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- UNIT 1 - Matter & Measurements
- Matter
- - Takes up space
- - Has mass
- Things That are NOT Matter!
- - Thoughts
- - Dreams
- - Light
- - Sound
- - Time
- - Gravity
- *Anti-Matter IS MATTER!
- Properties & Changes
- - Physical Properties - Anything that we can classify.
- - EX - Boil Temperature, Weight, Height, Color
- - Chemical Properties - Involves composition. Changing one thing into another.
- - EX - Flammable, Acidic
- - Physical Changes - Any change that does NOT impact the composition. ALL PHASE changes are physical changes!
- - Chemical Changes - Execute change on a chemical property. Changes the composition.
- - Ways to tell Chemical Change
- - Evolution of Gas - Solid in liquid -> bubbling
- - Precipitation of a solid
- - Changing of color
- - Heating/Cooling with no external source
- Intensive VS Extensive
- - Intensive - Any property that is not influenced by amount.
- - Extensive - Any property that is influenced by amount.
- - These are only used for physical properties.
- Significant Figures
- - Any digit besides a zero, is a SF
- - Zeroes to the left of digits, are NOT SF
- - Zeroes between non-zeros, are SF
- - Zeroes to the right, are SF if the number is a decimal, OR if the number indicates specificity (EX- The bar over numbers. 1000 -> 10 Hundreds.)
- - There are infinite SF when we talk about measurements that are certain, like 12 eggs in a dozen. *Must be same system of measurement
- - Infinite figures occur in counting, like 10 people.
- Scientific Notation
- - Must be used in the case of ridiculous amounts of placeholders
- - EX - 3.0 x 10^23
- Math With Sig Figs
- - Multiplication and Division
- - Get the number of SF in each value.
- - Take the lower number and that’s how many SF your result should have.
- - Addition and Subtraction
- - In each number, find the lowest place value that contains a SF
- - Take the higher value of the 2 and when you get the answer, round to that place value.
- - Compounds
- - CALCULATE FIRST!!!
- - Carry SF as you go through the problem.
- Measurements
- Mega - M - 1,000,000 times the Base Unit
- Kilo - K - 1000 times the Base Unit
- Centi - c - 1/100th of BU
- Milli - m - 1/1,000th of BU
- Micro - - 1/1,000,000th of BU
- Nano - n - 1/1,000,000,000th of BU
- Pico - p - 1/1,000,000,000,000th of BU
- Conversion
- - When converting, eliminate the units you start with and form proper ratios to make sure that you get the right amount of the unit you are trying to convert.
- - In terms of SF, if they use the same system - the answer should have the same number of SF as initial value.
- - If they don’t use the same system - use normal SF rules.
- Accuracy VS Precision
- - Accuracy - Closest data points of a set of points to current correct answer.
- - Precision - how close the data is (range)
- - Precise, non-accurate data is the WORST!
- Lab Equipment
- - Bunsen Burner
- - Safe way to heat things
- - Oxygen hole - Open -> Oxygen
- Closed -> No Oxygen
- - Screw - Tighter -> Less Gas (Lower Flame)
- Loose -> More Gas (Higher Flame)
- - Outer Flame and Inner Flame
- - Base of flame, low heat
- - Tip of flame, high heat
- - Inner is hotter (You typically use the tip of inner flame)
- - More Oxygen - Hotter fires (Blue Color)
- - Low Oxygen - Yellow Flame of Death
- - Put the gas on high, control using the oxygen hole & screw
- - Triple Beam Balance
- - Use weighing paper
- - Set scale to zero with the paper on it.
- - Put stuff on and move the bars, highest to lowest until you get to balance again.
- Compounds and Mixtures
- - Mixtures - Can be separated physically, 2 or more pure substances
- - Heterogenous - Are mixed but you see where each element begins and ends.
- - Homogenous - Are mixed but you can’t see where each element begins and ends.
- - Compound - a substance that can broken down into simple stable substances. Basically, it is 2 or more atoms that are chemically combined and cannot be separated physically.
- - Element - Is made up only one type of atom, can’t be broken down any further.
- - Pure Substances - Elements and Compounds
- Methods of Separation
- - Manual Separation - using hands/physical
- - Magnetism - Magnetic to non-magnetic
- -Filtration - Using filter paper
- -Separates non-dissolved solids from liquids
- -Any liquids separated through filtration is called filtrate
- -Too high of concentration can lead to more solids.
- - Immiscible - 2 things that don’t mix
- -Distillation - Separation based on Boiling Point
- - EX - Alcohol and Water combined
- - The fire boils the mixture up to 78 degrees, the boiling temp of alcohol
- - The alcohol starts to move up but then condenses and falls down and then back up.
- - This keeps happening until the alcohol finally moves all the way up to the branch point.
- - Once the boiling temp rises, that’s how you know you got all the alcohol.
- -Chromatography - Separation based on polarity
- -Chroma Paper - When we have ink on the paper and let water use capillary action to go up the paper, as the water goes up, it will carry polar ink along with it as water is polar itself.
- - Column Chromatography - Uses gel/sand in a column. The sample is on top and the liquid is poured and it carries like polarity parts of the sample along with it.
- SI Units
- Length - Meter
- Mass - Kilograms
- Temperature - Kelvin
- Time - Seconds
- Kelvin
- - NOT in degrees!
- - Kelvin = C + 273
- Degrees - Temperature
- - Is the measure of average kinetic energy in a sample.
- Density
- - Is always constant
- D = mass/volume
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