Wood, Allen W. Hegel’s Ethical Thought. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1990.
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  199. Offers a careful and critical analysis of the section “punishment” in the Philosophy of Right.
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  201. Morality
  202.  
  203. There are several excellent treatments of Hegel’s discussion of morality in the Philosophy of Right. An excellent general analysis is Knowles 2002. The overwhelming majority of these studies center on Hegel’s famous critique of Kantian morality. For an account sympathetic to Hegel that addresses several concerns with his critique of Kant’s position, see Hoy 1989 and Westphal 1991. Wood 1989 and Wood 1990 offer charitable but less sympathetic examinations of Hegel’s criticisms of Kantian morality.
  204.  
  205. Hoy, David C. “Hegel’s Critique of Kantian Morality.” History of Philosophy Quarterly 6 (1989): 207–232.
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  207. An insightful defense of Hegel’s criticism of Kantian moral theory.
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  209. Knowles, Dudley. Hegel and the Philosophy of Right. London: Routledge, 2002.
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  211. An excellent general analysis of Hegel’s views on morality.
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  213. Westphal, Kenneth R. “Hegel’s Critique of Kant’s Moral World View.” Philosophical Topics 19 (1991): 133–176.
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  215. Offers a strong defense of Hegel’s criticisms of Kantian morality against several concerns that have been raised in the literature.
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  217. Wood, Allen W. “The Emptiness of the Moral Will.” Monist 72 (1989): 454–483.
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  219. An excellent critical analysis of Hegel’s central criticism of Kantian morality.
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  221. Wood, Allen W. Hegel’s Ethical Thought. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1990.
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  223. This offers an extensive discussion of Hegel’s theory of morality, as well as its prospects and problems.
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  225. Family
  226.  
  227. Hegel’s theory of the family has attracted increasing attention in recent years. An excellent overall discussion is found in Knowles 2002. Most of these discussions on this topic have been highly critical, and perhaps the best known of these is a polemical piece by Lonzi 1996. Deranty 2000 argues that although Hegel appears to view women as inferior to men, nothing in his philosophical account commits to gender inequality. Stone 2002 offers a particularly outstanding overview and comment in this essay detailing on contemporary work on Hegel and feminism, ultimately arguing in favor of an essentialist reading inspired by the work of Luce Irigaray. Finally, the best overall treatment of the subject is the comprehensive and insightful treatment found in Hutchings 2003.
  228.  
  229. Deranty, Jean-Philippe. “The ‘Son of Civil Society’: Tensions in Hegel’s Account of Womanhood.” Philosophical Forum 31 (2000): 145–162.
  230. DOI: 10.1111/0031-806X.00033Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  231. This work is sympathetic to Hegel’s project and concedes that, as stated, Hegel appears committed to problematic positions, such as gender inequality. However, Deranty argues that Hegel need not have held such views and violates certain precepts of his political philosophy in doing so.
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  233. Hutchings, Kimberley. Hegel and Feminist Philosophy. Cambridge, UK: Polity, 2003.
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  235. The best treatment of the subject available. Comprehensive and highly insightful.
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  237. Knowles, Dudley. Hegel and the Philosophy of Right. London: Routledge, 2002.
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  239. This offers an excellent general discussion of the family in Hegel’s Philosophy of Right.
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  241. Lonzi, Carla. “Let’s Spit on Hegel.” In Feminist Interpretations of G. W. F. Hegel. Edited by Patricia Jagentowicz Mills, 275–297. University Park: Penn State University Press, 1996.
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  243. A classic critical and polemical piece on Hegel’s views on women.
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  245. Stone, Alison. “Feminist Criticisms and Reinterpretations of Hegel.” Bulletin of the Hegel Society of Great Britain 45–46 (2002): 93–109.
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  247. Offers an outstanding and comprehensive discussion of contemporary work on the topic of Hegel and feminism. Stone defends an essentialist reading of Hegel, inspired by Irigaray.
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  249. Civil Society
  250.  
