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  1. Lee, Maurice. Great Britain’s Solomon: James VI and I in His Three Kingdoms. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1990. This is not a biography but a series of essays on aspects of James’ career from his assumption of the Scottish crown as an infant to the end of his reign over Scotland and England. It suggests that James was on balance a successful ruler, despite some conspicuous failures of policy.
  2. Macdougall, Norman. James the Fourth. 3d ed. East Linton, Scotland: Tuckwell, 2006. James IV’s reign is surprisingly poorly documented. There is no contemporary chronicle, only state papers and other official documents on the one hand, and literature, such as the writings of Dunbar, on the other. This biography focuses on the political and diplomatic dimensions of the reign, where objective evidence is strongest.
  3. Warnicke, Retha M. Mary Queen of Scots. London: Routledge, 2006. This biography considers Mary’s upbringing and education for rule, and how her actions were constrained by royal protocol and in particular, the specific problems of a female ruler.
  4. Wormald, J. M. Mary Queen of Scots: A Study in Failure. London: George Phillip, 1988. A vigorous de-romanticization of the queen, which attributes her difficulties to straightforward incompetence.
  5. Brown, Keith. Noble Society in Scotland: Wealth, Family and Culture from Reformation to Revolution. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2004. Argues for the sophistication of the Scottish nobility, and probes their education, way of life, and role in governance at a local and national level.
  6. Goodare, Julian. State and Society in Early Modern Scotland. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999. DOI: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198207627.001.0001 This is the first full study of state formation and the exercise of state power in Scotland. It sets the Scottish state in a British and European context, revealing that Scotland, like other countries, developed a more integrated governmental system in the 16th and 17th centuries.
  7. Macfarlane, Leslie. William Elphinstone and the Kingdom of Scotland. Aberdeen, Scotland: Aberdeen University Press, 1995. Elphinstone was a churchman, but he was also a royal servant and statesman. This biography considers the relations of church, king, and state from the angle of a principal figure in the political life of the late 15th century.
  8. Wormald, Jenny. Court, Kirk and Community: Scotland 1470–1625. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1981. This book addresses issues and themes rather than offering a chronologically organized narrative history, and illustrates her view that Scotland was not lawless and under-governed but surprisingly politically stable.
  9. Dawson, Jane E. A. The Politics of Religion in the Age of Mary, Queen of Scots: The Earl of Argyll and the Struggle for Britain and Ireland. Cambridge Studies in Early Modern British History. New York: Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2002.
  10. DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511495793 A study of the career of an individual whose influence extended through Scotland, Ireland, and even England at a critical moment in their collective histories. As the queen’s brother-in-law, effectively the leader of Gaelic Scotland, and a Protestant, he was a pivotal figure in the Reformation.
  11. Graham, Michael F. The Uses of Reform: “Godly Discipline” and Popular Behavior in Scotland Beyond, 1560–1610. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill, 1996. This studies the behavioral reform set in motion by the Reformation, both in Scotland and in other Reformed cultures. It thus analyzes the Reformation as a social process, affecting personal relationships and the conduct of life.
  12. Kellar, Clare. Scotland, England & the Reformation: 1534–61. Oxford: Clarendon, 2003.
  13. DOI: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199266708.001.0001 This book emphasizes how much the English and Scottish Reformations had in common, and the extensive cross-border activity which went on from the 1530s. Preachers, books, and ideas moved from one country to the other, and the processes of reform were thoroughly intertwined.
  14. Macdonald, F. A. Missions to the Gaels: Reformation and Counter Reformation in Ulster and the Highlands and Islands of Scotland. Edinburgh: John Donald, 2006. Explores the activities of both Scottish Gaelic-speaking Presbyterians and Irish Catholic priests active in the Highlands, and the ways they evolved of spreading their respective faiths in a largely oral culture with very limited access to print, and distinctive social patterns.
  15. Mullan, David G. Scottish Puritanism, 1590–1638. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000.
  16. DOI: 10.1093/0198269978.001.0001 “Puritan” is not a familiar category within the history of religion in Scotland, which tends to focus on Episcopalians versus Presbyterians. Mullan argues for a Puritan tradition in Scotland similar to, and connected with, Puritanism in England.
  17. Todd, Margo. The Culture of Protestantism in Early Modern Scotland. New Haven, CT, and London: Yale University Press, 2002. Todd examines the data from kirk sessions to see how bad behavior was policed and good conduct enforced, and demonstrated that they also intervened to restore harmony and provided poor relief. The evidence used is essentially urban, and a question remains whether the creation of a “godly society” was as effective in the countryside.
  18. Broun, Dauvit. Scottish Independence and the Idea of Britain. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2007. Broun examines the mythographic underpinnings of Scotland’s medieval claim to independence: this is not a textbook, but a summation of his thinking on this issue.
  19. Goldstein, R. James. The Matter of Scotland: Historical Narratives in Medieval Scotland. Lincoln and London: University of Nebraska Press, 1993. Goldstein focuses on three 15th-century works, John of Fordun’s chronicle, Walter Bower’s Brus, and Blind Hary’s Wallace, and how they construct national heroes out of the protagonists of the Wars of Independence.
  20. Mason, Roger A., ed. Scots and Britons: Scottish Political Thought and the Union of 1603. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1994. The product of a seminar at the Folger Institute Center for the History of British Political Thought, which sets the Union in the longer perspective of the development of Scottish politics and political thought since the Reformation.
  21. Williamson, Arthur J. H. Scottish National Consciousness in the Age of James VI. Edinburgh: John Donald, 1979. Williamson suggests that many Scots, from John Knox to James VI, had some kind of a notion of a united Britain, though, it may be, united on quite different principles.
  22. Bradshaw, Brendan, and John Morrill, eds. The British Problem c. 1534–1707: State Formation in the Atlantic Archipelago. London: Macmillan, 1996. Explores the way the nations of the British Isles created problems for one another; primarily aimed at undergraduates. Morrill’s introductory essay is a good starting place.
  23. Brown, Keith M. Kingdom or Province? Scotland and the Regal Union, 1603–1715. London: Macmillan, 1992. Brown here examines the peculiar status of Scotland in the period between James VI’s assumption of the English throne and eventual union. DOI: 10.1007/978-1-349-22419-7
  24. Ferguson, William. Scotland’s Relations with England: A Survey to 1707. Edinburgh: John Donald, 1977. This argues that Scotland’s union with England was brought about by a series of accidents.
  25. Hirst, Derek. Dominion: England and Its Island Neighbours, 1500–1707. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012. “New British” history has tended to focus on Scotland, Wales, and Ireland: this book analyzes Tudor and subsequent agendas of encroachment.
  26. Mason, Roger, ed. Scotland and England, 1286–1815. Edinburgh: John Donald, 1987. Inspired by, and to some extent rebutting, Ferguson, this collection of essays explores the difficult, abrasive, but unavoidable, relations of the two kingdoms.
  27. Merriman, Marcus. The Rough Wooings: Mary Queen of Scots, 1542–1551. East Linton, Scotland: Tuckwell, 2000. The “Rough Wooings” for the hand of the infant Mary, Queen of Scots were the last major war between Scotland and England.
  28. Phillips, Gervase. The Anglo-Scots Wars, 1513–1550. Rochester, NY, and Ipswich, UK: Boydell, 1999. This is a military history of a war which exemplifies the transition from medieval to early modern military tactics and equipment.
  29. Hume Brown, P. Early Travellers in Scotland. Edinburgh: Mercat, 1978. Rounds up travelers’ accounts of Scotland, which provide evidence both for the impression Scottish society made on outsiders, and of the nature of the links between Scotland and other European nations.
  30. MacDougall, Norman. An Antidote to the English: The Auld Alliance, 1295–1560. Scottish History Matters. East Linton, Scotland: Tuckwell, 2001. A book for undergraduates, introducing the long and complex history of Scotland’s alliance with France.
  31. McInalley, Thomas. Scotland’s Sixth University: The Scots Colleges Abroad; 1575 to 1799. Leiden, The Netherlands, and Boston: Brill, 2012. Explores the intellectual activity and networking of the Catholic colleges which catered to the diaspora community of Scottish Catholics.
  32. Smout, T. C., ed. Scotland and Europe: 1200–1850. Edinburgh: John Donald, 1986. This introduces the variety of Scottish interactions with some of the major areas where they traded and settled: France, Scandinavia, Russia, and Poland.
  33. Bennett, Martyn. The Civil Wars in Britain and Ireland, 1638–1651. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1997. This book is chronologically ordered, and intertwines developments in Britain and Ireland as they unfolded.
  34. Fissel, Mark C. The Bishop’s Wars: Charles I’s Campaigns against Scotland, 1638–1640. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1994. This is a military historian’s account of the logistics and strategic planning behind the king’s attempt to discipline his northern kingdom. DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511560545
  35. Kenyon, John, and Jane Ohlmeyer, eds. The Civil Wars: A Military History of England, Scotland and Ireland, 1638–1660. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998. Useful for undergraduate students, since its chapters are essentially redactions of arguments made at book length by their respective authors.
  36. MacInnes, A. I. Charles I and the Making of the Covenanting Movement, 1625–1641. Edinburgh: John Donald, 1990. This book outlines the relationship between the covenanting movement and the king’s major errors of judgment in attempting to rule from a distance.
  37. Reid, Stuart. Crown, Covenant and Cromwell: The Civil Wars in Scotland, 1639–1651. London: Frontline, 2012. A military history of the Civil War, focused on the battles and those who fought them.
  38. Spurlock, Scott. Cromwell and Scotland: Conquest and Religion, 1650–1660. Edinburgh: John Donald, 2007. Explores religion as a dynamic political force informing Oliver Cromwell’s invasion and subsequent occupation of Scotland.
  39. Stevenson, David. The Scottish Revolution, 1637–1644: The Triumph of the Covenanters. Newton Abbot, UK: David & Charles, 1973. This is a narrative of Scottish politics, with an emphasis on religion, from the first revolt against the royally imposed prayer book to the army raised under a religious banner, in great, but well-organized, detail.
  40. Stevenson, David. Highland Warrior: Alasdair MacColla and the Civil Wars. Edinburgh: John Donald, 2003. Stevenson argues for taking the MacDonald chief’s contribution to such royalist victory as there was in Scotland entirely seriously, and also explains what his own objectives were. Earlier published in 1980.
  41. Young, John R., ed. Celtic Dimensions of the British Civil Wars. Edinburgh: John Donald, 1997. A collection of scholarly articles, which considers a variety of Scottish perspectives from which Charles I’s rule seemed not only unreasonable but intolerable.
  42. Cowan, Ian B. The Scottish Covenanters, 1660–1688. London: Gollancz, 1976. Examines the myths and facts of Covenanter’s resistance to Charles II’s religious policies, a period known to Presbyterian hagiography as “the Killing Time.”
  43. Jackson, Clare. Restoration Scotland, 1660–1690: Royalist Politics, Religion and Ideas. Ipswich, UK: Boydell, 2003. The Restoration period witnessed the reaffirmation of Scottish loyalty to the Stuart monarchy, which for many Scots, remained unshaken by the deposition of the Catholic James II on religious grounds.
  44. Gibson, A. J. S., and T. C. Smout. Prices, Food and Wages in Scotland, 1550–1780. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1995. Expressly intended as a book of sources for scholars, it brings together studies of the repeated debasements of Scottish coinage in the 16th century; prices, their regulation and fluctuation; and the movement of real wages.
  45. Houston, Rab A., and Ian D. Whyte, eds. Scottish Society, 1500–1800. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1989. This is concerned to explain Scotland not as a lesser partner in the events of early modern British history, but as part of European-wide shifts in society and economy, showing ways it is distinctive, and ways in which it is typical.
  46. Whyte, Ian D. Scotland before the Industrial Revolution: An Economic and Social History, c. 1050–c. 1750. London: Longman, 1995. This book is most useful for the later end of the period it covers: there is not really enough evidence surviving from medieval Scotland to answer social/economic questions effectively. It is mostly aimed at answering the question of how a poor and principally rural country was able to industrialize as effectively as it did.
