2020-11-10 TOEFL: word roots, R purpose

Word roots (list 4) - With a partner, try to think of one or two words to explain the meaning of each root.
icon (iconography, iconoclast, iconic) = image/symbol
idio (idiomatic, idiosyncrasy, idiot) = oneself; peculiar
il/im/in/ir (illegal, impossible, inconsiderate, irresponsible) = not
il/im/in/ir (illuminate, impress, inhale, irradiate) = in (or sometimes “on”)
	Spelling:
	il before L
	im before M, P, B
	ir before R
	in before everything else (inadequate, incantation, indomitable, ineffable, infatuated, ingrate, …)
infra (infrastructure, infrared) = under/below
inter (interview, international, intercept) = between/among
intra/intro (intravenous, introvert) = into/inward
	(The “tra” or “tro” addition is the same one we see in “contra”, “extra”, and “retro”.)
ject (interject, eject, inject) = push/throw
junct (junction, conjunction, adjunct) = join
kine (kinetic, kinesthetic, telekinesis) = movement (The Latin spelling of this Greek root was “cine”.)
lab (labor, collaborate, elaborate) = work
lex/lect (lexical, dyslexia, lecture, dialect) = reading/word
	(In “collect”, “elect”, and “select”, it means “choose” or “pick”.)
loc (location, dislocation, relocate) = place
luc (translucent, elucidate) = light
lum (illuminate, lumen) = light
macro (macroeconomics, macroevolution) = large
magni (magnify, magnificent, magnate) = great (in size or quality)
mal (malpractice, malaria, malicious) = bad
man/mani/manu (manual, maneuver, manuscript) = hand
mar (marine, maritime) = sea
mega (megabyte, megastructure, megalith) = huge (Also a measurement prefix meaning 1,000,000.)
meta (metamorphosis, metastasis, metabolism) = change
meta (metaphysics, metacognition, metadata) = beyond/about (metacognition is thinking about thought)
micro (microscope, microphone, microbe, microeconomics) = tiny (Also a prefix for 1/1,000,000)
migr (immigrate, migrant) = move (from one place to another)
mis (misbehave, misnomer) = wrong/incorrect
miss/mit (dismiss, transmit, missile) = send
mono (monochromatic, monotonous, monologue, monolingual) = one
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inflammable = flammable
	(“inflammable” means something can become “inflamed”; the ‘in’ means “in”, not “not”.)
If I want to say something can’t burn, I’d use “non-flammable”.
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Some roots have multiple meanings, and some appear in words that are very disconnected from the original meaning, so it’s not clear how the root is related.
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(5-minute) BREAK
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Reading Question Types:
- fact
- negative fact
- vocabulary
- inference
- paraphrase / sentence restatement
- purpose / method
- sentence insertion
- summary
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Purpose questions ask “why” and method questions ask “how”.
- Why does the author include the example of carrier pigeons? (purpose)
	answer: To explain _________.
- How does the author explain _______? (method)
	answer: With an example about carrier pigeons.
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Cengage exercise 4.1 - Answer the true/false questions about each passage
passage 1 - 4 minutes
1 T
2 F
3 F (Or at least, we can’t know, so this would not be a correct answer choice on the TOEFL.)
4 F (Optical engineering is the name for the applied technology aspects, which are distinct from the purely scientific.)
passage 2 - 5m50s (50 seconds for each question)
5 T
6 T
7 F
8 T
9 F (The influence went the other direction.)
10 T
11 F
passage 3 - 40 seconds each
12 F
13 T
14 F
15 T
passage 4 - 30 seconds each
16 F
17 F
18 F
19 T
20 T
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Optional Homework - finish exercise 4.1 (passages 5, 6, and 7)
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Exercise 4.2 - Choose the best answer out of 4.
passage 1 - take 50 seconds per question
1 B
2 A
3 A
4 B
5 C
6 A
7 D
passage 2 - 40 seconds each
8 A
9 B
passage 3 - 1 minute each (And we’ll check tomorrow)
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Homework: Finish exercise 4.2 - answer the questions about passages 4 and 5