  251. One excellent analysis of Hegel’s views on civil society is found in Wood 1990, with a particularly interesting look at the problem of alienation. Knowles 2002 also offers a terrific general account of civil society. Houlgate 2005 offers a useful account of the problem of poverty in Hegel’s conception of civil society. Hegel’s philosophy had a profound effect on the development of Marx’s philosophy. This is no less true regarding the influence of one on the other concerning political philosophy. For the best treatment of this subject, see Wood 1993. Wazek 1988 offers a highly useful historical context to Hegel’s theory of civil society.
  252.  
  253. Houlgate, Stephen. An Introduction to Hegel: Freedom, Truth, and History. Oxford: Blackwell, 2005.
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  255. A more general introduction to Hegel’s philosophy. However, it contains an excellent treatment of the problem of poverty in Hegel’s views of civil society.
  256. Find this resource:
  257. Knowles, Dudley. Hegel and the Philosophy of Right. London: Routledge, 2002.
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  259. A terrific general account of civil society.
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  261. Wazek, Norbert. The Scottish Enlightenment and Hegel’s Account of Civil Society. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic, 1988.
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  263. Offers a highly useful historical context to Hegel’s theory of civil society.
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  265. Wood, Allen W. Hegel’s Ethical Thought. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1990.
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  267. An excellent analysis of civil society. Especially well done is its treatment of the problem of poverty.
  268. Find this resource:
  269. Wood, Allen W. “Hegel and Marxism.” In The Cambridge Companion to Hegel. Edited by Frederick C. Beiser, 414–444. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1993.
  270. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  271. An outstanding treatment of the influence of Hegel’s political philosophy on Marx’s political philosophy with a special emphasis on civil society.
  272. Find this resource:
  273. Law
  274.  
  275. Although lawyers have been interested in Hegel’s work, there has been a growing literature in contemporary jurisprudence on the merits (and demerits) of Hegel’s legal philosophy. Cornell, et al. 1991 is a solid collection of essays that cover a comprehensive array of topics concerning Hegel’s views on law. Brooks 2005 argues that the modern reception of Hegel’s legal theory is highly ambiguous, as there seems little agreement on how to characterize Hegel’s views against the current set of philosophical schools of thought. Some light is shed on this by Brooks 2007, which argues that Hegel’s legal theory shares interesting connections with the legal theory of Ronald Dworkin, as well as shared difficulties. An interesting reconstruction of Hegel’s legal theory can be found in Winfield 1995. Brudner 1991, Weinrib 1991, and Weinrib 1995 provide important critical accounts of how Hegel helps us understand private law.
  276.  
  277. Brooks, Thom. “Hegel’s Ambiguous Contribution to Legal Theory.” Res Publica 11 (2005): 85–94.
  278. DOI: 10.1007/s11158-004-0735-1Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  279. This critical review article attempts to make sense of the competing receptions of Hegel’s legal philosophy.
  280. Find this resource:
  281. Brooks, Thom. “Between Natural Law and Legal Positivism: Dworkin and Hegel on Legal Theory.” Georgia State University Law Review 23 (2007): 513–560.
  282. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  283. Argues that Hegel’s legal thought is neither easily classifiable as natural law nor positive law. Moreover, there are interesting connections with Dworkin’s legal theory.
  284. Find this resource:
  285. Brudner, Alan. “Hegel and the Crisis of Private Law.” In Hegel and Legal Theory. Edited by Drucilla Cornell, Michel Rosenfeld, and David Gray Carlson, 127–173. London: Routledge, 1991.
  286. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  287. An interesting study of Hegel’s legal philosophy and private law.
  288. Find this resource:
  289. Cornell, Drucilla, Michel Rosenfeld, and David Gray Carlson, eds. Hegel and Legal Theory. London: Routledge, 1991.
  290. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  291. Provides a set of essays on a comprehensive list of topics.
  292. Find this resource:
  293. Weinrib, Ernest J. “Right and Advantage in Private Law.” In Hegel and Legal Theory. Edited by Drucilla Cornell, Michel Rosenfeld, and David Gray Carlson, 258–284. London: Routledge, 1991.