  47. Ewan, Elizabeth, and Maureen M. Meikle. Women in Scotland, c. 1100–1750. East Linton, Scotland: Tuckwell, 1999. Archivally based essays on women at all levels of society, from princesses and noble nuns to shopkeepers and unwed mothers.
  48. Ewan, Elizabeth, and J. Nugent, eds. Finding the Family in Medieval and Early Modern Scotland. Aldershot, UK: Ashgate, 2008. This edited collection presents evidence for seeing the family as an agent of social and cultural change. An extensive guide to further reading makes it a useful source for students.
  49. Burns, J. H. The True Law of Kingship: Concepts of Monarchy in Early Modern Scotland. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996. A variety of Scottish writers and thinkers from the 15th century well into the 17th century devoted a great deal of attention to the office and responsibilities of kingship. One area of particular concern was whether the commonweal had the right to depose unsatisfactory rulers, which was tested in practice by ending the reign of Mary, Queen of Scots. DOI: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198203841.001.0001
  50. Cameron, Jamie. James V: The Personal Rule, 1528–1542. East Linton, Scotland: Tuckwell, 1998. This biography argues that James V was a more effective Scottish king than his father, despite the latter’s reputation as a “Renaissance monarch,” and that he was not at odds with his nobility. It also highlights his patronage of architecture.
  51. Harper, Marjory. Adventurers & Exiles: The Great Scottish Exodus. London: Profile Books, 2003. An account of the real take-off in Scottish emigration in the 19th century, to Canada and the Caribbean in the Atlantic world, as well as across the globe. Scotland became possibly the leading provider of migrants among European nations, who went for opportunity as well as in response to difficulties at home.
  52. Rosner, Lisa. Medical Education in the Age of Improvement: Edinburgh Students and Apprentices, 1760–1826. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1991. A look at those who studied medicine at Edinburgh, what their lives and educations were like. More concerned with experience than with developing grand theories.
  53. Withers, Charles, and Paul Wood, eds. Science and Medicine in the Scottish Enlightenment. East Linton, UK: Tuckwell, 2002. A collection that seeks to redress the balance of Enlightenment studies in Scotland, away from moral philosophy and toward the sciences, broadly defined. Combines local studies and examinations of individuals with a broader look at sciences such as geology, instrument-making, and Newtonian mathematics. The topics in general are ones that had broadly Atlantic implications, including one about medical literature in the international book trade.
  54. Whatley, Christopher A. Scottish Society 1707–1830: Beyond Jacobitism, Towards Industrialisation. Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press, 2000. A general survey of the transformation of the Scottish economy and society. Views access to the English trading world not only as a significant motive for union but also as an important, if belated, cause of economic growth after the middle of the 18th century.
  55. Bryson, Gladys. Man and Society: The Scottish Inquiry of the Eighteenth Century. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1945. The classic study of the thinkers of the Scottish Enlightenment, reprinted in 1968. Focuses on social inquiry, which comes across plainly as the roots of the modern social sciences. DOI: 10.1037/13558-000
  56. Emerson, Roger L. An Enlightened Duke:The Life of Archibald Campbell (1682–1761), Earl of Ilay, 3rd Duke of Argyll. Kilkerran, UK: Humming Earth, 2013. The career of a prominent Scottish politician and leading patron of the Scottish Enlightenment, promoting the interests of science and learning as a dominant influence in political and cultural circles.
  57. Towsey, Mark R. M. Reading the Scottish Enlightenment: Books and Their Readers in Provincial Scotland, 1750–1820. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill, 2010.
  58. DOI: 10.1163/ej.9789004184329.i-364
  59. A study of reading in the Scottish Enlightenment with two main purposes, both suggested by the title. The first is to assess how far the Scottish Enlightenment penetrated beyond the urban centers of Edinburgh, Glasgow, and Aberdeen to Scotland’s many smaller “provincial” towns. The second is to gauge how books of the Scottish Enlightenment were read and assimilated by readers. Both are answered convincingly through close reading of texts and a wide variety of supplemental sources.
  60. Lenman, Bruce. The Jacobite Risings in Britain 1689–1746. London: Eyre Methuen, 1980. Still the definitive narrative of the succession of Jacobite rebellions in Britain, with good summations of political, military, and diplomatic aspects.
  61. Macinnes, Allan I., and Douglas J. Hamilton, eds. Jacobitism, Enlightenment and Empire, 1680–1820. London: Pickering & Chatto, 2014. An essay collection that extends the understanding of Jacobitism from its dynastic concerns to broader involvements with empire, trade, culture, and enlightenment. The essays include discussions of Jacobite experiences abroad, colonial ventures, the international involvements of Jacobite clergy, and Jacobite patriotism in the age of Enlightenment.
  62. Pittock, Murray. The Myth of the Jacobite Clans: The Jacobite Army in 1745. 2d ed. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2009. A revised and extended edition of a 1997 work. Contends that Jacobitism in the 1745 rebellion was no mere Highland phenomenon but was an impressively large national movement with supporters throughout Scotland. Its mission included the popular one of dissolving the Anglo-Scottish union. DOI: 10.3366/edinburgh/9780748627561.001.0001
  63. Plank, Geoffrey. Rebellion and Savagery: The Jacobite Rising of 1745 and the British Empire. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2006. Examines the aftermath of the Jacobite Rising of 1745 and its effects on British empire. Following his victory in the battle of Culloden, the Duke of Cumberland and his circle attained considerable influence in imperial affairs. They promoted strongly militaristic and centralizing imperial policies that caused considerable dissonance in the North American colonies.
  64. Smout, T. C. Scottish Trade on the Eve of Union 1660–1707. Edinburgh: Oliver & Boyd, 1963. A close analysis of the workings of the Scottish economy in the 17th century, contending that all was not moribund, and looking at traditional practices and innovations toward a new economy.
  65. Stephen, Jeffrey. Scottish Presbyterians and the Act of Union 1707. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2007. Through a close examination of the attitudes and actions of the Church of Scotland at both the national and local levels, Stephen contends that the Church was not so uniformly hostile to union once the Act of Security of the Church was passed either in the General Assembly or even locally, with many in the Church believing it would be safer within the union than outside. DOI: 10.3366/edinburgh/9780748625055.001.0001
  66. Mackillop, Andrew. “More Fruitful than the Soil”: Army, Empire, and the ScottishHighlands, 1715–1815. East Linton, UK: Tuckwell, 2000. Taking on the subject of Highland recruitment into the British army, Andrew Mackillop contests the notion that it was the product of traditional clan loyalties to feudal superiors or of a particularly warlike nature of Highland peoples. It was, he maintains, the result of a changing Highland society, leading both to emigration and to military service, leading to extensive Highland contacts beyond the realm.
  67. Mackillop, Andrew, and Steve Murdoch, eds. Military Governors and Imperial Frontiers c. 1600–1800: A Study in Scotland and Empires. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill, 2003. A collection of portrayals of Scots who worked as imperial governors, some in 17th-century Europe, the remainder in the 18th-century empire, several in North America, and one in the Caribbean. Addresses frontier issues, native relations, and the use of Scottishpatronage networks.
  68. Calloway, Colin G. White People, Indians, and Highlanders: Tribal Peoples and Colonial Encounters in Scotland and America. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008. An extended exploration comparing the experiences of Scots Highlanders and Native Americans as subjects of the British imperial state. Looks at both peoples separately and comparatively, as well as the frequent relations between them in North America, when Highlanders became both participants in imperial expansion as well as its subjects, and the contacts and interbreeding between them and native inhabitants. DOI: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195340129.001.0001
  69. Cashin, Edward J. Lachlan McGillivray, Indian Trader: The Shaping of the Southern Colonial Frontier. Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press, 1992. A biography of the Scottish-born Indian trader Lachlan McGillivray, from a Jacobite refugee family who took up trading in the American southeast and eventually married into a Creek family. Tells the story of his rise in status and simultaneous movement toward his Scottish kin, becoming a Loyalist and returning to Scotland. His son Alexander would remain in the United States as a prominent chieftain.
  70. Rothschild, Emma. The Inner Life of Empires: An Eighteenth Century History. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2011. A detailed look at the Johnstone family, a family of lesser gentry from the Scottish borders consisting of seven brothers and four sisters, who involved themselves extensively with the affairs of empire from North America and the Caribbean to South Asia, and home again. Looks at their careers, their finances, their ideas, their families, and their inner lives, as well as the continuing relationship between empire abroad and lives at home.
  71. Bowie, Karin. Scottish Public Opinion and the Anglo-Scottish Union, 1699–1707. London: Royal Historical Society, 2007. Examines public debate over the union not simply as the reflection of public opinion but as something created by active participation in an expanding public sphere. In the end the most successful in the union debate were probably moderate court writers who defended union on pragmatic grounds as the best of the available alternatives.
  72. Kidd, Colin. Union and Unionisms: Political Thought in Scotland, 1500–2000. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2008. Rejecting the common equation of unionism in Scotland with subservience to English dominance, the author argues that unionism has long been the predominant political ideology in Scotland, and that it by no means was restricted to domination. DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511756009
  73. Fry, Michael. The Scottish Empire. Edinburgh: Tuckwell and Birlin, 2001. An extended treatment of Scots abroad, primarily within the British empire, from their earliest history to the end of empire, Fry emphasizes the development of Scotland’s imperial experience and the ways it differed from that of their English imperial partners. Posits a particular style of empire among Scottish participants emphasizing commerce over conquest.
  74. Bueltmann, Tanja, Andrew Hinson, and Graeme Morton. The Scottish Diaspora. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2013. Looks at Scottish emigration and Scottish communities across the globe, mostly since the 18th century, applying concepts and themes such as diaspora, return migration, associational, cultural, and emigrant experience to its many manifestations.
  75. Devine, T. M. To the Ends of the Earth: Scotland’s Global Diaspora 1750–2010. Washington, DC: Smithsonian, 2011. The author of Scotland’s Empire extends his work by looking at the prolific and diverse, as well as highly influential, activities of Scots outside as well as inside of the empire over a long period all across the globe. Emphasizes connections between global involvement and domestic development, as well as other aspects of imperial experience.
  76. Adams, Ian, and Meredyth Somerville. Cargoes of Despair and Hope: Scottish Emigration to North America, 1603–1803. Edinburgh: John Donald, 1993. Two geographers take on the subject of emigration, focusing on North America and on the period after 1763. Somewhat superseded by Bailyn 1986 on that subject, but includes abundant primary materials.
  77. Landsman, Ned C. Scotland and Its First American Colony, 1683–1765. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1985. A study of the first permanent Scots colony in the New World, in the East Jersey province controlled by Scottish proprietors, who created a Scottish-style society under the domination of large landowners that would persevere within the mid-Atlantic region for years to come. DOI: 10.1515/9781400854981
  78. Reid, John G. Acadia, Maine, and New Scotland: Marginal Colonies in the Seventeenth Century. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1981. Compares the short-lived Scottish colony in Nova Scotia with the French colony at Acadia—largely the same territory—and the New English colony in Maine. Emphasizes common goals of European colonizers, and the collapse of Nova Scotia to power politics. A particular focus also is on relations with Native Americans.
  79. Perceval-Maxwell, M. The Scottish Migration to Ulster in the Reign of James I. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1973. A detailed account of what many have considered Scotland’s first Atlantic venture, the movement of Scots to the Ulster Plantations, during the first or plantation phase of that settlement in the first quarter of the 17th century.
  80. Simpson, Grant G., ed. Scotland and the Low Countries 1124–1994. East Linton, UK: Tuckwell, 1996. Before Scots were involved in the Atlantic they could be found extensively in the Low Countries of Europe. The essays in this collection detail involvements as merchants, soldiers, students, and many other things, looking at the considerable Low Country influence on Scotland and the experiences and knowledge Scots gained abroad.
  81. Smout, T. C., ed. Scotland and Europe 1200–1850. Edinburgh: John Donald, 1986. Papers delivered at the Scottish History Seminar at St. Andrews survey Scotland’s many links with Europe, most of it before the American colonization, with material on migrations especially to Poland and Scandinavia.
