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  1. UNIT 1 - Matter & Measurements
  2.  
  3. Matter
  4. - Takes up space
  5. - Has mass
  6.  
  7. Things That are NOT Matter!
  8. - Thoughts
  9. - Dreams
  10. - Light
  11. - Sound
  12. - Time
  13. - Gravity
  14. *Anti-Matter IS MATTER!
  15.  
  16. Properties & Changes
  17. - Physical Properties - Anything that we can classify.
  18. - EX - Boil Temperature, Weight, Height, Color
  19. - Chemical Properties - Involves composition. Changing one thing into another.
  20. - EX - Flammable, Acidic
  21. - Physical Changes - Any change that does NOT impact the composition. ALL PHASE changes are physical changes!
  22. - Chemical Changes - Execute change on a chemical property. Changes the composition.
  23. - Ways to tell Chemical Change
  24. - Evolution of Gas - Solid in liquid -> bubbling
  25. - Precipitation of a solid
  26. - Changing of color
  27. - Heating/Cooling with no external source
  28.  
  29. Intensive VS Extensive
  30. - Intensive - Any property that is not influenced by amount.
  31. - Extensive - Any property that is influenced by amount.
  32. - These are only used for physical properties.
  33.  
  34. Significant Figures
  35. - Any digit besides a zero, is a SF
  36. - Zeroes to the left of digits, are NOT SF
  37. - Zeroes between non-zeros, are SF
  38. - Zeroes to the right, are SF if the number is a decimal, OR if the number indicates specificity (EX- The bar over numbers. 1000 -> 10 Hundreds.)
  39. - There are infinite SF when we talk about measurements that are certain, like 12 eggs in a dozen. *Must be same system of measurement
  40. - Infinite figures occur in counting, like 10 people.
  41.  
  42. Scientific Notation
  43. - Must be used in the case of ridiculous amounts of placeholders
  44. - EX - 3.0 x 10^23
  45.  
  46. Math With Sig Figs
  47. - Multiplication and Division
  48. - Get the number of SF in each value.
  49. - Take the lower number and that’s how many SF your result should have.
  50. - Addition and Subtraction
  51. - In each number, find the lowest place value that contains a SF
  52. - Take the higher value of the 2 and when you get the answer, round to that place value.
  53. - Compounds
  54. - CALCULATE FIRST!!!
  55. - Carry SF as you go through the problem.
  56.  
  57. Measurements
  58. Mega - M - 1,000,000 times the Base Unit
  59. Kilo - K - 1000 times the Base Unit
  60. Centi - c - 1/100th of BU
  61. Milli - m - 1/1,000th of BU
  62. Micro - - 1/1,000,000th of BU
  63. Nano - n - 1/1,000,000,000th of BU
  64. Pico - p - 1/1,000,000,000,000th of BU
  65.  
  66. Conversion
  67. - When converting, eliminate the units you start with and form proper ratios to make sure that you get the right amount of the unit you are trying to convert.
  68. - In terms of SF, if they use the same system - the answer should have the same number of SF as initial value.
  69. - If they don’t use the same system - use normal SF rules.
  70.  
  71.  
  72.  
  73. Accuracy VS Precision
  74. - Accuracy - Closest data points of a set of points to current correct answer.
  75. - Precision - how close the data is (range)
  76. - Precise, non-accurate data is the WORST!
  77.  
  78. Lab Equipment
  79. - Bunsen Burner
  80. - Safe way to heat things
  81. - Oxygen hole - Open -> Oxygen
  82. Closed -> No Oxygen
  83. - Screw - Tighter -> Less Gas (Lower Flame)
  84. Loose -> More Gas (Higher Flame)
  85. - Outer Flame and Inner Flame
  86. - Base of flame, low heat
  87. - Tip of flame, high heat
  88. - Inner is hotter (You typically use the tip of inner flame)
  89. - More Oxygen - Hotter fires (Blue Color)
  90. - Low Oxygen - Yellow Flame of Death
  91. - Put the gas on high, control using the oxygen hole & screw
  92. - Triple Beam Balance
  93. - Use weighing paper
  94. - Set scale to zero with the paper on it.
  95. - Put stuff on and move the bars, highest to lowest until you get to balance again.
  96.  
  97. Compounds and Mixtures
  98. - Mixtures - Can be separated physically, 2 or more pure substances
  99. - Heterogenous - Are mixed but you see where each element begins and ends.
  100. - Homogenous - Are mixed but you can’t see where each element begins and ends.
  101. - Compound - a substance that can broken down into simple stable substances. Basically, it is 2 or more atoms that are chemically combined and cannot be separated physically.
  102. - Element - Is made up only one type of atom, can’t be broken down any further.
  103. - Pure Substances - Elements and Compounds
  104.  
  105. Methods of Separation
  106. - Manual Separation - using hands/physical
  107. - Magnetism - Magnetic to non-magnetic
  108.  
  109.  
  110.  
  111. -Filtration - Using filter paper
  112. -Separates non-dissolved solids from liquids
  113. -Any liquids separated through filtration is called filtrate
  114. -Too high of concentration can lead to more solids.
  115. - Immiscible - 2 things that don’t mix
  116. -Distillation - Separation based on Boiling Point
  117. - EX - Alcohol and Water combined
  118. - The fire boils the mixture up to 78 degrees, the boiling temp of alcohol
  119. - The alcohol starts to move up but then condenses and falls down and then back up.
  120. - This keeps happening until the alcohol finally moves all the way up to the branch point.
  121. - Once the boiling temp rises, that’s how you know you got all the alcohol.
  122. -Chromatography - Separation based on polarity
  123. -Chroma Paper - When we have ink on the paper and let water use capillary action to go up the paper, as the water goes up, it will carry polar ink along with it as water is polar itself.
  124. - Column Chromatography - Uses gel/sand in a column. The sample is on top and the liquid is poured and it carries like polarity parts of the sample along with it.
  125.  
  126. SI Units
  127. Length - Meter
  128. Mass - Kilograms
  129. Temperature - Kelvin
  130. Time - Seconds
  131.  
  132. Kelvin
  133. - NOT in degrees!
  134. - Kelvin = C + 273
  135.  
  136. Degrees - Temperature
  137. - Is the measure of average kinetic energy in a sample.
  138.  
  139. Density
  140. - Is always constant
  141. D = mass/volume
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