  294. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  295. Interesting account of Hegel’s legal philosophy and private law.
  296. Find this resource:
  297. Weinrib, Ernest J. The Idea of Private Law. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1995.
  298. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  299. Provides an important take on how Hegel helps us understand private law.
  300. Find this resource:
  301. Winfield, Richard D. Law in Civil Society. Lawrenceville: University of Kansas Press, 1995.
  302. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  303. An interesting reconstruction of Hegel’s legal theory.
  304. Find this resource:
  305. The State
  306.  
  307. The classic work on Hegel’s theory of the state is Avineri 1972. It offers an excellent, if somewhat dated, account noting several connections with Marx’s theory of the state. A second classic is Plant 1983, especially notable for highlighting the connections between Hegel’s theory of civil society and his theory of state. Another notable early classic is Rosenzweig 1920. An excellent comprehensive general analysis of Hegel’s state is provided by Knowles 2002. Steinberger 1988 provides an interesting analysis of the rationality of the Hegelian state. Houlgate 2001 offers an excellent analysis of how the political philosophies of Hegel and Rawls might relate to one another. Several commentators have been concerned by Hegel’s defense of a constitutional monarchy rather than a democracy. Brooks 2007 argues that Hegel’s monarch is “no rubber stamp” contra past work on the subject. Although Hegel was highly critical of democracy, Brooks 2006 argues that modern, liberal democracy is perhaps surprisingly compatible with the main currents of Hegel’s political views.
  308.  
  309. Avineri, Shlomo. Hegel’s Theory of the Modern State. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1972.
  310. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  311. The first major English-language work on Hegel’s political philosophy. Somewhat dated, but nevertheless an excellent treatment of the subject. Of particular interest to those looking for studies on the connections between Hegel’s and Marx’s theory of the state.
  312. Find this resource:
  313. Brooks, Thom. “Plato, Hegel, and Democracy.” Bulletin of the Hegel Society of Great Britain 53–54 (2006): 24–50.
  314. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  315. An examination of both Plato’s and Hegel’s criticisms of democracy. The essay argues that modern, liberal democracy is surprisingly compatible with the main currents of their mature writings on the subject.
  316. Find this resource:
  317. Brooks, Thom. “No Rubber Stamp: Hegel’s Constitutional Monarch.” History of Political Thought 28.1: (2007): 91–119.
  318. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  319. Argues that past commentators have been wrong to argue that Hegel’s monarch holds little power in the Hegelian state. Although more powerful than others have previously thought, Brooks argues that the monarch is no dictator.
  320. Find this resource:
  321. Houlgate, Stephen. “Hegel, Rawls, and the Rational State.” In Beyond Liberalism and Communitarianism: Studies in Hegel’s Philosophy of Right. Edited by Robert R. Williams, 249–273. Albany: State University of New York Press, 2001.
  322. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  323. An excellent analysis of the political philosophies of Hegel and Rawls, as well as how they might speak to each other.
  324. Find this resource:
  325. Knowles, Dudley. Hegel and the Philosophy of Right. London: Routledge, 2002.
  326. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  327. Provides a comprehensive critical analysis of Hegel’s theory of the state. Written in a particularly engaging style.
  328. Find this resource:
  329. Plant, Raymond. Hegel: An Introduction. 2d ed. Oxford: Blackwell, 1983.
  330. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  331. Offers an excellent analysis of how Hegel’s theory of civil society links with his theory of the state.
  332. Find this resource:
  333. Rosenzweig, Franz. Hegel und der Staat. Munich: R. Oldenbourg, 1920.
  334. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  335. An early classic work examining Hegel’s theory of the state and its relation to nationalism.
  336. Find this resource:
  337. Steinberger, Peter J. Logic and Politics: Hegel’s Philosophy of Right. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1988.
  338. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  339. Offers an interesting analysis of Hegel’s theory of the “rational” state.
  340. Find this resource:
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