  82. Catterall, Douglas. Community without Borders: Scots Migrants and the Changing Face of Power in the Dutch Republic, c. 1600–1700. Boston: Brill, 2002. A look at the very extensive migrant networks of Scots in Rotterdam in the Dutch republic who remained as a permanent community, the networks upon which they relied, and their ability to shape the contours of the larger community there. Useful not only for the historical materials but for the interdisciplinary perspectives provided as well.
  83. Gardner, Ginny. The Scottish Exile Community in the Netherlands, 1660–1690. Scottish Historical Review Monograph Series 13. East Linton, UK: Tuckwell, 2004. Not precisely Atlantic history, but a significant study of the extent to which Scottishmerchants and political exiles worked in Dutch society and shaped their subsequent activity in the Glorious Revolution in Scotland and beyond.
  84. Murdoch, Steve. Network North: Scottish Kin, Commercial and Covert Associations in Northern Europe 1603–1746. Boston: Brill, 2006. A broad survey of the many kinds of networks Scots employed in moving to and/or working within the countries of northern Europe over a century and a half, providing excellent background for contextualizing their interactions in the larger world of the Atlantic.
  85. Wormald, Jenny, ed. Scotland: A History. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005. One of the Oxford series of illustrated histories, this lavishly illustrated volume surveys the course of Scottish history to the present, with additional chapters on literature and the Scottish diaspora, all written by leading experts in their fields, and meant to distinguish Scotland’s history from British in general.
  86. Devine, T. M., and J. Wormald, eds. The Oxford Handbook of Modern Scottish History. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012. This is aimed at both scholars and undergraduates, and presents a synthesis of current thinking on the facts and myths of Scottish history. Part 1 considers general issues such as environment and demography. Part 2 covers the period from 1500 to 1680.
  87. Cowan, Edward J., and Lizanne Henderson, eds. A History of Everyday Life in Medieval Scotland. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2011. The book shows the distinctively Scottish aspects of daily life, how this differed from region to region, and how the lives of Scots were affected by contact with other cultures and nations through trading and migration.
  88. Dawson, Jane. Scotland Re-Formed, 1488–1587. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2007. The social and cultural transformation of late medieval Scotland into a Protestant country, with a focus on the different experiences of Scotland’s various regions and the complex relations of the Scots monarchy with the church.
  89. Houston, R. A., and Michael Knox, eds. New Penguin History of Scotland. London: Penguin, 2002. This comprises eight essays covering economic, social, cultural, and political life in Scotland, with extensive illustrations taken from artifacts held by the National Museums of Scotland.
  90. Devine, Thomas M. Scotland’s Empire, 1600–1815. London: Penguin, 2004. Provides comprehensive insights into the development of Scottish imperialism and migration into the New World. Shows how these expeditions changed the profile of politics within the British Isles. Argues that, prior to 1707, Scottish interest in the Americas was limited, due to the competing influence of military and commercial affinities in northern Europe.
  91. Macinnes, Allan I. Union and Empire: The Making of the United Kingdom in 1707. Cambridge Studies in Early Modern British History. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2007. Places the 1707 Act of Union in the context of conflicting pulls toward convergence or separation in Anglo-Scottish relations. Draws attention to the variety of ways in which Scots obtained agency in the seventeenth-century Atlantic world =. Emphasizes the significance of Dutch trading connections in extending the commercial landscape of the northern kingdom. DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511495892
  92. Robertson, John, ed. A Union for Empire: Political Thought and the British Union of 1707. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1995. Thirteen chapters offer close analysis of the debates behind the 1707 Act of Union. Argues that the unionist case was formed in the interests of establishing a secure overseas dominion. Studies the evolution of the British Empire in the context of international competition, as European wars placed pressures on the structure of early modern composite monarchies.
  93. Armitage, David. “Making the Empire British: Scotland in the Atlantic World 1542–1707.” Past & Present 155 (May 1997): 34–63. Shows how Scottish colonial ventures raised contention within the three kingdoms, heightening problems of economic competition and rival national interests. Links the failure to establish lasting Scottish colonies to imbalances within the composite monarchy, and outlines the 1707 union as the prerequisite for constructing an empire “whose benefits could be shared equally by all Britons” (p. 63). DOI: 10.1093/past/155.1.34
  94. Jackson, Clare. Restoration Scotland, 1660–1690: Royalist Politics, Religion and Ideas. Woodbridge, UK: Boydell, 2003. Study of the long-neglected political culture of Scotland from the Restoration through the revolution. Demonstrates the vibrancy of royalist political, religious, and legal ideas. Also analyzes parliamentary opposition to Charles II, Presbyterian divisions, and the debate over acceptance of William and Mary.
  95. Onnekink, David. “The Earl of Portland and Scotland (1689–1699): A Re-evaluation of Williamite Policy.” Scottish Historical Review 85.2 (2006): 231–249. Analysis of Scottish affairs after the revolution that focuses on William’s Dutch manager, Hans Willem Bentinck, earl of Portland. Argues that Portland was proactively involved in Scotland and sought to integrate the northern kingdom into common efforts in the War of the Grand Alliance. Available online by subscription.
  96. Raffe, Alasdair. The Culture of Controversy: Religious Arguments in Scotland, 1660–1714. Woodbridge, UK: Boydell, 2012. Examines the religious tensions that frequently erupted in late Stuart Scotland among those of different persuasions. Rejects the idea of a public sphere, but shows how religious argument in print, sermon, oral discourse, and crowd activity pervaded Scottishculture. The revolution destroyed James VII’s attempted experiment with a pluralist toleration.
  97. Riley, P. W. J. King William and the Scottish Politicians. Edinburgh: J. Donald, 1979. Major account of the problematic governance of Scotland after the revolution. Emphasizes William’s desire to maintain the royal prerogative, his relative disinterest in the northern kingdom, the struggle of the great Scottish magnates for power, religious divisions, and the weakness of the revolutionary settlement.
  98. Stephen, Jeffrey. Defending the Revolution: The Church of Scotland, 1689–1716. Farnham, UK: Ashgate, 2013. Examines how Presbyterians seized upon James VII’s toleration to reconstruct their Reformed religious system and to reestablish it in the revolution. Neither Jacobite Episcopalians nor the more accommodating William II were able to stand in the way of this reconstruction until it was challenged by the 1707 Union.
  99. Whatley, Christopher. “Reformed Religion, Regime Change, Scottish Whigs and the Struggle for the ‘Soul’ of Scotland, c. 1688–c. 1788.” Scottish Historical Review 92.1 (2013): 66–99.
  100. DOI: 10.3366/shr.2013.0138 If Jacobitism was a long-term force rather than an occasional phenomenon in 18th-century Scotland, as recent historiography suggests, so was the anti-Jacobitism of the Scottish Whigs. It had deep roots in the Restoration experiences of Presbyterians; and it expressed a widespread commitment to the revolution and its political principles.
  101. Young, J. R. “The Scottish Parliament and the Covenanting Heritage of Constitutional Reform.” In The Stuart Kingdoms in the Seventeenth Century. Edited by A. I. Macinnes and J. Ohlmeyer, 226–250. Dublin, Ireland: Four Courts, 2002. Analysis by a leading historian of the 17th-century Scottish parliament. Focuses on reforms adopted by the Scottish estates in their Convention of 1689, in William’s parliament, and under Anne in 1703–1704. Argues for the continuing impact of the covenanting legislative program of 1640–1641.
  102. Fleischacker, Samuel. “Adam Smith’s Reception Among the American Founders, 1776–1790.” William and Mary Quarterly 3d ser. 59.4 (October 2002): 897–924. Maintains that The Wealth of Nations was widely read in America and that Smith influenced Madison’s views on faction and society and the founders’ views on the character of virtue and how to promote it. Available online by subscription. DOI: 10.2307/3491575
  103. Hamowy, Ronald. “Jefferson and the Scottish Enlightenment: A Critique of Garry Wills’s Inventing America: Jefferson’s Declaration of Independence.” William and Mary Quarterly 3d ser. 36.4 (October 1979): 503–523. Argues that Thomas Jefferson was influenced by the ideas of John Locke (not centrally Francis Hutcheson) in formulating the Declaration of Independence. Argues more generally that the Scottish Enlightenment itself was rooted in the principles of Locke and was thus a variation of liberalism, not a communitarian alternative to it. Available online by subscription. DOI: 10.2307/1925181
  104. Wills, Garry. Inventing America: Jefferson’s Declaration of Independence. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1978. Wills’s controversial and much disputed interpretation of Jefferson’s Declaration as a statement of Scottish moral sense and common sense philosophy and sentimentalism rather than a statement of Lockean individualism and rationalism.
  105. Wills, Garry. Explaining America: The Federalist. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1981. Wills’s expanded claim for the importance of Scottish philosophy in the American founding. Wills builds on Adair’s revelations about the influence of Hume on James Madison’s political thought.
  106. Fraser, James E. From Caledonia to Pictland: Scotland to 795. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2009. A clear narrative of events, with excursus into cultural developments, the conversion to Christianity, and the advance of the church. Versions of the mythical histories are disentangled, and the emergence of Pictish society during the Roman period is explored. Includes timeline and family trees. DOI: 10.3366/edinburgh/9780748612314.001.0001
  107. Smyth, Alfred P. Warlords and Holy Men: Scotland AD 80–1000. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1995. A standard history text covering the emergence of a Pictish identity against the Romans, the coming of Christianity, the Scots, and the Vikings. Originally published in 1984.
  108. Woolf, Alex. From Pictland to Alba, 789–1070. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2007.
  109. Covers a period of major changes, from the incursions of the Vikings in the west to the “last days of the Pictish kingdom,” with the Scots taking over the east of Scotland. Clearly set out; easy to dip into for answers. DOI: 10.3366/edinburgh/9780748612338.001.0001
  110. Aitchison, Nick. Forteviot: A Pictish and Scottish Royal Centre. Stroud, UK: Tempus, 2006. An important historical and art historical analysis of a royal site, with architectural sculpture, which remained in use under both the Picts and Scots.
  111. Alcock, Leslie. Kings and Warriors, Craftsmen and Priests in Northern Britain, AD 550–850. Edinburgh: Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, 2003. An eclectic book drawing on a lifetime of knowledge, covering all aspects of material culture. Well illustrated with plans, drawings, and color. Particularly valuable for explaining the everyday items shown in the carvings and also surviving in the archaeological record. Easy to use with the index.
  112. Henderson, George, and Isabel Henderson. The Art of the Picts: Sculpture and Metalwork in Early Medieval Scotland. London: Thames & Hudson, 2004. Comprehensive coverage of the Pictish artistic achievement, with metalwork fully integrated with the sculpture. Pictish art is savored for its own specialties (symbols, realism) and related to its Insular context. Best book for newly taken photographs (black and white). Wide-ranging intellectual background and overarching structure make this a difficult book for beginners and difficult to dip into for quick answers. First paperback edition printed in 2011.
  113. Carver, Martin. Surviving in Symbols: A Visit to the Pictish Nation. Edinburgh: Historic Scotland, 1999. Crisp and brisk, this looks like a child’s introduction with bright reconstructions and plenty of colored photos, but the content is informative and driven by archaeology. Summarizes academic arguments about language and impact of Christianity, with emphasis on recent excavations at Tarbat (see Carver 2008, cited under Churches).
  114. Driscoll, Stephen. Alba: The Gaelic Kingdom of Scotland, AD 800–1124. Edinburgh: Historic Scotland, 2002. Amply illustrated with Pictish art, the chapter “Picts into Scots: The Growth of Gaelic Royal Power” charts the demise of Pictish hegemony under the incursions of Vikings and Scots.
  115. Foster, Sally M. Picts, Gaels and Scots: Early Historic Scotland. Rev. ed. Edinburgh: Historic Scotland, 2004. More detailed than Ritchie 1989, this links the Picts with their western neighbors in Dalriada, the Scots, and sees the story through to the amalgamation of east and west into a single kingdom in the 10th century. Art is seen as an illustration for domestic life, trade, religion, and the currency of authority. Mainly black and white.
  116. Harden, Jill. The Picts. Edinburgh: Historic Scotland, 2010. All-color, great reconstructions, especially a colored interpretation of the Hilton of Cadboll stone. Sensitive use of art-as-evidence with excellent close-ups, historic time lines, and illustrated catalogs to the collections of Meigle and St. Vigeans.
  117. Henderson, Isabel. The Picts. Ancient People and Places 54. London: Thames & Hudson, 1967. Generously illustrated in black and white, this book brought the Picts on to the world scene as a dynamic and sophisticated culture full of historical issues to be explored and images to be enjoyed. Still an exciting read, but the academic debate has moved on, not the least driven by Henderson herself.
  118. Laing, Lloyd, and Jennifer Laing. The Picts and the Scots. Stroud, UK: Alan Sutton, 1993. An historical account of the Picts and Scots is followed by their everyday life revealed through archaeology. Chapter 4 deals with the art of the Picts and Scots as a separate topic in its own right, from the symbols to Christianity. Mainly black-and-white photos.
  119. Ritchie, Anna. Picts: An Introduction to the Life of the Picts and the Carved Stones in the Care of the Secretary of State for Scotland. Edinburgh: Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, 1989. Tackles the basic questions “Who Were the Picts?,” “What Are Pictish Symbols?,” “The Impact of Christianity,” “At Home and At War,” and “What Happened to the Picts?” Fully illustrated in color.
  120. Robertson, John. The Case for Enlightenment: Scotland and Naples, 1680–1760. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2007. Important study that makes the case for a common Enlightenment across two seemingly different societies, and also focuses on the (common) thinking about political economy in both countries.
  121. Rothschild, Emma. Economic Sentiments: Adam Smith, Condorcet, and the Enlightenment. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2001. Stresses importance of free trade and free markets (endorsing Hume’s idea that industry, knowledge, and humanity are linked like a chain), examining the intellectual interplay between economic and political sentiments: economic thought is shown to be part of political thought and economic life part of political, emotional, and moral life.
  122. Haakonssen, Knud, ed. Enlightenment and Religion: Rational Dissent in Eighteenth-Century Britain. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1996. This collection of essays explores the importance of rational dissent in shaping 18th- century education, law, and political radicalism. Several contributions highlight the impact on Scotland and Ireland. The volume as a whole emphasizes the importance of religion to the Enlightenment.
  123. Phillipson, Nicholas T. Hume. New York: St. Martin’s, 1989. Brief but perceptive biography of one of the Scot who wrote widely on history, human nature, religion and miracles, luxury, and wealth. Phillipson is a leading expert on the Scottish Enlightenment more generally so Hume is set in context.
  124. Hont, Istvan, and Michael Ignatieff, eds. Wealth and Virtue: The Shaping of Political Economy in the Scottish Enlightenment. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1983. Places Adam Smith’s ideas in their Scottish and moral context.
  125. Berry, Christopher. Social Theory of the Scottish Enlightenment. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1997. Complements and updates Gladys Bryson’s Man and Society: The Scottish Inquiry of the Eighteenth Century (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1945) on the Scottish Enlightenment.
  126. Hont, Istvan, and Michael Ignatieff, eds. Wealth and Virtue: The Shaping of Political Economy in the Scottish Enlightenment. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1983. Places Adam Smith’s ideas in their Scottish and moral context.
  127. Broadie, Alexander, ed. The Scottish Enlightenment: An Anthology. Edinburgh: Canongate, 1997. The Scottish Enlightenment boasted intellectual giants such as Adam Smith, David Hume, Francis Hutcheson, Adam Ferguson, and others. Their preoccupation with reason, virtue, and improvement was widely influential.
  128. Barrett, James, Roelf Beukens, Ian Simpson, Patrick Ashmore, Sandra Poaps, and Jacqui Huntley. “What Was the Viking Age and When Did It Happen? A View from Orkney.” Norwegian Archaeological Review 33 (2000): 1–39. Uses world-systems theory to consider how and when the Norse Earldom of Orkney and Caithness in northern Scotland adopted what the authors call the key aspects of the Viking Age: the centralization of authority, the adoption of Christianity, the growth of market trade, the intensification of production, and the development of urbanism. The “market trade” studied here is the export of dried codfish and to a lesser extent cereals. DOI: 10.1080/00293650050202600
  129. Batey, Colleen E., Judith Jesch, and Christopher D. Morris, eds. The Viking Age in Caithness, Orkney and the North Atlantic: Select Papers from the Proceedings of the Eleventh Viking Congress, Thurso and Kirkwall, 22 August–1 September 1989. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1993. The 11th Viking Congress was devoted to Scotland, including the Northern Isles of Orkney and Shetland and the Faroe Islands. Includes papers on literature, history, names, and archaeology.
  130. Crawford, Barbara E. Scandinavian Scotland. Scotland in the Early Middle Ages 2. Leicester: Leicester University Press, 1987. Presents written and place-name evidence, as well as archaeological material. With an extensive bibliography.
  131. Graham-Campbell, James, and Colleen Batey. The Vikings in Scotland: An Archaeological Survey. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1998. Detailed overview by a specialist in Material Culture (Graham-Campbell) and archaeologist who has excavated many Scottish Viking sites (Batey). Includes many unpublished excavations.
  132. Ritchie, Anna. Viking Scotland. London: B. T. Batsford and Historic Scotland, 1993. Introduction for the general reader by archaeologist who excavated Pictish and Viking farmsteads at Buckquoy, Orkney.
  133. Sharples, Niall, and Michael Parker Pearson. “Norse Settlement in the Outer Hebrides.” Norwegian Archaeological Review 32 (1999): 41–62.
  134. DOI: 10.1080/002936599420894
  135. Settlement continuity until the 14th century is traced for Uist in the Western Isles (Outer Hebrides), and two Norse settlements are examined. Concludes that the Norse did not kill off the native population.
  136. Smith, Brian. “The Picts and the Martyrs or Did the Vikings Kill the Native Population of Orkney and Shetland.” Northern Studies 36 (2002): 7–32. Takes up the controversy concerning what happened to the Picts.
  137. Kapelle, William E. The Norman Conquest of the North: The Region and its Transformation, 1000–1135. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1979. Controversial argument that “northern separatism was a serious political force in the eleventh century” (p. 5) that explains why the north resisted the Conquest so fiercely and that the north was not fully colonized or subdued until well into the reign of Henry I.
  138. Barrow, G. W. S. The Anglo-Norman Era in Scottish History. Oxford: Clarendon, 1980. Analysis of Norman settlement in Scotland to 1296. Depicts Scotland as a “land of opportunity” (p. 7) for Normans seeking estates, especially younger sons, who brought classic Anglo-Norman “feudalism” with them. Argues that among the migrants to Scotland were not only the founders of great families but also consisted of many less important people.
  139. Ritchie, R. L. G. The Normans in Scotland. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1954. Narrative organized around the reigns of the kings of Scotland from Malcolm Canmore through Malcolm IV, and therefore mostly about war and diplomacy. Includes one section on “The Norman Contribution to Scottish Life,” defined as castles, sheriffdoms, burghs, and abbeys.
  140. Taylor, Christopher. Roads and Tracks of Britain. London: Dent, 1979. Still the most readable account, with a strong topographical approach. The roads inherited from prehistory and the Roman and early medieval periods remained the basis of such networks, some becoming more or less useless if a town failed to develop. Transhumance routes in Wales and Scotland are also considered.
  141. Shepherd, Colin. “Medieval Fields in North-East Scotland.” Landscape History 29 (2007): 47–74. Evidence of medieval field systems in Scotland is sparse, and layouts are very much affected by the topography where the slopes are steep. Eighteenth-century maps are used to “read” backward (pollen sequences were not very helpful) and author argues that planned systems can be recognized. Open fields were run from nucleated villages in the 12th and 13th centuries. As population declined, some arable land was switched back to it prior function, cattle grazing.
  142. Oram, Richard D. “Royal and Lordly Residence in Scotland c. 1050 to c. 1250: A Historiographical Review and Critical Revision” Antiquaries Journal 88 (2008): 165–189.
  143. Added Scotland to recent discussion about castles and the ways in which their settings expressed their meanings. Focused in particular on the extent to which castles were “imposed” by a king and a few of his supporters seeking to achieve Anglo-Norman “feudalism” or were instead developed from existing Gaelic tradition. DOI: 10.1017/S0003581500001372
  144. Hall, Derek. Scottish Monastic Landscapes. Stroud, UK: Tempus, 2006. Before the 12th century, Scottish monasteries were old-style institutions like Whithorn. These were then joined by Augustinian, Cistercian, and Benedictine foundations, which expected to own estates as elsewhere in Europe, developing sheep pastures. Other income sources included metal and coal.
  145. Cruden, Stewart. The Scottish Castle. 3d ed. Studies in History and Archaeology. Edinburgh: Spurbooks, 1981. Although first published in 1960, this probably remains the best outline guide to Scottish castles and how in some ways they are distinctive from those in other countries. A strong emphasis on the tower-house is one salient feature.
  146. Foster, Sally, Allan MacInnes, and Ranald MacInnes, eds. Scottish Power Centres from the Early Middle Ages to the Twentieth Century. Glasgow: Cruithne, 1998. More than just a book on castles, or on the Middle Ages, contains useful arguments, such as whether “feudalism” was expressed in buildings, and whether the term is appropriate in Scottish contexts when great lords did not need to build castles to express their military status, unlike lesser lords, unsure of their security. In the later part of the period, tower-houses may have mattered more for appearance than for defense.
  147. Yeoman, Peter. Medieval Scotland: An Archaeological Perspective. London: Batsford, 1995. Introduction to the later medieval archaeology of the north: castles, churches, houses, and objects. The extent to which Scotland was exposed to the same influences as England, for instance in their social systems, and the question of how far it developed a culture distinctively its own, together comprise an important underlying theme.
  148. Phillipson, Nicholas T. “The Scottish Enlightenment.” In The Enlightenment in National Context. Edited by Roy Porter and Mikuláš Teich, 19–40. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1981. An exploration of the importance of the Scottish Enlightenment in the mid-18th century. DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511561283
  149. Grant, Alexander. Independence and Nationhood: Scotland, 1306–1469. London and Baltimore: Edward Arnold, 1984. More of a textbook in style, it clearly explains how Scotland preserved its independence from the reign of Edward I onward in the face of English aggression.
  150. MacDonald, Alastair J. Border Bloodshed: Scotland, England and France at War, 1369–1403. Edinburgh: Tuckwell, 2000. A good example of a new type of history that places military plans and engagements in the context of international relations as well as of domestic politics and society. Explains why the English took the Scottish threat so seriously and how Scottish independence was preserved partly by defeat in 1403.
  151. Dickinson, Jocelyn Gledhill. The Congress of Arras 1435: A Study in Medieval Diplomacy. Oxford: Clarendon, 1955. A scholarly and thorough study of attempts, under the papal initiative, to negotiate an Anglo-French peace in 1435, which culminated instead in the ending of the Anglo-Burgundian alliance.
  152. Thompson, Guy Llewelyn. Paris and Its People under English Rule: The Anglo-Burgundian Regime, 1420–1436. Oxford: Clarendon, 1991. Drawing on the archives of the city of Paris as well as the records of the English and French crowns, this book explores the French capital in the aftermath of the Treaty of Troyes, making a scholarly contribution to our understanding of Anglo-Burgundian relations. Emphasizes the role of public ceremony and of the opinion of the citizens.
  153. James, Thomas Beaumont, and John Simons, eds. The Poems of Laurence Minot 1333–1352. Exeter, UK: University of Exeter Press, 1989. A critical edition, including an introduction to the poems written by this English poet concerning the wars of King Edward III of England in Scotland and France.
  154. MacDonald, Alastair J. Border Bloodshed: Scotland, England and France at War, 1369–1403. Edinburgh: Tuckwell, 2000. A good example of a new type of history that places military plans and engagements in the context of international relations as well as of domestic politics and society. Explains why the English took the Scottish threat so seriously and how Scottish independence was preserved partly by defeat in 1403.
  155. Jones, Michael, and Malcolm Vale, eds. England and Her Neighbours, 1066–1453: Essays in Honour of Pierre Chaplais. London: Hambledon, 1989. A useful collection in that it sets relations with France in the context of relations with other countries in Europe, most notably Germany, Scotland, and the former Iberia. Maurice Keen puts forward an important explanation of how the English had lost interest in their French possessions by the mid-15th century (pp. 297–311).
  156. Rogers, Clifford. The Wars of Edward III: Sources and Interpretations. Woodbridge, UK: Boydell, 2000. A wide-ranging collection of translated source materials of all kinds, both chronicle and administrative records, that relate to Edward III’s campaigns in Scotland and France from 1327 to the end of his reign. Also includes reprints of the key articles on this period of the war.
  157. Campbell, James. “England, Scotland and the Hundred Years War.” In Europe in the Late Middle Ages. Edited by J. R. Hale, J. R. L. Highfield, and B. Smalley, 184–216. London: Faber and Faber, 1965. Advocates the importance to the breakdown of Anglo-French relations in the Franco-Scottish alliance of the 1330s, which dated back to 1295, a view taken up in Rogers 2000 and Sumption 1990 (the latter cited under Narrative Histories). Reprinted in The Wars of Edward III (Rogers 2000, cited under Source Materials).
  158. Nicholson, Ranald G. Edward III and the Scots: The Formative Years of a Military Career, 1327–1335. Oxford: Clarendon, 1965. A detailed study based on the administrative records of the king of England, Edward III, for the campaigns in Scotland, dealing with strategies and organizational aspects as well as providing an account of the actual military actions.
  159. Lucas, Henry Stephen. The Low Countries and the Hundred Years War, 1326–1347. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1929. Hard going, in that it is densely packed with information, but a seminal study of the role of the Flemish in the war, especially in relation to Edward III of England’s public claim to the French throne put forward in Ghent, Belgium, in January 1340. Forms the basis of all later narratives.
  160. Pächt, Otto. Van Eyck and the Founders of Early Netherlandish Painting. Edited by Maria Schmidt-Dengler and translated by David Britt. London: Harvey Miller, 1994. In this volume, originally delivered in 1965–1966 as class lectures, Pächt emphasizes, through subtle visual analysis, the revolutionary aspect of Jan’s work as an art of contemplation, one that is based on a subjective viewpoint and a stilled gaze. Foreword by Artur Rosenauer.
  161. Seidel, Linda. Jan van Eyck’s Arnolfini Portrait: Stories of an Icon. New York and Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1993. The painting is situated within Jan’s mature work as a whole and is shown to share one of the characteristics of his religious paintings—promise of future fulfillment. The unusual inclusion of a secular female figure raises issues regarding the status of women who, like Jan’s panels, were objects of value in an economy of exchange.
  162. Fraser, Antonia. Mary Queen of Scots. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1969. The classic and basically favorable modern biography, gracefully written and reprinted thirty times.
  163. Guy, John A. Queen of Scots: The True Life of Mary Stuart. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2004. A noted Tudor expert offers the first comprehensive scholarly re-examination in a generation, with some fresh information; blames William Cecil for Mary’s troubles.
  164. Warnicke, Retha M. Mary Queen of Scots. London: Routledge, 2006. The most satisfactory recent biography, less dismissive than Wormald 2001 and half as long as Guy 2004; incorporates feminist analysis.
  165. Wormald, Jenny. Mary, Queen of Scots: Politics, Passion and a Kingdom Lost. London: Tauris Parke, 2001. Acidly negative political assessment by historian of Scotland, a slightly revised version of her Mary Queen of Scots: A Study in Failure (London: G. Phillip, 1988).
  166. Goodare, Julian. The Scottish Witch-Hunt in Context. Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press, 2002. This collection of essays by Goodare provides necessary updates to Larner’s tomes (Larner 1981, Larner 1984) on a number of issues relating to witch hunting in Scotland.
  167. Goodare, Julian, ed. Scottish Witches and Witch-Hunters. Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013. Twelve studies which give an overview of the key issues in the study of Scottish witchcraft: why people were considered witches, and how the practice of witch-hunting developed.
  168. Goodare, Julian, Lauren Martin, and Joyce Miller, eds. Witchcraft and Belief in Early Modern Scotland. Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008. An excellent collection of essays by leading scholars on a wide range of aspects of the witch hunts, including conceptions of the devil, demonic possession, folk and elite beliefs, and new material relating to the witch hunts and their decline.
  169. Houston, R. A. Scottish Literacy and the Scottish Identity: Illiteracy and Society in Scotland and Northern England, 1600–1800. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2002. This revisionist work challenges a traditional belief that the Reformation brought in mass literacy, and offers evidence that early modern Scots were no more likely to be literate than people in northern England.
  170. MacQueen, J., ed. Humanism in Renaissance Scotland. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1990. This is the most tightly organized of the collections in this section: it introduces humanism, then offers chapters on humanism in the visual arts, law, philosophy, science, education, and religion.
  171. Fradenburg, Louise. City, Marriage, Tournament: Arts of Rule in Late Medieval Scotland. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1991. Addresses Scottish evidence for the late medieval performance of statecraft through public display: calculated exhibitions in the streets of Edinburgh, James IV’s marriage to Margaret Tudor, and tournaments as an expression of royal power on an international stage.
  172. Thomas, Andrea. Princelie Majestie: The Court of James V of Scotland. Edinburgh: John Donald, 2005. An accessible work covering the reign of one of Scotland’s great builders, making a case for the king as a cultural innovator.
  173. Edington, Carol. Court and Culture in Renaissance Scotland: Sir David Lindsay of the Mount. East Linton, Scotland: Tuckwell, 1995. A study which both establishes Lindsay’s biography as far as possible, and locates him within the culture of Scotland in the decades before the Reformation, and specifically within the Scottish court, which was not sympathetic to reformist agendas.
  174. Purser, John. Scotland’s Music. 2d ed. Edinburgh: Mainstream, 2007. As an overview of the whole history of Scottish music from the 3rd millennium BCE to the present day, this is an excellent starting point which covers both traditional music and classical music of various kinds: chapters include “the Golden Age” of Renaissance music, “Reform,” and the music of the courts of Mary of Guise and Mary, Queen of Scots, and James VI.
  175. Elliott, Kenneth, and Frederick Rimmer. A History of Scottish Music. London: BBC, 1973. This is intended as an overview. The first seven brief chapters, by Kenneth Elliott, cover Scottish musical history up to 1800, relating it to Scottish society and to music in Europe. The second half of the book is by Frederick Rimmer.
  176. Sanger, Keith, and Alison Kinnaird. Tree of Strings (Crann nan Teud): A History of the Harp in Scotland. Temple, Scotland: Minomre Music, 1992. The harp is Scotland’s oldest national instrument. This book brings together evidence from public records and administrative archives of state, the public registers of civil and church courts, and the private muniments of the Scottish nobility and landed families, for harps, harp music, harpists, and patrons.
  177. Macmillan, Duncan. Scottish Art 1460–2000. Edinburgh: Mainstream, 2000. This is regarded as the definitive book on Scottish art, and reveals the connections between Scottish painting and the European tradition over five centuries. Chapters 1–3 (pp. 14–71) cover the later Stewarts, the effects of the Reformation, and art patronage after James VI’s removal to London.
  178. Brown, Marilyn. Scotland’s Lost Gardens, from the Garden of Eden to the Stewart Palaces. Edinburgh: RCAHMS, 2012. A scholarly survey of evidence for Renaissance gardens in Scotland, and the social context of garden-making.
  179. Fawcett, Richard. Scottish Architecture from the Accession of the Stewarts to the Reformation 1371–1560. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1994. A book for specialists: a detailed study of surviving late medieval buildings, with ground plans, which also considers broader social issues of how buildings were used.
  180. Glendinning, M., R. MacInnes, and A. MacKechnie. A History of Scottish Architecture: From the Renaissance to the Present Day. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2002. The first chapter of this survey begins with the century up to 1560, the second covers 1560–1660, though most of the book is devoted to more recent buildings. For that very reason, it forms a useful overview.
  181. Howard, Deborah. Scottish Architecture from the Reformation to the Renaissance, 1560–1660. The Architectural History of Scotland. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1995. Carries on the narrative from Fawcett 1994 to examine how indigenous buildings developed in a country which had become Protestant and also increasingly peaceful, so that domestic architecture no longer needed to be dominated by defensive considerations.
  182. Lynch, Michael, ed. The Early Modern Town in Scotland. London: Taylor & Francis, 1987. The Scottish burghs, both the chief burghs of Edinburgh, Aberdeen, Dundee, and Perth and the minor burghs, are a very important feature of early modern Scotland. This book explores differences and similarities in burgh communities: merchants and craftsmen, who both generated much of Scotland’s wealth and developed distinctive local cultures.
  183. Larner, Christina. Enemies of God: The Witch-Hunt in Scotland. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1981.
  184. This remains an excellent analysis of the Scottish witch hunts, summarizing a typical trial as well as providing the overall statistics and patterns for Scotland as a whole. Her overview of the chronological peaks and valleys of witch hunting in Scotland remains the standard.
  185. Levack, Brian P. Witch-Hunting in Scotland: Law, Politics, and Religion. New York: Routledge, 2007.
  186. Now the best single-volume history of the witch hunts in Scotland. Levack follows a multicausal approach, explaining how changes in religion, politics, and law intersected to produce Scotland’s very significant witch prosecution.
  187. Maxwell-Stuart, P. G. Satan’s Conspiracy: Magic and Witchcraft in Sixteenth-Century Scotland. East Linton, Scotland: Tuckwell, 2003. A readable analysis of Scottish witchcraft texts, including James VI’s own Demonology of 1597 and some lesser known tracts, many of which present alternate perspectives on witchcraft from that of the king’s. Maxwell-Stuart reveals the important role of the embattled Scottish Kirk in the condemnation of witchcraft and the persistence of belief in fairy folk (sithean).
  188. Maxwell-Stuart, P. G. An Abundance of Witches: The Great Scottish Witch-Hunt. Stroud, UK: Tempus, 2005. Scotland’s most severe witch hunt occupied the courts between 1658 and 1662, and Maxwell-Stuart sheds much light on witchcraft beliefs and the experience of the accused in this study. He emphasizes the role of Scots Presbyterian ministers in the rise of diabolism and the pursuit of witches.
  189. Crouch, David. The Image of Aristocracy in Britain, 1000–1300. London: Routledge, 1992.By a leading scholar in this field, this work looks at how the aristocracy of Britain emerged and evolved. Useful for contextualizing the rise of this group in society, their ideals, piety, pastimes, and insignia. Lengthy bibliography provides a sound guide to further reading. Excellent introduction explaining different ranks.
  190. Stevenson, Katie. Chivalry and Knighthood in Scotland, 1424–1513. Woodbridge, UK: Boydell, 2005. Includes an interesting discussion of the importance of the dubbing ceremony to create a bond between the king and his knights. Detailed and scholarly.
  191. Stevenson, Katie. “The Unicorn, St Andrew and the Thistle: Was There an Order of Chivalry in Late Medieval Scotland?” Scottish Historical Review 83 (2004): 3–22.
  192. DOI: 10.3366/shr.2004.83.1.3
  193. Article by the leading historian on Scottish chivalry which examines the evidence for the origins of a medieval Order in Scotland. Clearly argued. Available online for purchase or by subscription.
  194. Pius II. Commentaries. 2 vols. Edited by Margaret Meserve and Marcello Simonetta. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2003–2007. The Latin original and an English translation of the memoirs of the Sienese humanist Enea Silvio Piccolomini, who reigned as Pope Pius II from 1458. In 1435 he visited Scotland and England on a mission from Cardinal Niccolò Albergati. In Scotland he made a barefoot pilgrimage to Whitekirk, near Dunbar. In England he visited London, Canterbury, Newcastle, Durham, and York.
  195. Phillips, Gervase. The Anglo-Scots Wars, 1513–1550. Woodbridge, UK: Boydell, 1999. Despite introductory chapters establishing the European context and challenging the Military Revolution thesis, this is primarily a traditional narrative military history that analyzes the strategy, operations, and tactics of the Anglo-Scots wars. Views English and Scottish armies, arms, and methods as evolving steadily with input from, and not far behind, Continental military forces.
  196. Cruickshank, Charles Greig. Elizabeth’s Army. 2d ed. London: Oxford University Press, 1968. Much more comprehensively than the first edition, this monograph explains the structure and workings of the English army, with sections on recruitment, movement, communication, command, discipline and training, equipment, pay, and medicine. Detailed examinations of the campaigns of 1560, 1589, and 1596 in Scotland, France, and Spain provide concrete exemplifications of the generalizations.
  197. Devine, T. M. The Scottish Nation 1700–2000. London: Penguin, 2000. The definitive modern Scottish history by a leading economic and social historian. A trend-setter in placing Scotland within a European and international context. Addresses in particular the period of transformation from the mid-18th to the early 20th centuries.
  198. Donaldson, Gordon. Scotland: The Shaping of a Nation. London: David & Charles, 1974. An interpretive volume by a leading historian of his generation, focusing on the main structural elements that made Scotland distinctive: its long history of relations with England, the institutions of government, the church, the economy, and the law, and the history of the Scottish people.
  199. Houston, Rab. Scotland: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008.
  200. DOI: 10.1093/actrade/9780199230792.001.0001 In this volume in Oxford’s very short introduction series, a social historian attends to a whole range of the largest themes in Scottish history, from the building of a nation and state to religion and Reformation, to economy and education to Scots and the world at large. Very readable with nice, concise narrative histories of all of its varied themes.
  201. Lenman, Bruce P. Integration and Enlightenment: Scotland 1746–1832. London: Edward Arnold, 1981. A classic survey, forming part of the New History of Scotland series, of the many ways Scotland changed between the 18th and 19th centuries, combining economics, politics, and society. Published in a new edition by Edinburgh Press, 2009, with extended treatments of certain topics, such as Scots and the America Revolution and the ScottishEnlightenment.
  202. Lynch, Michael. Scotland: A New History. London: Pimlico, 1999. A comprehensive narrative of the whole course of Scottish history and therefore well studied by students in Scottish history courses. Still a valuable reference work with much detail, with more attention to the period before union, the author’s specialization, than after.
  203. Mitchison, Rosalind. Lordship to Patronage: Scotland 1603–1745. London: Edward Arnold, 1983. Another noteworthy volume in the New History of Scotland series. Like most of the series it combines political events with social history and economic history and diplomatic matters. The long history of the creation of Anglo-Scottish union is an important subject of the volume.
  204. Mitchison, Rosalind. A History of Scotland. London and New York: Methuen, 1982. An admirably lucid narrative history from the Dark Ages through to the 20th century.
  205. Smout, T. C. A History of the Scottish People 1560–1830. New York: Charles Scribner’s, 1969. An early effort at surveying the economic and social history of early modern Scotland before the necessary secondary works had been written. Smout undertook the task himself, and produced a valuable and still useful text full of information on economy and society.
  206. Green, Mary Anne Everett. Letters of Royal and Illustrious Ladies of Great Britain, from the Commencement of the Twelfth Century to the Close of the Reign of Queen Mary. 3 vols. London: H. Colburn, 1846. A total of 132 letters, in English translation, with commentary. English queens from Matilda of Scotland, wife of Henry I, to the reign of Mary Tudor. Available as an e-book on Google Books.
  207. Turgot, Bishop of St. Andrews. Life of St. Margaret, Queen of Scotland. Translated by William Forbes-Leith. Edinburgh: William Paterson, 1884. Vita of Margaret (1046–1093), an Anglo-Saxon princess who became the wife of Malcolm III of Scotland; written by her chaplain, Turgot, for her daughter Edith/Matilda, wife of Henry I of England.
  208. Huneycutt, Lois L. Matilda of Scotland: A Study in Medieval Queenship. Woodbridge, UK: Boydell, 2003. Study of the influential Matilda, who held special curial powers in England; her political activities and religious and artistic patronage are addressed, as is the influence of her mother, Saint Margaret. Appendixes include a handlist of Matilda’s Acta and a translation of the Life of St. Margaret of Scotland.
  209. Barrow, G. W. S. “A Kingdom in Crisis: Scotland and the Maid of Norway.” Scottish Historical Review 69.2 (October 1990): 120–141. The child Margaret (b. 1283–d. 1290), princess of Norway and granddaughter of Alexander III of Scotland, inherited the Scottish throne in 1286. Examines the conditions under which she became queen, including negotiations to marry her to Edward, Prince of Wales.
  210. Cooke, Jessica. “Scottish Queenship in the Thirteenth Century.” Thirteenth Century England 11 (2007): 61–80. A general overview of five queens consort of the kings of Scotland. Queenship in Scotland was not well established; for example, a coronation ritual does not appear not until relatively late. Rather, queenship is shaped by individual experiences and, in the 13th century, dependency of the Scots on England.
  211. Downie, Fiona. “Queenship in Late Medieval Scotland.” In Scottish Kingship, 1306–1542. Edited by Michael Brown and Roland Turner, 232–254. Edinburgh: John Donald, 2008. Eight Scottish queens in the 14th and 15th centuries witnessed a change in status from “king’s wife” to a crowned ruler and first choice as regent. This survey examines the primarily domestic reasons for their marriages, the role of the queen as intercessor, and her influence.
  212. Fitch, Audrey-Beth. “Maternal Mediators: Saintly Ideals and Secular Realities in Late Medieval Scotland.” Innes Review: Scottish Catholic Historical Studies 57.1 (2006): 1–34. Focusing on queens of the 15th and 16th centuries, Fitch describes the association of ruling women as mediators and intercessors with the Virgin Mary in the same role.
  213. Marshall, Rosalind K. Scottish Queens, 1034–1714. East Linton, Scotland: Tuckwell, 2003. Synthetic survey of queens of Scotland, with general chapters devoted to the 11th and 12th centuries and to the late medieval queens of Mary of Gueldres, Margaret of Denmark, and Margaret Tudor as well as queens to the end of the Stuarts.
  214. Wall, Valerie. “Queen Margaret of Scotland, 1070–93: Burying the Past, Enshrining the Future.” In Queens and Queenship in Medieval Europe: Proceedings of a Conference Held at King’s College, London, April 1995. Edited by Anne J. Duggan, 27–38. Woodbridge, UK: Boydell, 1997. Margaret seized opportunities as a religious patron, peace-weaver, and mother to exercise considerable power in king-making. The violence of early Scotland is contrasted with Margaret’s portrait in her Vita, demonstrating her control of family and court and lending legitimacy to the nascent dynasty. Also discusses Ingibiorg, Scotland’s first queen.
  215. Foster, Sally M. Picts, Gaels, and Scots: Early Historic Scotland. Edinburgh: Historic Scotland, 1996. Clear introduction to the complexities of the different cultures that eventually coalesced into the kingdom. One in a useful series published by the Scottish equivalent of English Heritage and Wales’s Cadw.
  216. Laing, Lloyd R. The Archaeology of Celtic Britain and Ireland, c. AD 400–1200. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2006. A much better book than the original 1975 version, this covers the same geographical spread as Hines 2000 but focuses on the material culture that underpins study of the non-Anglo-Saxon world.
  217. Graham-Campbell, James, and Colleen E. Batey. Vikings in Scotland: An Archaeological Survey. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1998. The first author has studied the many hoards containing coins, rings, and ingots and their contribution to creating a “bullion economy”; the second has conducted several excavations. They are therefore specialists bringing together different perspectives and a wide range of information—burials, settlements, jewelry, the economy.
  218. Fraser, Iain, ed. The Pictish Symbol Stones of Scotland. Edinburgh: Royal Commission on Historical Monuments of Scotland, 2008. Brief introduction to the incised and carved stone sculptures with a history of their study and a bibliography. Occasional discoveries are still made, e.g., that a stone at Newton, Aberdeenshire, with an ogham inscription also has a Pictish mirror symbol. The catalogue has descriptions and very fine images.
  219. Broadie, Alexander, ed. The Cambridge Companion to the Scottish Enlightenment. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2003. Explores the rich intellectual context of the Scottish Enlightenment through a philosophical lens. This collection ties the Scottish experience to the broader international intellectual development without losing sight of Scotland’s unique contributions to a range of studies.
  220. Lenman, Bruce. Integration, Enlightenment, and Industrialization: Scotland 1746–1832. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1981. A survey of Scottish politics and society that explores how economic and intellectual issues gave Scotland a sense of identity.
  221. Szechi, Daniel. The Jacobites: Britain and Europe, 1688–1788. Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press, 1994. Explores the strength of Jacobitism in all three kingdoms and in Europe, where the Jacobites looked for support.
  222. Brown, Keith. Noble Society in Scotland: Wealth, Family and Culture from Reformation to Revolution. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2000. Comprehensive study of the Scottish aristocracy, with particular attention to the life cycle of nobles and their marriage strategies. Argues against a “rise of the lairds,” while demonstrating an Anglicization of the aristocracy during the regal union in the 17th century. Some critical observations have been made regarding the anecdotal evidence.
  223. Groundwater, Anna. The Scottish Middle March, 1573 to 1625: Power, Kinship, Allegiance. Woodbridge, UK: Boydell, 2010. Taking issue with Ellis 1995 (cited under British Isles), the author shows how local patronage networks in these border sheriffdoms proved crucial for the Crown, before and during the regal union.
  224. MacDonald, Alastair J. Border Bloodshed: Scotland and England at War, 1369–1403. EastLinton, Scotland: Tuckwell, 2000. Revises some stereotypes about the feuding families in Scotland, and shows how, to some extent, cooperation between Crown and magnates came into being during the Hundred Years’ War.
  225. Meikle, Maureen M. A British Frontier? Lairds and Gentlemen in the Eastern Borders, 1540–1603. East Linton, Scotland: Tuckwell, 2004. Building on Ellis 1995 (cited under British Isles), but focusing her argument on the lesser nobility (both Scottish greater and lesser lairds and English gentry), Meikle studies 454 landed families, with kinship rather than state formation proving crucial.
  226. Barrow, G. W. S. “A Kingdom in Crisis: Scotland and the Maid of Norway.” Scottish Historical Review 69.2 (October 1990): 120–141. The child Margaret (b. 1283–d. 1290), princess of Norway and granddaughter of Alexander III of Scotland, inherited the Scottish throne in 1286. Examines the conditions under which she became queen, including negotiations to marry her to Edward, Prince of Wales.
  227. Cooke, Jessica. “Scottish Queenship in the Thirteenth Century.” Thirteenth Century England 11 (2007): 61–80. A general overview of five queens consort of the kings of Scotland. Queenship in Scotland was not well established; for example, a coronation ritual does not appear not until relatively late. Rather, queenship is shaped by individual experiences and, in the 13th century, dependency of the Scots on England.
  228. Downie, Fiona. “Queenship in Late Medieval Scotland.” In Scottish Kingship, 1306–1542. Edited by Michael Brown and Roland Turner, 232–254. Edinburgh: John Donald, 2008. Eight Scottish queens in the 14th and 15th centuries witnessed a change in status from “king’s wife” to a crowned ruler and first choice as regent. This survey examines the primarily domestic reasons for their marriages, the role of the queen as intercessor, and her influence.
  229. Fitch, Audrey-Beth. “Maternal Mediators: Saintly Ideals and Secular Realities in Late Medieval Scotland.” Innes Review: Scottish Catholic Historical Studies 57.1 (2006): 1–34. Focusing on queens of the 15th and 16th centuries, Fitch describes the association of ruling women as mediators and intercessors with the Virgin Mary in the same role.
  230. Marshall, Rosalind K. Scottish Queens, 1034–1714. East Linton, Scotland: Tuckwell, 2003. Synthetic survey of queens of Scotland, with general chapters devoted to the 11th and 12th centuries and to the late medieval queens of Mary of Gueldres, Margaret of Denmark, and Margaret Tudor as well as queens to the end of the Stuarts.
  231. Wall, Valerie. “Queen Margaret of Scotland, 1070–93: Burying the Past, Enshrining the Future.” In Queens and Queenship in Medieval Europe: Proceedings of a Conference Held at King’s College, London, April 1995. Edited by Anne J. Duggan, 27–38. Woodbridge, UK: Boydell, 1997. Margaret seized opportunities as a religious patron, peace-weaver, and mother to exercise considerable power in king-making. The violence of early Scotland is contrasted with Margaret’s portrait in her Vita, demonstrating her control of family and court and lending legitimacy to the nascent dynasty. Also discusses Ingibiorg, Scotland’s first queen.
  232. Watt, Donald Elmslie Robertson, and Norman F. Shead, eds. The Heads of Religious Houses in Scotland from Twelfth to Sixteenth Centuries. Scottish Record Society 24. Edinburgh: Scottish Record Society, 2001. Similar volume to Knowles, et al. 2001–2008 for Scottish abbots and priors, although considerably less evidence survives for individual superiors in Scotland than heads of English and Welsh houses.
  233. Dilworth, Mark. Scottish Monasteries in the Late Middle Ages. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1995. An accessible but brief overview, based on a lecture series. Touches on numerous facets of monastic life, including superiors, quality of observance, economics and relations with the wider world, with a particular focus on the 16th century.
  234. Durie, Alastair J. Scotland for the Holidays: Tourism in Scotland, c. 1780–1939. East Linton, Scotland: Tuckwell, 2003. Durie provides an extensive discussion of the development of tourism in Scotland and its origins in the cultural changes of the late 18th century (as well as their influence on external perceptions of the country).
  235. Grenier, Katherine Haldane. Tourism and Identity in Scotland, 1770–1914: Creating Caledonia. Aldershot, UK: Ashgate, 2005. A significant and detailed study of the creation of the Highlands—and indeed all Scotland—as a tourist locale in the long 19th century.
  236. Macmillan, Duncan. Scottish Art, 1460–2000. 2d ed. Edinburgh: Mainstream, 2000. The general standard work on Scottish art, with good coverage of genre painting and other representations of the Highlands in the 19th century.
  237. McCrone, David, Angela Morris, and Richard Kelly. Scotland—the Brand: The Making of Scottish Heritage. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1995. An account of the modern marketing of Scotland, a process in which certain images of the “Highlands” remain prominent.
  238. Miller, Delia. Queen Victoria’s Life in the Scottish Highlands: Depicted by Her Watercolour Artists. London: P. Wilson, 1985. An entrancingly immediate account of the mythologization of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert in the Highlands in the era of their restoration of Balmoral.
  239. Morrison, John. Painting the Nation: Identity and Nationalism in Scottish Painting, 1800–1920. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2003. Morrison argues that the peopling of empty landscapes in the Highlands marked a shift in attitudes toward them as the 19th century progressed.
  240. Pittock, Murray. “‘To See Ourselves as Others See Us’: The Scot in English Eyes since 1707.” European Journal of English Studies 13.3 (2009): 293–304. This article identifies the development of “Scottish,” “Highland,” then “Lowland” and “Highland” stereotypes of the Scot, suggesting that the stereotypical image of the Scot today has reverted to the cultural imagology of the earlier 18th century in the face of recent political challenges. DOI: 10.1080/13825570903223475
  241. Womack, Peter. Improvement and Romance: Constructing the Myth of the Highlands. Basingstoke, UK: Macmillan, 1989. One of the most influential books on the Highland question since 1980. Womack charts the taming and assimilation of the Highlands as a rebellious province into a romantic locale, noting that the imagination of the Highlands as a romantic place is itself an aspect of their repression.
  242. MacQueen, Hector, and Peter G. B. McNeill Atlas of Scottish History to 1707. Edinburgh: Scottish Society of Mediaevalists, 1996. The standard historical atlas of Scotland; very strong on the Highlands.
  243. Pittock, Murray. Celtic Identity and the British Image. Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press, 1999. Argues that “Celtic” identities throughout the British Isles largely developed through the adoption of the language of external stereotyping and prejudice by local cultural elites, who transformed it into a badge of difference. Hence the 18th-century portrayal of all Scots as kilted Highland traitors who are greedy and verminous was transformed into the 19th-century stereotype of Scotland as a “Highland” society, a secure locale of traditional loyalties and beliefs in a rapidly changing world.
  244. Find this resource:
  245. Rogers, Pat. Johnson and Boswell: The Transit of Caledonia. Oxford: Clarendon, 1995. The most complete and acute account of Johnson and Boswell’s Tour, unpicking its importance to the personal relationship between the two writers and their possible political sympathies. DOI: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198182597.001.0001
  246. Thomson, Derick S, ed. The Companion to Gaelic Scotland. 2d ed. Glasgow: Gairm, 1994. Popular and accessible text, which is also scholarly. First edition published in 1983 (Oxford: Blackwell).
  247. Find this resource:
  248. Wickman, Matthew. The Ruins of Experience: Scotland’s “Romantick” Highlands and the Birth of the Modern Witness. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2007. An ambitious study that aligns the changing reputation of the Highlands in the later 18th century with a range of legal practices, literary texts, and the construction of narrative.
  249. Dewey, Clive. “Celtic Agrarian Legislation and the Celtic Revival: Historicist Implications of Gladstone’s Irish and Scottish Land Acts, 1870–1886.” Past and Present 64 (August 1974): 30–70.
  250. The influence of the romanticization of Highland history and landowning practice on the Napier Commission and crofting legislation is the subject of this key article. DOI: 10.1093/past/64.1.30
  251. Gouriévedis, Laurence. The Dynamics of Heritage: History, Memory and the Highland Clearances. Aldershot, UK: Ashgate, 2010. The memorialization of the Highland Clearances in the 20th century, using museums as a site of memory.
  252. Gunn, Neil. Butcher’s Broom. Edinburgh: Polygon, 2006. A novel that deals with the Highland Clearances as experienced by a small community. Originally published in 1934, it combines general historical elements with mythopoeic nationalist essentialism.
  253. McGrath, John. The Cheviot, the Stag and the Black, Black Oil. London: Methuen, 1981. A powerful dramatic account of Highland history from a Marxist point of view, focusing on the Clearances.
  254. Prebble, John. The Highland Clearances. New ed. Harmondsworth, UK: Penguin, 1982. Still a good popular account; although not as scholarly as Richards, it evokes the experience of the Clearances and remains a bestseller. Originally published in 1963 (London: Secker & Warburg).
  255. Richards, Eric. A History of the Highland Clearances. 2 vols. London: Croom Helm, 1982. The standard text: detailed, well-balanced, neither demythologizing nor exaggerating. A balanced and well-judged account. See also Richards’s The Highland Clearances, (Edinburgh: Birlinn, 2007), which draws on this earlier work and provides something of an updated commentary.
  256. Skene, William F. Celtic Scotland: A History of Ancient Alban. 3 vols. Edinburgh: Edmonston and Douglas, 1876–1880. A history of Highland distinctiveness from a broadly patriotic point of view. Highly influential on changing late Victorian views of Highland landholding and on the image of the Highlands in the 20th century, though by no means historically reliable.
  257. Harper, Marjory. Adventurers and Exiles: The Great Scottish Exodus. London: Profile, 2003. A wide-ranging and popular, though scholarly, account of the Scottish diaspora
  258. Newton, Michael. We’re Indians Sure Enough: The Legacy of the Scottish Highlanders in the United States. Richmond, VA: Saorsa Media, 2001. Newton looks at the influence of Highland emigrants and their relationship to the Native American community. Like Calloway, he points to significant cultural affinities between what prejudiced voices in the 18th century could describe as “Highland savages, negroes, yahoos” (p. 223).
  259. Spiers, Edward M. The Scottish Soldier and Empire, 1854–1902. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2006. One of the best modern studies of the significance of the Scottish—not least the Highland—soldier to the self-image of the British Army and the British Empire in its heyday.
  260. Harper, Marjory. Adventurers and Exiles: The Great Scottish Exodus. London: Profile, 2003. A wide-ranging and popular, though scholarly, account of the Scottish diaspora.
  261. Calloway, Colin G. White People, Indians, and Highlanders: Tribal Peoples and Colonial Encounters in Scotland and America. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008. Calloway parallels the reputation and the experience on the periphery of empire of these two groups, who were widely compared from the end of the 17th century up to the 19th century, and regarded as culturally compatible—indeed, sometimes being described as “one and the same people” (p. 3). Calloway argues that Scots were well qualified to get on with people of another culture, pointing out that Scottish settlers were more likely to marry Native Americans.
  262. Withers, Charles W. Gaelic Scotland: The Transformation of a Culture Region. London: Routledge, 1988. A study that charts the integration of the Highlands into an Anglophone world.
  263. Withers, Charles W. Urban Highlanders: Highland-Lowland Migration and Urban Gaelic Culture, 1700–1900. East Linton, Scotland: Tuckwell, 1998. Describes the effects of migration within Scotland and the presence of Gaelic speakers or their immediate descendants in the Scottish Lowlands.
  264. Barrow, Geoffrey W. S. Robert Bruce and the Community of the Realm of Scotland. 3d ed. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1993. From its first appearance in 1965, Barrow’s classic study has provided a grounded and detailed demonstration of the integration of the Highlands into the medieval Scottish polity. Subsequent editions increased steadily the coverage given to the importance of Ireland in mediaeval Scottish history. Fourth edition published in 2005.
  265. Broun, Dauvit. The Irish Identity of the Kingdom of Scots in the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries. Woodbridge, UK: Boydell, 1999. This book gives an account of the strong cultural kinship between the Gaelic-speaking nations of Scotland and Ireland, one crucial to the development of the Scottish polity. Broun, Dauvit, and Martin MacGregor, eds. Mìorun Mòr nan Gall, “The Great Ill-Will of the Lowlander”? Lowland Perceptions of the Highlands, Medieval and Modern. Glasgow: Centre for Scottish and Celtic Studies, 2009. A series of scholarly discussions about the relationship between Anglophone and Gaelic-speaking Scotland, and a very useful companion to Maclean 1981.
  266. Ferguson, William. The Identity of the Scottish Nation. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1998. A detailed and learned argument for the fundamental Gaelic roots of the identity of Scotland.
  267. Grant, Alexander. “Whither Scottish History? To the Medieval Foundations.” Scottish Historical Review 73.195 (1994): 4–24. A detailed and level-headed exploration of the mediaeval roots of the Scottish polity and the importance of “Gaelic” and “Highland” culture to their development.
  268. Hill, James Michael. Celtic Warfare 1595–1763. Edinburgh: John Donald, 1986. Hill seeks to identify a distinctive Highland way of war and claims that the “Highland charge” was still in use by the Confederate army in the American Civil War. Controversial, but still a very interesting read.
  269. Maclean, Loraine. The Middle Ages in the Highlands. Inverness, Scotland: Inverness Field Club, 1981. A groundbreaking collection of essays, which in their different ways served to make clear the close relationship between Scotland in general and the Highland areas in the medieval period. Maclean’s collection normalized Highland history as a key element in the understanding of the wider Scottish kingdom, not an exercise in romantic exceptionalism.
  270. Mason, Roger A. Kingship and Commonweal: Political Thought in Renaissance and Reformation Scotland. East Linton, Scotland: Tuckwell, 1998. An exploration of Scottish patriot historiography, and the key role the Highlands played in it, as the homeland of the country’s traditions of martial valor.
  271. Hopkins, Paul. Glencoe and the End of the Highland War. Edinburgh: John Donald, 1998. The best account of the Massacre of Glencoe and its place in the Scottish, British, and European power politics of its day. First published in 1986.
  272. Leneman, Leah. Living in Atholl, 1685–1785. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1986. An in-depth examination of life on one of the great estates spanning both the Highlands and Lowlands.
  273. Macinnes, Allan I. “Scottish Gaeldom, 1638–1651: The Vernacular Response to the Covenanting Dynamic.” In New Perspectives on Politics and Culture in Early Modern Scotland. Edited by John Dwyer, Roger Mason, and Steve Murdoch, 59–94. Edinburgh: John Donald, 1983. Macinnes’s influential essay demonstrates the processes by which Gaelic-speaking Scotland began to engage in the 1640s with a wider British politics.
  274. Macinnes, Allan I. Clanship, Commerce and the House of Stuart. East Linton, Scotland: Tuckwell, 1996. The best work on the relationship between the Stuart dynasty, the Scottish polity, and life, business, politics, and society in Gaelic Scotland. Macinnes points out how deeply intertwined all these were. He demonstrates that raiding and social disorder on the Highland border were the product of economic difficulties and social change in 17th-century Scotland. Tremendous grasp of primary sources, and remains a tour de force.
  275. Nenadic, Stana. Lairds and Luxury: The Highland Gentry in Eighteenth-Century Scotland. Edinburgh: John Donald, 2007. An account of the lifestyle of the Highland elites.
  276. Find this resource:
  277. Simpson, Peter. The Independent Highland Companies, 1603–1760. Edinburgh: John Donald, 1996. An account of the development of the companies raised to keep the Highlands quiet in the 18th century, which were the ancestors of the Highland regiments in the British army. Remains the only book on its subject.
  278. Stevenson, David. The Hunt for Rob Roy: The Man and the Myths. Edinburgh: John Donald, 2004. The best modern biography of one of the key heroes of Highland culture, alert to both his qualities and limitations.
  279. Burnett, John A. The Making of the Modern Scottish Highlands, 1939–1965: Withstanding the “Colossus of Advancing Materialism.” Dublin, Ireland: Four Courts, 2011. An account of the developments in the Highlands that presaged their role in the modern era.
  280. Devine, T. M. Clanship to Crofters’ War: The Social Transformation of the Scottish Highlands. Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press, 1994. Devine’s classic account of the transformation of the Highlands in the era of the Clearances.
  281. Fry, Michael. Wild Scots: Four Hundred Years of Highland History. London: John Murray, 2005. Provides a more revisionist account of Highland exceptionalism.
  282. Hunter, James. Last of the Free: A Millennium History of the Highlands and Islands of Scotland. Edinburgh: Mainstream, 2010. A popular account of the significance of Highland history in the wider world, first published in 1999. Hunter takes a more exceptionalist view of Highland history than most contemporary historians.
  283. Find this resource:
  284. Jedrej, Charles, and Mark Nuttall. White Settlers: The Impact of Rural Repopulation in Scotland. Luxembourg: Harwood, 1996. First published at a time when shadowy organizations such as “Settler Watch” contested in-migration into the Highlands in the wake of the 1992 general election, this is book is nonetheless detailed and thoughtful and far from chauvinistic in its account of the effect of the settlement of Highland communities by incomers with little interest in understanding the life of the area or its people.
  285. Kidd, Colin. Subverting Scotland’s Past: Scottish Whig Historians and the Creation of an Anglo-British Identity, 1689–1830. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1993.
  286. Kidd’s book outlines the racialization of Scottish historiography in the 18th century. DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511660290
  287. Stewart, David. Sketches of the Character, Manners and Present State of the Highlanders of Scotland, with Details of the Military Service of the Highland Regiments. Edinburgh: John Donald, 1977. A modern reprint of a classic study that helped to shape 19th-century attitudes toward the Highlands. Originally published in 1822.
  288. Duffy, Christopher. The ’45: Bonnie Prince Charlie and the Untold Story of the Jacobite Rising. London: Cassell Military, 2003. The most comprehensive account of the Rising of 1745 available.
  289. Gibson, John. Lochiel of the ’45: The Jacobite Chief and the Prince. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1994. The only modern biography of Donald Cameron of Lochiel, Chief of the Name of Cameron, and the most prominent Highland leader of the 1745 Jacobite Rising.
  290. Lenman, Bruce. The Jacobite Clans of the Great Glen, 1650–1784. London: Methuen, 1984. Remains an exemplary detailed study of this group.
  291. McLynn, Frank. Charles Edward Stuart: A Tragedy in Many Acts. London: Routledge, 1988. The standard biography.
  292. Pittock, Murray. The Myth of the Jacobite Clans: The Jacobite Army in 1745. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2009. First published in 1995, this revisionist study demonstrated that the Jacobite armies in 1715 and 1745 were drawn from across most of Scotland, not just the Highlands, and that the long-standing effort to suggest otherwise was part of a cultural strategy to marginalize both the Highlands and Jacobitism.
  293. Pollard, Tony, ed. Culloden: The History and Archaeology of the Last Clan Battle. Barnsley, UK: Pen & Sword, 2009. Pollard has led some of the key archaeological work on the battlefield that bears out the findings of revisionist history based on the archives.
  294. Smith, Annette. Jacobite Estates of the Forty-Five. Edinburgh: John Donald, 1982. An examination of attempts to manage the estates forfeited by Jacobite leaders in the 1745 Rising.
  295. Szechi, Daniel. 1715: The Great Jacobite Rebellion. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2006. The standard account of the Rising of 1715, providing convincing evidence for the involvement of more than 20,000 men in the Scottish Jacobite forces.
  296. Watson, Moray, and Michelle Macleod. The Edinburgh Companion to the Gaelic Language. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2010. A wide range of perspectives on Gaelic language and its history and identity.
  297. Brown, Ian, et al, eds. The Edinburgh History of Scottish Literature. 3 vols. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2007. The first history of Scottish literature to allocate extensive coverage to literature in Gaelic, particularly in Volume 1.
  298. Campbell, J. F. ed. Popular Tales of the West Highlands. 4 vols. Edinburgh: Birlinn, 1998. A detailed and classic collection, first published in the 19th century.
  299. MacLachlan, Christopher, ed. Crossing the Highland Line: Cross-Currents in Eighteenth-Century Scottish Writing; Selected Papers from the 2005 ASLS Annual Conference. Glasgow: Association for Scottish Literary Studies, 2009. This collection, based on a conference that took place at Sabhal Mor Ostaig in Skye in 2005, examines connections between Gaelic and Anglophone culture in 18th-century Scotland. It is a good introduction to the much broader sense in which 18th-century Scottish literature can be understood once writers in Gaelic, Scots, and English are brought together for study.
  300. Ó Baoill, Colm, ed. Gair nan Clarsach: The Harp’s Cry. Translated by Meg Bateman. Edinburgh: Birlinn, 1994. A varied anthology of Gaelic verse from the 17th century, in an attractive translation.
  301. Buchan, John. John MacNab. Edinburgh: Polygon, 2007. A sweeping picaresque novel of the Highlands as a place of recreation, escape, and even lawlessness for three senior imperial politicians and administrators in need of recreation. Originally published in 1925 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin).
  302. MacColla, Fionn. The Albannach. London: Souvenir Press, 1984. MacColla (Thomas Douglas MacDonald) stresses the continuing Gaelic identity of contemporary Scotland in a book that is aggressively prescient. Originally published in 1932 (London: John Heritage).
  303. Munro, Neil. The New Road. Edinburgh: Black and White Publishing, 1999. A compelling (though challengeable on the grounds of its schematized cultural referents) fictional account of the effect of road building on the Highlands in the 18th century. Originally published in 1914 (Edinburgh: W. Blackwood).
  304. Scott, Sir Walter. Waverley. Edited by Peter Garside. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2007. The best scholarly edition of this classic fictional account of the Rising of 1745, and the book that began the potent myth of the Highlands in the Victorian period. Originally published in 1814 (Edinburgh: James Ballantyne).
  305. Scott, Sir Walter. Rob Roy. Edited by David Hewitt. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2008. In some ways, Scott’s most sophisticated Highland novel. Though only a quarter of the action takes place there, Scott uses the whole plot to challenge Enlightenment notions of universal value with the importance of place and situation to character and culture. Originally published in 1817 (London: Ward).
  306. Scott, Sir Walter. The Highland Widow. Edited by Stuart Kelly. London: Hesperus, 2010. Scott’s story points up the tragic incompatibility of the traditional way of life in the Highlands with the developing British state. As with The Two Drovers, originally published at the same time, there is a suggestion that this could be an enduring state of affairs, a tension that perhaps led to this being described as the “first postcolonial novel.” Originally published in 1825 (Edinburgh: Cadell).
  307. Stevenson, Robert Louis. Kidnapped. London: Penguin, 2007. A well-loved classic picaresque novel of flight through the Highlands, which drew on the caricatures of the Highlander while treating its Highland hero, Allan Breck Stewart, with sensitivity and respect. Originally published in 1886 (London: Cassell).
  308. Cannon, Roderick. The Highland Bagpipe and its Music. Edinburgh: Birlinn, 2008. The standard work in its most recent edition.
  309. Cheape, Hugh. The Book of the Bagpipe. Appletree, 1999. Cheape’s work is reliable and useful.
  310. Dickson, Joshua, ed. The Highland Bagpipe: Music, History, Tradition. Aldershot, UK: Ashgate, 2009. An up-to-date, detailed, and thorough study of the music and material culture of the bagpipe.
  311. Donaldson, William. The Highland Pipe and Scottish Society, 1750–1950. East Linton, Scotland: Tuckwell, 2000. Donaldson provides a detailed study of the integration of “Highland” music within the wider world of the British army, British commerce, and British society.
  312. Donaldson, William. Pipers: A Guide to the Players and Music of the Highland Bagpipe. Edinburgh: Birlinn, 2004. An examination of the construction of piping tradition.
  313. Black, Ronald, ed. The Gaelic Otherworld: John Gregorson Campbell’s Superstitions of the Highlands and the Islands of Scotland and Witchcraft and Second Sight in the Highlands and Island. 2d ed. Edinburgh: Birlinn, 2008. A detailed modern edition of this important collection of folklore and tradition, made in the 19th century.
  314. Carmichael, Alexander, ed. Carmina Gadelica: Hymns and Incantations from the Gaelic. London: Floris, 1992. A comprehensive collection of traditional material in these genres.
  315. Meek, Donald. The Scottish Highlands: The Churches and Gaelic Culture. Geneva, Switzerland: World Council of Churches, 1996. The distinctive qualities of the culture of Gaelic Scotland and its religion, discussed from within the tradition.
  316. Meek, Donald. The Quest for Celtic Christianity. Edinburgh: Handsel, 2000. Meek argues that studies of “Celtic Christianity” that claim an exceptionalist status for it are fundamentally romanticized in their vision, and that the development of Christianity in Scotland has been a normal part of its development in the wider British Isles.
  317. Prunier, Clotilde. Anti-Catholic Strategies in Eighteenth-Century Scotland. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang, 2004. Covers more than the Highlands, but excellent on the survival of Catholicism, and the opposition to it.
  318. Watts, John R. SCALAN: The Forbidden College, 1716–99. East Linton, Scotland: Tuckwell, 1999. Watts charts the history of the seminary that preserved Catholic education in 18th-century Scotland.
  319. Brown, Ian, ed. From Tartan to Tartanry: Scottish Culture, History and Myth. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2010. Brown’s is the best collection of essays on tartan, its origins, and its role in British culture. It covers issues such as the traditional uses of tartan, tartan as a patriot cloth, tartan and hybridity, tartan in North America, tartan in the army, heritage, caricature, the music hall, film, comics, and postmodern tartan.
  320. Cheape, Hugh. Tartan: The Highland Habit. 2d ed. Edinburgh: National Museum of Scotland, 1995. A good introductory account. Third edition published in 2006.
  321. Dunbar, John Telfer. The History of Highland Dress. London: Batsford, 1979. A detailed if sometimes skeptical history. Not in the same camp as Trevor-Roper 1983, though Dunbar may have influenced Trevor-Roper.
  322. Faiers, Jonathan. Tartan. Oxford and New York: Berg, 2008. If Brown 2010 is the standard essay collection, this is the standard monograph on its subject. Less sophisticated in terms of historiography and cultural theory than many of Brown’s contributors, Faiers’s lavishly illustrated and detailed work makes an excellent case for tartan as a cloth not only of rebellion but of harlequinade, pantomime, and music hall. Excellent on the turn to tartan in contemporary fashion.
  323. Logan, James. The Scottish Gaël, or Celtic Manners, as Preserved among the Highlanders. Whitefish, MT: Kessinger, 2008 Reprint of a historically important text for the creation of an image of the Highlander in Victorian society. First published in 1831 (London: Smith, Elder).
  324. Prebble, John. The King’s Jaunt: George IV in Scotland, August, 1822, “One and Twenty Daft Days.” London: Collins, 1988. Highly readable and influential account of King George IV’s “tartan” visit to Edinburgh in 1822, when Sir Walter Scott presented the country as “a nation of Highlanders.” Hugely entertaining if not particularly nuanced: still the best full-length account of the King’s visit.
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